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Chapter 4

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7 views5 pages

Chapter 4

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hs1569905
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Water Resources:

a) What are Natural Resources?


1. Resources are means to meet the economic and social need of the people
2. Here the term refers to natural resources which are land, water and air
3. Natural resources are used in many ways
4. Natural resources are either renewable or non-renewable
5. Renewable resources can be recycled and reused 6. Renewable resources
are either Continuous or Sustainable
7. Continuous Resources are water, sunlight, waves, geothermal power A.
Sustainable Resources are vegetation, wildlife, fish, soil, landscape B. Non-
renewable resources are in limited quantity and if they are used continuously,
they will soon come to an end. C. Non-renewable resources are Fossil fuels,
Minerals metallic and non-metallic

HOW RIVERS VITAL TO PAKISTAN


• If there are no rivers, Pakistan would be either desert or barren land There
are two river systems in Pakistan:
1. The Indus System
 The Indus is the largest river of Pakistan
 The Indus has its source in Tibet China
 After crossing Himalayas, it enters Pakistan
 After leaving the mountainous region at Kalabagh, the Indus enters the
plains of Punjab and Sindh
• Finally it ends up into the Arabian Sea
 The Indus basin covers the huge area and around fi4y million people live
here
 The Indus system irrigates round about 60% cultivable land of Pakistan

EASTERN TRIBUTARIES OF RIVER INDUS


The main eastern tributaries of the river Indus are the Sutlej, Ravi,
Chenab, Jhelum
 They take birth in the Himalayas
 A4er crossing Kashmir , these rivers enter the plains
 All the Eastern Tributaries join together at Panjnad to form the River
Panjnad
 Later the River Panjnad joins the river Indus at Mithankot
 With the melting of the snow the volume of water in these rivers
increases during Summer
Under Indus Water Treaty 1960, India has authority over the rivers Sutlej,
Ravi and Beas
 Due to this, these rivers have less water while flowing into Pakistan

WESTERN TRIBUTARIES OF RIVER INDUS


These rivers are smaller and have less water than the eastern tributaries
• These rivers have more water during summer when snow melts than
winter when temperature falls and snow does not melt

RIVERS OF BALOCHISTAN
• The Rivers Zhob, Khandar and Kalachi join the river Indus
• The Rivers Loralai, Chakar, Bolan and Mula absorb into the Kachi Sibi
Plain
 The rivers Hab, Porali, Hingol and Mashkel flow into the Arabian Sea
 There are many small rivers that flow into temporary lakes called
Hamuns
 Mostly these rivers flow during monsoon seasons otherwise they remain
dry for most of the year

WHAT IS SURFACE WATER POLLUTION?


• Climate change results from both human and natural causes
• Gases and industrial processes cause the greenhouse effect that warms
the surface of the earth
• Global warming and ozone depletion contribute to climate change
• As a result of climate change, the temperature in Pakistan is rising
• The Indus basin depends greatly on the glaciers
• Speedy melting of glaciers is expected on account of global warming, a
rise in temperature and depletion of the ozone layer
• As a result flash flooding will increase but finally the water supply will
decease greatly
• This thing will bring extreme shortage of water in the country

How people will be affected by climate change


Shortage of water will affect food production, agriculture and industry
 Sea-level will rise and will cause flooding in low-lying coastal areas that
destroys the homes on very large scale
• Droughts in arid and semi-arid regions will bring famine, starvation,
death and migration of
• A great number of people will suffer from diseases connected with air
pollution floods and droughts
• Rural poverty will force people to make internal and extremal migration

How to adjust ourselves to climate change


• By keeping water resources safe
• Fair distribution of water among provinces
• Preservation and planting of mangrove trees in the coastal areas to
reduce the risk of coastal flooding
• Development of cottage and small-scale industry to reduce dependence
on agriculture
• Introduction of drought-resistant species to reduce dependence on
rainfall and other water Sources.
• There should be a big shi4 from agriculture to the manufacturing and the
tertiary sector Strict enforcement of an environmental protection plan.

MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are natural substances that are acquired from under the surface of the earth
Formation of Minerals
Some minerals are formed from hot magma Some minerals are formed near or on the
surface when mineral-rich fluids evaporate
• Many minerals form crystals

METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS


Metallic minerals are very important for mankind
• Many articles that are used in homes are made from metallic minerals
• Gold and copper are found in pure form whereas others are found in ores

ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy is obtained either from renewable resources or from non-renewable resources
• Energy is found in many forms and all forms of energy can be converted into power

1. RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY


• Water, wind, wave and sunlight are renewable resources and can be utilized again and
again
2. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY Coal, oil, gas and uranium are non-renewable
resources and come to an end once used

Uses of coal
• Brick kilns, power generation, steel making, domestic fuel

COAL AS A PREFERRED SOURCE OF ENERGY

• Coal is cheap, that is why it is preferred source of energy

• New huge reserves of coal have been found

• Very large amount of money which is spent on the import of oil can be saved

The government is focusing on immediate coal mining and usage of coal Efforts are being made
to use coal to generate electricity

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