Passive Voice / Causative Form a Passive Voice the verb to be + past participle. Present Perfect ¢. F tense of The passive is formed wih the sper rermaly used in the passive. Note that ony taj Future Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous are no! . (verbs which take an object) can be put into the Passive Active Voice Passive Voice Buildings are restored. Present Simple They restore buildings. Present Continuous They are restoring the building. | The bailing is being restored Past Simple They restored the building. __ The building was restored, Past Continuous ‘They were restoring the building. The building was being restore Future Simple They will restore the building. The building will be restored, Present Perfect They have restored the building. ; The building has been restored, Past Perfect They had restored the building. The building had been restored Future Perfect They will have restored the building. _The building will have been restore Present infinitive They should restore the building. The building should be restored, Perfect infinitive ‘They should have restored the building. | The building should have been rests -ing form | They lke people restoring buildings. They like buildings being restored, Perfecting form Having restored the building, Modal + be+p.p. They must restore the building. Note! Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something happening by accident. He'll get hurt if he plays like that. The building, having been restored, The building must be restored. a The passive is used when the person performing the action (agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context The rooms have been searched thoroughly. (by the police - obvious agent) «to emphasise the agent. The maths lesson was taken by the English teacher yesterday. + when we are interested more in the action than the agent, such as in news reports, formal notices, instruct processes, headlines, advertisements etc. “Crocodiles have been set free...” + to make statements more formal or polite. The vase has been broken. (more polite than saying “You havet: the vase.") FE_Write sentences in the passive as in the example: (Her hair/dye/at the moment) w»Her hairs being dyed at the moment. (The Queen/not drive/to the embassy/yet) (The Hay Wain/paint/Constable) (Most olives/arow/the Mediterranean) (The convict/take/to prison/now) (His wound/not treat/yet) (My car/break into/last night) (The trees/prune/a tree surgeor/last week) (Reservations/can/make/by dialling 001 now) 10 (Our house/clean/weekly) 11 (He/bring up/his grandparents) 12 (The book/not write/yet) 43. (The building/demolish/by next year) 14 (The new school/open/next week/the mayor) 15 (Sally's shoes/re-heeVlast Saturday) 16 (The dustbins/empty/recently) eer 8HEFONH4Passive Voice / Causative Form _butine verbs in brackets into the correct passive form, 4. Polar bears ...are hunted ... (hunt) for their fur. 2 Alecture (Give) in the main hall at the moment. 3 After. (award) a medal for bravery, he became a local hero. Her ankle sven (HFA) When she fell down, She thinks her car . “ssn (Steal) by someone she knows. The apartment . - (Sell) last week, Ihate .. Wie to) by my friends. “sss (Bay) More than they are. {turn down) by 12 o'clock at the latest. Nurses really ought ‘The music must 410 Your free gift . «»-« (Send) to you in the next few days. 44 [wish | (teach) how to use a computer when | was at school. 412 Human bones . ~~~ (find) by archaeologists yesterday. 43 My car. (repair) at the moment, so I can’t give you a litt. 44 New York ~~~ (Bay) to be one of the most dangerous cities in the world, 415 Hopefully, all forms of discrimination .. i (wipe out) by the end of this century. ol Changing from Active into Passive ‘+ The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent which is either introduced with “by” or is omitted. Verb Passive The story was written * By + agent is omitted when the agent is unknown, unimportant, obvious from the context or words such as: ‘someone, people, |, etc. They will give more information soon. = More information will be given soon. ("by them” is omitted) ‘+ By + agent is used to say who or what did the action. She was knocked down by a lorry. With + instrument or material is used to say what the agent used. The policeman was stabbed with a knife. + Verbs followed by a preposition (look after, accuse of etc) take the preposition immediately after them when turned into the passive. She looks after her daughter well. » Her daughter is looked after well. * For verbs which take two objects, it is more usual to begin the sentence with the person. They gave her all the details. = She was given all the details. (more usual than: All the details were given to her.) ‘+ In passive questions with who, whom or which we do not omit by. Who offered her the job? = Who was she offered the job by? * Make, hear, help, see are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive. They saw him cross the street. =» He was seen to cross the street. Note that hear, see, watch can be followed by a present participle in the active and passive. We heard him playing the guitar. He was heard playing the guitar. A Change the sentences from the active into the passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted. 1 The British eat over thirty million hamburgers each year. ..Over thirty million hamburgers are eaten by the British each year Who wrote “One Hundred Years of Solitude?” The bad weather has spoiled my holiday plans. Do they always pay their workers on time? .. The children picked the strawberries. She saw them go out. : You should wash those walls before you paint them. .. NOanon 1 fPassive Voice / Causative Form 8 Penguin have translated all her books into English. 9 He objects to people telling him what to do. 40. Tesco are converting the old bank into a supermarket. 44. They told him not to say anything to her. 42. Did they give you a reward for finding their cat? 43. The nurses take very good care of the patients. 44 Everyone heard her shouting at the students: . 45. Why have they given him a promotion? 16 | love people giving me presents. ... vn 47 When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. 48 The police have just arsted the man who broke into our house. 19 What did he tell you to do? : . 20 Oxfam will hold a fashion show next week. .. 21. They are holding the next World Cup in France. 22 When did they demolish that building? .. 23. The officers took the suspect in for questioning. . 24. Will they hand out free T-shirts at the concert? 25 Does the school provide accommodation for all new teachers? G_change the sentences from the passive into the acti Why did they ask James to leave the club?. 1 Why was James asked to leave the club’ 2 They love being invited to parties. .. 3 The best cream cakes are made by SayerS. rn 4 By the end of the party, all the food had been eaten. 5 Sanchez was beaten by Graff in the Women's Tennis Final. 6 My glasses must have been thrown away by mistake. 7 The building is being examined by Health and Safety experts this week. ‘Who was the television invented by? 9 She was heard complaining about the new timetable. 10 She was sent a telegram by the Queen on her 100th birthday. 11 The English language is now spoken by over two billion people worldwide. 12. My overdraft is being extended by the bank tomorrow. ..... 13 Hundreds of free gifts are being given away by Donels this Saturday. 44 Why haven't the beds been made yet? .. 15 | hate being taken for granted. . 16 The tickets should have been booked weeks ago. : 17 Anew shopping centre is being built on the outskirts of town 18 Why was | not told about the meeting? .. 19. Further information can be obtained from your local post office. en will you be interviewed for the post? E_Fittin by oF with, 1 This suit was designed ...by... Armani “( osed 2 This cake sled fresh cream, 5 eon fide ned ce 10 was Australi 3: Wo ae tala covered = 2 8 The food will be provided . caterers 3 ees me a ‘9 The stew was flavoured ~ garlic. lanket. 10 The Royal Wedding was watched snce- milo™ 92Passive Voice / Causative Form Change into the passive. Last month, Samuel Block opened a restaurant in the centre of Macclesfield. He had | planed it for over five years, but he only completed it after local businessmen raised ‘a large sum of money. A top hotelier has trained the waiters and they will wear | specially designed uniforms to fit in with the restaurant's modern look. They have ‘brought in a famous chef from France and they are going to give him complete control ver the daly menu. The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions. + subject (person) + passive verb + to-inf Doctors expect he will recover soon. (personal construction) He is expected to recover soon. + It+ passive verb + that (impersonal construction) a Tum the following into the passive as in the example: 1. They say he is a millionaire. 8 They thnk he has escaped from prison. ‘clause It is expected that he will recover soon. He ..is said to be a milionaire.. He It nis Said that he is a millionaire... te 2 They expect the plane will be landing soon. 7. They expect hel pass his exams. The plane He en It It ~ 3. They believe he was working illegally 8 They say she led to the police. He a She .. : i It 4 They say he is feeling better. 9 They say they miss too many lessons. - He They ; 3 te ae he —§ They thought he had been brave to do so. 40. They know she was always late for work. - He : She .. 2 tt - tt 4 a Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. The teacher scolded Jim for not paying attention. was “Jim ...Wwas scolded by the teacher... for not paying attention ~ 2 Her parents named her after her grandmother, was She .. her grandmother. = 3. Most people think that broken homes cause alot of social problems. thought It z snnmnnnnen CAUSE a IOt Of SOCial problems. their homework. 4. Aneditor will check the article. be The article .. 1. an editor. 5 The trafic warden will give you a ticket i you ou pak there be You «if you park there. 6 Alot of men enjoy football. is Football. a lot of men. 7. The builder will have finished the extension by July. been The . . by July. 8 The teacher has given the sludons their homework have The 93oice / Causative Form Passive V: > They ae blaring Matin forte accidents . tore re gringo provi in im omorow evening S 11 ey wi have set the matter by this aera : Fee The mater ee 1 Ns an, ising the passive. B_took at the notes, then write a report u Yet again we experienced an earthquake last night. ight. Several villages/totally destroy te area in northern Spain/shake/by an earthquake last nig) Pe people/warv/of the danger earlier and many vilages/evacuate. Victims of the earthquake now/ offer/sna,! in iocal churches/where food and drink/provide. oD Rewrite the following text in the passive. ‘After 20 years of civil war, the Lebanese government is rebuilding Beirut. They will construct new offices zn hotels, The authorities must also expand Beirut airport. Luckily, bombing did not destroy archaeological By the year 2000, building companies will have completed most of the work. Lebanon’s new look wil at ‘many tourists in the future. A few groups have already visited this Middle Eastern paradise. [B_Pewrite the following text in the passive. The critics have greeted with enthusiasm “Turning Point", Marvin Morton's new play. They regard it as his most mature work. Morton wrote it after he had studied people's behaviour for a considerable time. On te ‘opening night the audience called Morton onto the stage and applauded him loudly. They are staging the play at the Apollo Theatre where they expect thousands of people to see it. Film companies have asted Morton to write a script for a film based on the play. We do not know yet whether Morton will serio consider the proposal. Oral Development 9 Look at the picture and the prompts and make sentences using the passive. You can also us? your own ideas. sea/pollute - waste/dump/tor years - companies fine/last year - action/take - new laws/ introduced/soon - protest marches/organised! recently - people/ask not swim/at present - fishermen/advise/fish elsewhere - hope/problem solve/two years - volunteers/ask/help/clean uP The sea has been polluted. etcce Passive Voice / Causative Form id Ss Causative Form ~ youve bet Ps pari ty at ve aang cons tod coating He asked the ¢ ( had his car repaired. (He didn’t do it himself - the mechanic did it.) sent Simple ‘She looks after her children, ne has ratiininan Seiengwt im Sc htnecrie aw Poot Simple ed after her children, She had her children looked aftr. past Continuous She was looking after er chidren, She was having her chien looked after. Future Simple will look after her children, ‘She will have her children looked after. Continuous ‘She will be looking after her children. She will be having her children looked after. present Perfect Ea ae looked after her children. She has had her children looked after. Perf. Continuous Ey pene looking after her children. She has been having her children looked after. past Perfect 1@ had looked after her children. She had had her children looked after. past Pert. Continuous She had been looking ater her chicken. _ She had been having her children looked afte. nitive ‘She can look after her children ‘She can have her children looked after. -ing form She likes looking after her children. She likes having her children looked after «The verb to have, when used in the causative, forms its negations and questions with do/does (Pr ani Tete ee gmorthew te forssarge: tovatewbeccheren «Got can be used instead of have in the causative, Did you have/get your hair cut? + The causative can be used instead of the passive to express accidents or misfortunes. Ho had his cheek bruised in a fight. = His cheek was bruised ina fight) a Read the situations, then write sentences using the causative form. 1 The optician is testing her eyes. What is she doing? ‘She's having her eyes tested... 2 fhe doesn't drive more carefully, the police will take away his cence. What will happen to him? nn this time tomorrow, an artist wil be painting her son's portrait. What will she Be dOINg? rr : 2 Someone is cutting down the tree in our garden at the moment What are we doing? seer ‘They can vaccinate your children against smallpox. What can you do? a : She will hire someone to build a shed for her. What will she do? The deni is pashing Tom's teeth, What is Tom doing? The police are towing away his car. What is happening to him? Someone dy-cioans is suits every month, What does he do? ita been paying a therapat to massago his back What as he been doing? nn Sally gets a hairdresser to dye her hair every month. she do? : z.. 95;Passive Voice / Causative Form the example. Write sentences in the causative form 2S in 1 have your essays typed? Do you ask someone to type Your essays? «Doyo! hs haven't been developed yet 1 2. Her photograp! 3. She doesn't like asking People tooo ne Have you asked them to install a Dur st toate use to employ someone t0 do the housework for Me. ~~~ 6 her wound. .. “ 7 his glasses to be adj 8 the constable to follow the Sus 9 10 collect your mail while you are ‘The doctor examined He isn't going to take Did the detective order You should ask someone justed today. «- pect? .. away. 40. Did the doctor set Gary's broken leg? 10. Did te cr fmeone to check her washing machine for he? 1a Wee garg to ask them fo send us a copy ofthe Coniact. 12. were gov eur been avin May's kids to schol fr years? ~ 44. Was his arm broken in a car crash? 4S. How many times has the plumber fixed John's tap this year? + Make/have + object + bare infinitive are used to express that someone causes someone else to ds something, but their meaning is slightly different. He made Liz send a fax. (He insisted that Liz should send a fax.) He had Liz send a fax. (He asked Liz to send a fax.) «+ Gat abject + to =inf is used to show that someone persuades someone else fo do something, She got her husband to cut the gras. (She persuaded her husband to cut the grass.) B Rephrase the following using have, make or get as in the example. 4 He insisted that Peter left immediately. ..He made Peter leave immediatel 2. Janet persuaded Diane to drive her to the airport 3. My car radio is being fitted by Gary today. 4. She asked her sister to translate the article. 5 | finally persuaded the landlord to change the locks. 6 7 8 My mother insisted that | should wear a dress to the wedding. Til ask John to pick me up at the station. Sue persuaded her colleagues to change their minds. 9. She is going to ask them to rewrite the assignment. 40. Ican't believe he asked me to return the cheque. 11 He insisted that they should stay at home. 12. I'ltry to persuade him to give you the money he owes you. 13. The receptionist asked her to wait outside his office. 14. The doctor insisted that she should go to hospital 18. He asked the porter to carry his luggage. B Complete the sentences using the words in bold, Use two to five words. 1. They arranged for medical supplies to be flown into the region. had They ...had medical: n 2a cw Toc had medal upp Aw. the region, got Tony .. . byas le