x+2=5

p, q, r, s, ...

¬, ^, _, , !, $

p p p
¬p p

p:
¬p :
 p ¬p
p ¬p

p ¬p

p q p q
p^q p q p q

p q p^q

p
q

p^q :

p q p q
p_q p q p q

p q p_q

p q p q
p q p q p q
 p q p q

p q p!q
p q
p q

p!q
p q - T

p q -
7

p q
q p
q p
p!q
p q p!q

p
q

p!q:

p q p$q
p q
p$q
p q
p q
p$q p!q q!p
 p$q
p q p$q

s:
t:
u:

(t ^ ¬u) ! s

t ! (¬u ! s)

Revoir les tables

de venite
 V
F

p q p_q p ! (p _ q) ¬p ¬p ^ q p ^ (¬p ^ q)

p q
p,q p$q

(p ! q) , (¬p _ q)
p q

(p ! q) , (¬q ! ¬p)
p q

⇥ ⇤
(p $ q) , (p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p q
 V
F

p^V,p
p_F,p
p_V,V
p^F,F
p_p,p
p^p,p
¬(¬p) , p
p_q ,q_p
p^q ,q^p
(p _ q) _ r , p _ (q _ r)
(p ^ q) ^ r , p ^ (q ^ r)
p _ (q ^ r) , (p _ q) ^ (p _ r)
p ^ (q _ r) , (p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)
¬(p ^ q) , ¬p _ ¬q
¬(p _ q) , ¬p ^ ¬q
p _ (p ^ q) , p
p ^ (p _ q) , p

¬(p1 _ p2 _ · · · _ pn ) , (¬p1 ^ ¬p2 ^ · · · ^ ¬pn )

¬(p1 ^ p2 ^ · · · ^ pn ) , (¬p1 _ ¬p2 _ · · · _ ¬pn )

p _ ¬p , V

p ^ ¬p , F

p_¬^t

(p ! q) , (¬p _ q)

(p ! q) , (¬q ! ¬p)
 ¬q ! ¬p p!q

q!p p!q

(p _ q) ^ ¬(¬p ^ q)

 ✓ ◆
¬ ¬ (p _ q) ^ q _ ¬q
 ¬(p ^ q) ! (¬p _ ¬q)

¬p $ q
p $ ¬q
 x+2 = 4
x x P (x)
x+2=4

x P (x)
x+2=4
x=1 P (1) : 1 + 2 = 4
x=2 P (2) : 2 + 2 = 4
5 5 5
x= P : +2=4
2 2 2

P (x) x
P (x)

P (x) x 2
Z P (x)
R P (x) x2Z /Z
x2

• x+y = x y
P (x, y)

• P (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn
P (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) : x1 + x2 + · · · xn = 10

P (x) : x 2
¬P (x) :

Q(x) : x + y = x y
¬Q(x) :
P (x) Q(x, y)

• x, P (x) P (x) x
• x, P (x) x
P (x)

• x y Q(x, y)
• x y Q(x, y)

x, P (x)
8x P (x)
• 8x P (x) x P (x)
• x y, Q(x, y) 8x 8y Q(x, y)

x, P (x)
9x P (x)
• 9x P (x)
x P (x)
• x y, Q(x, y) 9x 9y Q(x, y)

P (x) : x 0
Q(x) : x2 0

R
i) 8x P (x)

ii) 8x Q(x)

iii) 9x P (x)

iv) 9x Q(x)

i) 8x P (x) ^ Q(x)

ii) 8x P (x) _ Q(x)

iii) 8x P (x) ! Q(x)

iv) 8x Q(x) ! P (x)

v) 9x P (x) ^ Q(x)

vi) 9x ¬P (x) ^ Q(x)

Q(x, y) : x + y = 0

i) 8x 8y Q(x, y)

ii) 9x 9y Q(x, y)

iii) 9x 8y Q(x, y)

i) 8x 9y Q(x, y)

ii) 9y 8x Q(x, y)
P (x) Q(x)

• P (x) Q(x) x

8x P (x) ) Q(x)

x P (x) ! Q(x)

P (x) x Q(x) : x2 0

8x P (x) ) Q(x)

• P (x) Q(x) x

8x P (x) , Q(x)
x P (x) $ Q(x)

P (x) x Q(x) : x

8x P (x) , Q(x)
¬ 8x P (x) , 9x ¬P (x)

¬ 9x P (x) , 8x ¬P (x)

9x P (x) ! Q(x)

8x 9y P (x, y) ! Q(x, y)
 membres
• a E a E a2E
a2
/E

• N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
• Z = {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
⇢
a
• Q= | b 6= 0, a 2 Z, b 2 Z
b
• R
• Q0 = R \ Q

? {}

E = {x | x }

E
E={ ... }

F = {x 2 N | (x  50) ^ (9y 2 N, y 2 = x)}

U
U
• diagramme de V enn U
 A sous ensemble B
A B A✓B
•
A✓B ! 8x (x 2 A ! x 2 B)
• A✓B A 6= B A⇢B A sous ensemble propre B

U = N A = {2, 4, 6, 8} B = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} A⇢B

A ?✓A A✓A ? A
sous ensembles triviaux A

S |S| S
n = |S| S
inf ini

U |U | = 26, U

A |A| = 6 A U

U =N U

• A A={ }
A U

• B

B={ }

B U

{1, 3, 5} {3, 5, 1}
 A=B A✓B B✓A

A = {1, 2} B = {a, b, c}
A

S S
S P (S) |S| = n P (S) = 2n

• A = {1, 2}
⇢ |A| = 2
P (A) = ?, {1}, {2}, {1, 2} P (A) = 22 = 4

• B = {a, b, c} |B| = 3

P (B) = ...

P (B) = ...

P (?) = {?}
{?} ? {?}
⇢
P {?} = ?, {?}
 A B A B A⇥B
(a, b) a2A b2B

A ⇥ B = (a, b) | (a 2 A) ^ (b 2 B)

(a, b)
(b, a)

A = {1, 2} B = {a, b}

A⇥B = (1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)

B⇥A = (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2)

A1 , A2 , ..., An

A1 ⇥ A2 ⇥ · · · ⇥ An = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ) | ai 2 Ai , i = 1, 2, ..., n

= (a1 , a2 , ..., an ) | (a1 2 A1 ) ^ (a2 2 A2 ) ^ · · · ^ (an 2 An )

A = {1, 2}, B = {x, y} C = {a, b} A⇥B⇥C

 A B U
A B A[B
A B

A [ B = {x | (x 2 A) _ (x 2 B)}

A B A\B
A B
A \ B = {x | (x 2 A) ^ (x 2 B)}

A\B =?
A B A B
A B

A B = {x | (x 2 A) ^ (x 2
/ B)}

A A Ac A U

A = {x | x 2
/ A} = U A
 U = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, } B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}

A [ B = ...

A \ B = ...

A B = ...

B A = ...

A = ...

B = ...

A[?=A
A\U =A
A[U =U
A\?=?
A[A=A
A\A=A
(A) = A
A[B =B[A
A\B =B\A
A [ (B [ C) = (A [ B) [ C
A \ (B \ C) = (A \ B) \ C
A \ (B [ C) = (A \ B) [ (A \ C)
A [ (B \ C) = (A [ B) \ (A [ C)
A[B =A\B
A\B =A[B

A \ A = ... A [ A = ...
 A [ B = A\B

• A[B ✓A\B

• A\B ✓A[B

(A \ B) [ B = ...

A \ B \ C [ C = ...
 A1 , A2 , ..., An
n
A1 [ A2 [ · · · [ An = [ Ai
i=1

n
A1 \ A2 \ · · · \ An = \ Ai
i=1

Ai = [0; i] , i = 1, 2, ..., n

n
[ Ai = ...
i=1

n
\ Ai = ...
i=1

• A B

|A [ B| = |A| + |B| |A \ B|

A\B

• A\B =?

|A [ B| = |A| + |B| |A \ B| = 0

•
•
•
 A B f A B
A au plus B

f :A ! B
a 7! b = f (a)
• b image a
• a b
• A domaine f A= f
• B codomaine f
• f ensemble image f f
A
Im(f ) = {f (a) | a 2 A}

f :Z ! Z
x 7! x2
f f
A
iA : A ! A
x 7! x
iA (x) = x x2A
 • f onction plancher x bxc x
x

• f onction plaf ond x dxe x

x

1 1 p
x 1 0 5 5 6, 95 2, 5 2 ⇡
2 2

bxc

dxe

bxc = n $ n  x < n + 1
dxe = n $ n 1 < x  n

f :A!B graphe f
{(a, b) | a 2 A et b = f (a)}

f :Z!Z f (x) = x2

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1
g:Z!Z g(x) = x3

h:Z!Z h(x) = 2x + 1

R Z
• f1 f2 A R

f1 + f2 (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x)

f1 · f2 (x) = f1 (x) · f2 (x)
✓ ◆
f1 f1 (x)
(x) = f2 (x) 6= 0
f2 f2 (x)

• g : A ! B f : B ! C composition f g
f g

f g (a) = f g(a)
 g:R !R p g(x) = x2 + 1
f :R !R f (x) = x

f + g (0) = ...

f · g (0) = ...

f + f ( 2) = ...
✓ ◆
g
(4) = ...
f

f g (x) = ...

g f (x) = ...

f g (x) 6= g f (x)

A B R f :A !B
• f strictement croissante

8x 2 Dom(f ) 8y 2 Dom(f ) (x < y) ) f (x) < f (y)

• f

8x 2 Dom(f ) 8y 2 Dom(f ) (x < y) ) f (x) > f (y)

f (x)  f (y) f (x) f (y) f

f

f )f
f : R ! R, f (x) = x2

f : N ! N, f (x) = x2

f : N ! N, f (x) = x3

bxc : R ! R
 f injective

8x 2 Dom(f ) 8y 2 Dom(f ) f (x) = f (y) ) (x = y)

f
(x 6= y) ) f (x) 6= f (y)

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x2

f : N ! N, f (x) = x2

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x3

f : R ! R, f (x) = 2x + 1

bxc : R ! R dxe : R ! R
 f :A !B surjective b2B
a2A f (a) = b
f B

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x2

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x3

f : R ! R, f (x) = x3

f : R ! R, f (x) = 2x + 1

bxc : R ! R dxe : R ! R
 bijective

f : {a, b, c, d} ! {1, 2, 3, 4}
f

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x2

f : N ! N, f (x) = x2

f : Z ! Z, f (x) = x3

f : R ! R, f (x) = 2x + 1

bxc : R ! R dxe : R ! R
 f :A !B

a A b = f (a) B
b B a A f (a) = b

1
f onction inverse f f
1 1
f : B ! A, f (b) = a f (a) = b
1
f (a) = b , f (b) = a

f :Z !Z

f :Z ! Z
x 7! y = f (x) = x 1

f
f y=x 1

y=x 1 ,x=y+1

1
y = f (x) ,x=f (y)
1
f f (y) = y + 1

x f (x) = x 1
1
f (x) = x + 1
 1
f :A !B f :B !A
1
f (a) = b , f (b) = a

1 1 1 1 1
f f (a) = f f (a) = f (b) = a f f (b) = f f (b) = f (a) = b

1
f f (x) = iA (x) = x
f f 1 (x) = iB (x) = x

1 1
f (x) = f (x)

f :Z !Z f (x) = x 1
1
f (x) = x + 1

1
f f (x) = ...

1
f f (x) = ...