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Electronics Chapter 7

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29 views3 pages

Electronics Chapter 7

Uploaded by

tadessetarekegn989
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Seven

7. Data Acquisition and Process Control


Data Acquisition is the process of aquairing signals from real world phenomena and digitalizing
the signals for storage, analysis, and presenatation on pc. The purpase of Data Acquisition is to
measure an electrical or physical phenomena. Such as voltage, current, temperature, presure and
sound.
7.1. Transducers, Signal Conditioning
Transducer is a device that converts a physical phenomena in to measureable electrical signals.
Such as voltage or current. There are specific transducers for many different applications.
Exampes are given table beleow.
Phenomena Transducer
Temperature Thermistor
Light Photo sensor
Sound Microphone
Pressure Piezo electric Transducer
Position and displacement Potentiometer
Acceleration Accelerometer
Ph Ph electrode

7.2. Circuits, Oscillators


An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic
signal, often a sine wave or a square wave or a triangle wave. Oscillators convert direct
current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in
many electronic devices ranging from simplest clock generators to digital instruments (like
calculators) and complex computers and peripherals etc. Common examples of signals generated
by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that
regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced by electronic beepers and video
games.
Oscillators are often characterized by the frequency of their output signal:

 A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below


approximately 20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to
distinguish it from an audio frequency oscillator.
 An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz.
 An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to
100 GHz.
7.3. Radio basics, AM Receivers and RF Spectrum

The process of fixing messages to radio frequency carrier waves is called modulation. There
are two methods of modulation. These are amplituide modulation (AM) and frequency
modulation (FM). Both these methods are used in both radio and TV.

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AM receiver is an AM receiver that receives an (amplitude modulated) radio signal uses an AM
demodulator. The function of the AM receiver is to decode an incoming radio carrier signal and
to output the original audible signal that we hear.

Radio is sound communication by radio waves, usually through the transmission of music, news,
and other types of programs from single broadcast stations to multitudes of individual listeners
equipped with radio receivers. A radio is a means of transmitting communications or information
without any physical connections between the sender and the receiver.

"Radio waves" transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through the air, often
over millions of miles. it happens every day in thousands of different ways. Even though radio
waves are invisible and completely undetectable to humans, they have totally changed society.
Whether we are talking about a cell phone, a baby monitor, a cordless phone or any one of the
thousands of other wireless technologies, all of them use radio waves to communicate.

How does a radio work?

Radio works by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves.

1. The longest waves on the electromagnetic spectrum “radio waves” carry information from a
station to a receiver.

2. They need to be altered, or modulated:

A signal a transverse sound wave overlays the carrier wave, forcing it to change. There are two
ways radio stations modulate their carrier waves: amplitude modulation, or AM, and frequency
modulation, FM. AM radio broadcasts a carrier wave that maintains a constant frequency, while
the overlaying sound wave modulates its amplitude. And FM radio maintains a constant
amplitude while the frequency varies based on the overlaid signal. AM and FM radio carry sound
waves a type of analog signal to your receiver. Modern digital radio carries information as a
digital signal, coded in the form of numbers. Millions of radio waves carrying sound wave
signals and digital signals reach your receiver every second.

3. The receiver's tuner picks out a specific signal.

4. Its amplifier strengthens that signal. A demodulator separates the signal from the carrier wave.

5. And then a speaker converts the signal to the sound waves that we hear!

Radio frequency (RF) is a measurement representing the oscillation rate of electromagnetic radiation
spectrum, or electromagnetic radio waves, from frequencies ranging from 300 gigahertz (GHz) to as low
as 9 kilohertz (kHz).

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RF is used in various electronics and appliances, which include radio and television broadcasting,
cellular telephones, satellite communications, microwave ovens, radars, and industrial heaters
and sealers.

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