Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

National School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Department of Preparatory Classes

2nd Preparatory year

Fluid Mechanics
Part 1-Fluid properties-
Teacher: Dr. BELHOUCHAT Norel-Houda
Class 'A' Associate Professor in Process Engineering, specializing in Chemical Engineering

Areas of Interest: Nanomaterials, Water Treatment, Environmental Science, and Material Science
E-mail: [email protected]

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 1

 fluid mechanics
What is fluid
mechanics ?
-Liquids -At rest: Statics
-Gases -In motion: Dynamics
*Static:

*Dynamic:

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 2

Pre-requisites :
• Physics (forces, gravity, ...)
• Mathematical analysis (integrals, derivatives,..)
• Thermodynamics

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 3

What I will be studying in it?

Dynamics of Real
Incompressible Fluids
Dynamics of Perfect (Lecture: 6h00, Tutorial:
Incompressible Fluids 6h00)
Kinematics of (Lecture: 3h00,
Fluids Tutorial: 3h00)
(Lecture:
4h30, Tutorial:
Fluid Statics 4h30)
(Lecture:
6h00, Credits: 03
Tutorial: Coefficient: 03
6h00)
10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 4
 Some Recommended Books for This Module

You can find these books and more

in the Lecture classroom
10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 5
By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:

• Calculate fluid pressure and forces using hydrostatic principles.

• Determine buoyant forces and analyze floating/sinking using Archimedes' principle.
• Apply Bernoulli's theorem to solve fluid flow problems.
• Use vector analysis (gradient, divergence, Laplacian...) to study fluid behavior.
• Understand fluid flow theory and distinguish different flow types.
• Determine velocity profiles from force balances.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 6

Why should I study fluid mechanics?

• Two of three states of matter are fluids.

• Solids can behave like fluids under many conditions.
• Earth’s atmosphere contains fluids.
• Profitable industries are based on fluids.
• Models and equations can predict the behavior of fluids.
• The human body is 80% water.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 7

 Application
Areas of Fluid
Mechanics

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 8

 Faces OF FLUID MECHANICS

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 9

 States of matter
• (A) Solids (like steel or concrete) have molecules that are closely packed together with very
strong intermolecular forces, allowing the solid to maintain its shape.
• In contrast, (B) Liquids (such as water or oil) have molecules that are more spaced out, with
weaker intermolecular forces than in solids, giving them the freedom to move. Consequently,
liquids can be easily deformed (though not as compressible as gases) and can flow into
containers or through tubes.
• (C) Gases (like air or oxygen) have even greater spacing between molecules and extremely
weak intermolecular forces, making them highly deformable and compressible; they can
completely fill any container they are placed in.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 10

 What is a fluid?
• A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under the
application of shear stress* no matter how small the shear stress may be.

*A shearing stress (force per unit area) is created

whenever a tangential force acts on a surface
10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 11
 General fluid properties

• Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive:

- Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of
a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
- Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—
or extent—of the system, such as mass, volume, etc.

• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 12

 General fluid properties
1. Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
• Mass: Mass (m) is a scientific measure of the amount of matter an object is made up of. No
matter where you are at given moment in time, mass is constant.
-Mass is commonly measured in kilograms (kg) and grams (g).
• Weight: Weight (w) is a form of measurement that is dependent on gravity and, unlike mass,
your weight can vary depending on where you are in the universe:
w = m.g
- Weight is commonly measured in Newtons (N).
2. Mass Density: The mass density or density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of the
fluid to its volume. Thus the mass per unit volume of the fluid is called density. Its unit is kg/m3

𝜌 of water = 1000 kg/m3 at 4 °C and 1 Atm.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 13
 General fluid properties
3. Weight density : (also known as specific weight) is defined as the weight per unit volume, it is usually
denoted as γ (gamma). its unit is N/m3.

Where g gravitational acceleration=9,81 m/s2. γ of water = 9810 N/m3 at 4 °C and 1 Atm.

4. Specific Volume: it is defined as a volume per unit mass of fluid, it is denoted by vs. Its unit is m3/Kg.

5. Specific Gravity: it is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of the fluid to the specific weight
of a standard fluid, and it is denoted by SG :
• For Gases, the standard fluid is air
• For liquids, the standard fluid is pure water at 4 °C

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 14

 General fluid properties
6. Viscosity: is a quantitative measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. More specifically, it determines the
rate of deformation of a fluid that is generated by a given applied shear stress (fr: contrainte de
cisaillement).
• When the two layers of a fluid, at a distance ‘dy’ apart, move one over the other at different velocities, say u and
u+du. The viscosity together with relative velocities causes a shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
• The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the
adjacent top layer.
• This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y. it is denoted by symbol τ (tau).
Where µ (mu) is the constant of proportionality and is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity, absolute
viscosity or only viscosity.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 15

 General fluid properties
• Kinematic viscosity: is defined as the ratio of the
dynamic viscosity (μ) over the density of the
fluid (r). It is usually denoted by the Greek letter
nu (ν):
ν=μ/r
Its unit is m2 /s

• It is to be noted from the figure that the viscosity

of liquids decreases with an increase in
temperature, whereas for gases an increase in
temperature causes an increase in viscosity.

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 16

 Fluid classification
1.3.1. By Compressibility
• Incompressible Fluid: A fluid is said to be incompressible when the volume occupied
by a given mass does not change with external pressure (constant density). Liquids
can be considered incompressible fluids (water, oil, etc.).

• Compressible Fluid: A fluid is said to be compressible when the volume occupied by

a given mass changes with external pressure (variable density). Gases are
compressible fluids. For example, air, hydrogen, and methane

10/15/2024 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOUCHAT N 17

 Fluid classification
1.3.2. By Viscosity Effect
• Ideal Fluid
A fluid which is compressible and is having no viscosity is known as ideal fluid. It is only an
imaginary fluid as all fluids have some viscosity.
• Real Fluid
A real fluid is one that has viscosity. In practice, all fluids encountered in the real world are
considered real fluids.

• Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity that remains unchanged under different flow
conditions, except for variations in temperature. In contrast, non-Newtonian fluids have a
viscosity that changes based on the flow rate and the stresses they experience during flow.

18