Operating System

TA: Eng. Ruba Hesham

TA: Eng. Abdelrahman Mohsen

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Sections Outlines:

1.introduction to Linux
what is operating system, its function, its
types, history of Linux, comparison between
Linux and Windows, options to install Ubuntu,
how to install Ubuntu using virtualization step
by step.

2.Linux Commands

3.C programming under Linux

4.intro about threads with java programming

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Operating System: Overview
The operating system is the fundamental programme that controls all
the hardware and other programmes on a computer. It provides an
interface between the user and the devices, and efficiently manages
resources and processes.

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Operating System Functions

Memory Management:
The operating system efficiently manages memory and allocates resources to user applications.

Process Management:
The operating system organizes the services and resources required to efficiently manage and execute processes.

Device Management:
The operating system coordinates between the computer's hardware components and application programs to achieve optimal performance.

File Management:
The operating system organizes the file system to securely and reliably store and access data.

Security and Protection:

The operating system provides protection against intrusion, damage, and loss of data and resources.

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Types of Operating Systems

1 Batch Processing 2 Multitasking/Time- 3 Distributed Operating

Operating System Sharing Operating System
System
Processes a set of similar tasks in Manages a group of independent,
one batch without user Allows multiple users to use networked computers, providing
interaction, improving resource system resources concurrently by a cohesive system view of
utilisation. Example: IBM OS/360. rapidly switching between tasks. distributed resources. Examples:
Examples: UNIX, Linux. Google's Fuchsia, Apache
Hadoop.

4 Network Operating System 5 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

Manages networked devices and provides shared Ensures task execution within strict time constraints,
resources like files and printers to users over the often in embedded or time-sensitive environments.
network. Examples: Novell NetWare, Windows Server. Examples: VxWorks, FreeRTOS.

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History of Linux
1960s – The Birth of UNIX 1
• 1969: Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T's Bell Labs
develop UNIX. It is a simple, multi-user, multitasking operating system
initially written in assembly language and later rewritten in C (in 1973), 2 1980s – UNIX Proliferation
making it portable to different hardware platforms. • 1980s: UNIX expands commercially, leading to multiple proprietary
• 1970s: UNIX begins to spread, especially in academic and research settings versions from different companies (e.g., SunOS, HP-UX, AIX). Despite the
due to its source code availability for educational institutions. Key features fragmentation, UNIX principles influence the design of future operating
like hierarchical file systems, shell scripting, and process management systems.
emerge. • 1983: Richard Stallman starts the GNU Project (GNU's Not Unix), aiming to
create a free UNIX-like operating system. The project develops many key
components but lacks a fully functional kernel.
1990s – The Birth of Linux 3
• 1991: Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, begins working on a simple, free,
UNIX-like kernel. Torvalds uses Minix (a small UNIX-like system) as his
development platform and releases the first version of the Linux kernel
(v0.02) in September 1991, posting it on Usenet.
4 1990s – Linux’s Early Development
• 1992: Linux adopts the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing it to
use software from the GNU Project. This solidifies Linux as a combination • 1993: Multiple Linux distributions start to emerge, such as Slackware and
of the Linux kernel and GNU utilities (referred to as GNU/Linux). Debian, providing pre-packaged collections of Linux and GNU software.
• 1994: Linux kernel 1.0 is released. The kernel is now stable and fully
functional for basic use.
• 1996: Linux kernel 2.0 introduces support for multiple processors (SMP),
marking a significant leap in performance.

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Linux VS Windows
Linux is a popular alternative to Windows, offering a free and
open-source operating system known for its flexibility, security,
and speed. Windows, on the other hand, is a proprietary
operating system renowned for its user-friendliness and
compatibility. Virtualisation allows you to run different operating
systems within a single physical computer, offering flexibility and
enhanced capabilities for both Linux and Windows users.

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Linux VS Windows
Why Linux?

Feature Linux Windows

Source Code Open-source, free to modify and distribute Closed-source, proprietary

Cost Free or low-cost (most distributions) Typically requires a paid license

Customization Highly customizable, allowing users to modify almost every aspect Limited customization, mostly through settings and third-party software

User Interface (UI) Multiple desktop environments (e.g., GNOME, KDE) offer variety Standardized UI across versions, familiar Windows interface

Security Generally considered more secure due to its open-source nature and lower Frequent target for malware and viruses, but strong security features and
market share, fewer malware threats regular patches

Performance Lightweight, performs well on older or lower-spec hardware Can be resource-intensive, often requiring more powerful hardware

Software Availability Supports a wide range of open-source and some commercial software; Extensive software support, especially for proprietary applications like MS
fewer proprietary applications available Office, Adobe Suite, etc.

Gaming Limited native game support, but improving with tools like Steam and Broad support for commercial games, including AAA titles
Proton

File System Supports a variety of file systems, including ext4, XFS, Btrfs Primarily uses NTFS and FAT32

Command-Line Interface (CLI) Powerful and integral to Linux; preferred by system administrators and CLI (Command Prompt/PowerShell) available but not as widely used for
developers system management

Software Management Package managers like apt, yum, or pacman for streamlined software Relies on standalone installers, Microsoft Store, or Windows Update
installation and updates

Support & Documentation Extensive community support, forums, and documentation available for Professional support available through Microsoft, along with a large
free amount of user-generated content and documentation

Hardware Compatibility Supports a wide variety of hardware, but can face challenges with Widely compatible with most consumer hardware and devices, with strong
proprietary drivers vendor support
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Target Audience Ideal for developers, IT professionals, and users looking for flexibility and Best suited for general consumers, businesses, and users needing specific
control proprietary software and easy usability
Ways to Install Ubuntu
LiveCD or
LiveCD/persistent image Windows Subsystem for
Launching the system from a live
Dual / Multi-Boot Linux (WSL)
boot disc, allowing the user to test Installing Ubuntu alongside another Installing Ubuntu as a base system
Ubuntu without installing it. operating system such as Windows. only for the terminal in Windows.

1 2 3 4 5

Install within Windows Virtualization (Using a

(Wubi) virtual machine)
Installing Ubuntu as an application Running Ubuntu inside a virtual
within an existing Windows system. machine as a separate operating
system.
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1. LiveCD / LiveCD Persistent Image

• How to Do It: Download the Ubuntu ISO, create

a bootable USB/DVD using tools like Rufus, and
boot into Ubuntu's "Try Ubuntu" mode without
installation.
• Pros: No installation required, useful for testing,
troubleshooting, and portability. A persistent
image allows saving changes and data between
sessions.
• Cons: Performance is slow due to running from
external media, no persistent changes without
configuration (LiveCD), and risk of accidental
data damage.

RUN Ubuntu 22.04 From USB Drive With Persistence

Storage

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2. Install Ubuntu Inside Windows (Wubi)
Windows-based Ubuntu Installer

• How to Do It: Run Wubi, an old installer that

installs Ubuntu within Windows as a large file
without partitioning, creating a dual-boot system.
• Pros: No need for partitioning, easy to install and
uninstall like any other Windows application.
• Cons: Discontinued and not officially supported,
slower performance compared to native
installation, more prone to issues like file
corruption.
Wubi - The Easiest Ubuntu Installer for Windows! -
Overview & Demo

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3. Dual/Multi Booting

• How to Do It: Partition your drive and install

Ubuntu alongside Windows. GRUB bootloader
manages OS selection at startup.

• Pros: Best performance, dedicated system

resources for each OS, no virtualization overhead.

• Cons: Requires partitioning, risk of bootloader

conflicts, complex setup and management,
especially if OSes need reinstalling.

How to Dual Boot Windows 11 & Ubuntu Easily!

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4. Virtualization (Using a Virtual Machine)

• How to Do It: Install VirtualBox or VMware, create

a virtual machine, and install Ubuntu inside the
virtual environment.
• Pros: No need for dual boot, can run Ubuntu
alongside Windows, safe as it’s isolated from the
host system, easy to create backups or snapshots.
• Cons: Requires more RAM and disk space,
introduces performance overhead, and has
limited hardware access (e.g., graphics
acceleration).
How To Download And Install Linux On Windows 11

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5. Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)

• How to Do It: Enable WSL in Windows Features,

install Ubuntu from the Microsoft Store, and run
Ubuntu as a terminal-only interface within Windows.
• Pros: Simple to install, lightweight, allows Linux
command-line tools to run within Windows
without the need for dual booting.
• Cons: No full desktop environment (though WSL2
allows some GUI apps), limited hardware access,
not suitable for applications requiring direct
hardware control.

How to Install Ubuntu on Windows 11 (WSL)

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Checking Virtualisation
Enabled/Disabled

1 Open Task Manager

Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager.

2 Navigate to Performance tab

In Task Manager, navigate to the Performance tab to
review system information.

3 Use Systeminfo.exe command

Use the Systeminfo.exe command in the command
prompt to get detailed information about the operating
system.
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First step:

if virtualization is disabled try following the steps on the video below:

How to Enable VT Virtualization Technology in Windows 11

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Second step:

installing VirtualBox ubuntu desktop .iso file

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well done, now you are ready to use Linux
(Ubuntu)
questions ?
Thank you

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