Chapter 1

Overview of an
Engineering Drawing
GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
Drawing Standard
 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Thailand มอก. สำนักงำนมำตรฐำนผลิตภัณฑ ์อุต

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

NOTE : We will learn other types of line in later chapters.

 Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view

Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing
SL Name of line Line appearance Usage
No. type
01 Visible line/ To indicate all visible
Object line outlines/boundary of an object. It
shows the shape of
an object

02 Hidden line/ To represent hidden edge of an

Dashed line object. They should end on both
sides by touching the visible lines
and should touch themselves at
intersection (if any).

03 Center line To show a line passing through

center of hole, pitch line etc.

04 Extension line, To show dimension of an object

Dimension line and
leaders
SL Name of line Line appearance Usage
No. type

05 Section line To indicate cut portion of an

object

06 Cutting plane line To show imaginary cutting of an

object.

07 ISO cutting
planeline

08 Break lines To show break of an object in

order to shorten the view of a
long part.

09 Phantom line/ To show alternate position of an

Repeat line object or the position of an
adjacent part.
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
 Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
 DRAWING TOOLS

Used to draw parallel or

perpendicular lines. Its T
in shape.

1. T-Square
Triangle (Set Square)
• Triangular rulers available
in various angles (typically
30°, 45°, and 60°) used to
draw accurate angles and
perpendicular lines.
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Protractors

6. Compass
 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

 Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A.
of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Upper-caseStrokes
Suggested letters & Sequence
Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
 Lower-case
Suggested letters
Strokes Sequence

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
 Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H
 Stroke Sequence

V X W
 Stroke Sequence
N M K Z

Y A 4
 Stroke Sequence
O Q C G
 Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2
 Stroke Sequence

5 7
 Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9
 Stroke Sequence

l i
 Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
 Stroke Sequence
j y f t

r
 Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e
 Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
 Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?
 Word Composition

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour |||| \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLODIMENSIONSOAREOIN
MILLIMETERSOUNLESS
OTHERWISEOSPECIFIED.
Freehand
Sketching
 Straight Line
1. Hold the pencil naturally.

2. Spot the beginning and end points.

3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely
touching the paper until the direction is clearly established.

4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm

motion
Horizontal line Vertical line
Nearly vertical
inclined line

Nearly horizontal
inclined line
 Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Small Circle
Method 2 : Starting with center line
1. Lightly draw a center line.

2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.

3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
 Arc
Method 1 : Starting with a square

Method 2 : Starting with a center line

 Steps in Sketching

1. Block in main shape.

2. Locate the features.

3. Sketch arcs and circles.

4. Sketch lines.
Example