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Stewart 8

This document summarizes several important theorems and tests for determining the convergence or divergence of infinite sequences and series: 1) The Squeeze Theorem states that if an ≤ bn ≤ cn and lim an = lim cn = L, then lim bn = L. 2) The Monotonic Sequence Theorem states that every bounded, monotonic sequence is convergent. 3) Common tests covered include the integral test, p-series test, comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio test, and more. Power series and Taylor/Maclaurin series are also discussed.

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74 views3 pages

Stewart 8

This document summarizes several important theorems and tests for determining the convergence or divergence of infinite sequences and series: 1) The Squeeze Theorem states that if an ≤ bn ≤ cn and lim an = lim cn = L, then lim bn = L. 2) The Monotonic Sequence Theorem states that every bounded, monotonic sequence is convergent. 3) Common tests covered include the integral test, p-series test, comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio test, and more. Power series and Taylor/Maclaurin series are also discussed.

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Chapter 8: Innite Sequences and Series, Calculus (3e) by Stewart Important theorems and convergence tests (compiled by Niels

Joaquin) Theorem (Squeeze Theorem for Sequences). If an bn cn for n n0 and limn an = limn cn = L, then limn bn = L. Theorem (Monotonic Sequence Theorem). Every bounded, monotonic sequence is convergent. The geometric series

arn1 = a + ar + ar2 +
n=1

is convergent if |r| < 1, and its sum is is divergent.

a 1r .

If |r| 1, the geometric series

The Test for Divergence. If limn an does not exist or if limn an = 0, then the series an is divergent. n=1 The Integral Test. Suppose f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function on [1,) and let an = f (n). Then the series an is convergent n=1 if and only if the improper integral 1 f (x)dx is convergent. The p-series
1 n=1 np

is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if p 1. bn are series such

The Comparison Test. Suppose that an and that 0 bn an n n0 . (a) If an is convergent, then bn is convergent. (b) If bn is divergent, then an is divergent. The Limit Comparison Test. Suppose that with positive terms. If an =c lim n bn

an and

bn are series

where c is a nite number and c > 0, then either both series converge or both diverge.

The Alternating Series Test. If the alternating series

(1)n1 bn = b1 b2 + b3 b4 +
n=1

(bn > 0)

satises (i) bn+1 bn n 1 and (ii) limn bn = 0, then the series is convergent. Alternating Series Estimation Theorem. For a convergent alternating series, |Rn | = |s sn | bn+1 , where the remainder Rn is the error involved in using the partial sum sn as an approximation of the total sum s. Theorem. If a series |an | is convergent (i.e., if convergent), then an is convergent. The Ratio Test. (i) If lim
n

an is absolutely

an+1 = L < 1, then the series an

an is (absolutely) convergent.
n=1

an+1 an+1 (ii) If lim = L > 1 or lim = , then the series n n an an (iii) If lim
n

an is divergent.
n=1

an+1 = 1, the Ratio Test is inconclusive (i.e., use another test!). an

Theorem. For a given power series cn (x a)n , there are only n=0 three possibilities: (i) The series converges only when x = a. (ii) The series converges x. (iii) R > 0 (the radius of convergence) such that the series converges if |x a| < R and diverges if |x a| > R. (Remember to test the endpoints in this case as well.) Theorem. If the power series cn (x a)n has radius of convern=0 gence R > 0, then the function f dened by f (x) = cn (x a)n is n=0 dierentiable on the interval (a R, a + R) and

(i)

f (x) =
n=1

ncn (x a)n1

(ii)

f (x)dx = C +
n=0

cn

(x a)n+1 n+1

The radii of convergence of the power series in (i) and (ii) are both R. Theorem. If f has a power series representation (expansion) at a, that is, if f (x) = cn (x a)n , where |x a| < R, then its coecients n=0 are given by the formula cn =
f (n) (a) n! .

Thus,

f (x) =
n=0

f (n) (a) (x a)n n!

This series is called the Taylor series of the function f centered at a. When a = 0, it is a Maclaurin series. Remark. Note that the theorem is a conditional: If f has a power series representation . . . So there exist functions that are not equal to the sum of their Taylor series. I have omitted two theorems on this topic, regarding the remainder of a Taylor series (see p. 608 of Stewart). Some common Maclaurin series: 1 = 1x ex =

xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +
n=0 xn

x (1, 1)

n=0

n!

=1+

x x2 x3 + + + 1! 2! 3!

x R x R x R x [1, 1]

sin x =

(1)n
n=0

x2n+1 x3 x5 x7 =x + + (2n + 1)! 3! 5! 7! x2n x2 x4 x6 =1 + + (2n)! 2! 4! 6!

cos x =
n=0

(1)n (1)n

arctan x =
n=0

x2n+1 x3 x5 x7 =x + + 2n + 1 3 5 7

The Binomial Series. If k R and |x| < 1, then

(1 + x)k =
n=0

k n x n k 0 = 1.

where

k n

k(k 1) (k n + 1) for n 1 and n!

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