Kombolcha Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Chapter Three:- Two port Networks

Jemal H. ( Msc )
[email protected]

November, 2024

Network Analysis and Synthesis 1 Lecture # 3 1

 Contents

• Definition
• Z -,Y-, H-, and ABCD parameters
• Relationship among 2-port parameters
• Parallel, series, and cascade interconnections

Network Analysis and Synthesis 2 Lecture # 3

 Introduction

• A port is any pair of terminals into which signal is received or from which
signal is taken out.
• A two-port network has two pairs of terminals, one pair at the input known as
input port and one pair at the output known as output port.
• There are four variables V1 , V2 , I1 and I2 associated with a two-port network
• Two of these variables can be expressed in terms of the other two variables
that have two dependent variables and two independent variables

Output
Input
port
port

• Current entering a port = current leaving a port

• V1,V2, I1 and I2 are related using two-port network parameters
• Typically found in communications, control systems, electronics
• used in modelling, designing and analysis
Network Analysis and Synthesis 3 Lecture # 3
 Two-port Network Parameters

• There are six possible set of equations that describe two port networks.
• There are various ways to write these relationships which are
• Z,Y, H and ABCD parameters
• The six possible equations in two port network are
• Open-Circuit Impedance
• Short-Circuit Admittance
• Transmission
• Inverse Transmission
• Hybrid
• Inverse Hybrid

Network Analysis and Synthesis 4 Lecture # 3

 Z -parameters (Open-circuit Impedance Parameter )

• A particular set of equations that describe two port networks are Z-parameter
equations
• The Z parameters of a two-port network may be defined by expressing two-
port voltages V1 and V2 in terms of two-port currents I1 and I2.
• The Z-parameter that we want to determine are z11, z12, z21, z22
• The voltage V1 and V2 in terms of I1 and I 2 are expressed as follows
I1 I2

+ Z11 Z12 V1 = z11I1 + z12I2

+
V1 V2 V2 = z21I1 + z22I2
- Z21 Z22 -

• In terms of matrix equations, the following can be obtained:

where matrix is called the impedance
matrix

Network Analysis and Synthesis 5 Lecture # 3

 Cont…

• The individual Z-parameters can be found as indicated in the following.

• When the output port and input port are open-circuited, that is, when = 0, and
= 0 then the equation will be as follows
V z11 is the open – circuit input impedance.
z  1
11 I
1 I 0 Relates the voltage and current in the first port.
2

V
z12 is a transfer impedance.
z  1 Relates the voltage on the first port to the current
12 I I 0
2 1 in the second port.
V
z  2 z21 is a transfer impedance.
21 I I 0
1 2 Relates the voltage in second port with the current
in the first port
V
z  2
22 I I 0
2 1 z22 is the open – circuit output impedance.
Relates the voltage and current in the second port.
Network Analysis and Synthesis 6 Lecture # 3
 Example-1

• Find Z-parameters for the network shown in Figure below.

• The network is redrawn as shown in Fig

Applying KVL to Mesh 1….. ( i )

Applying KVL to Mesh 2…( ii )

Substituting Eq. (iii) in Eq. (i) Substituting Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii)
Applying KVL to Mesh 3

…. ( iii )

• Finally from Z-parameter equations,

Network Analysis and Synthesis 7 Lecture # 3

 Y-Parameter( Admittance Parameters)

• The admittance parameters are also called Y-parameters.

• Port currents and are expressed in terms of the voltages V1 and V2
I1 I2

Y11 Y12
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
+ +
V1 V2 I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
- -
Y21 Y22

• The equations can be represented in matrix form as follows:

• The y-parameter that we want to determine are
Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22.
• The values of the parameters can be evaluate by
setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).
Network Analysis and Synthesis 8 Lecture # 3
 Cont…

• When the output port and input port are short-circuited, that is, when = 0,
and = 0 then the equation will be as follows

I y11 is the admittance seen looking into port 1

y  1 when port 2 is shorted.
11 V V 0
1 2

I
y12 is a transfer admittance. It is the ratio of the
y  1 current at port 1 to the voltage at port 2 when
12 V V 0
2 1 port 1 is shorted.
I y21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the
y  2
21 V V 0 current at port 2 to the voltage at port 1 when
1 2
port 2 is shorted.
I
y  2 y22 is the admittance seen looking into port 2
22 V V 0
2 1 when port 1 is shorted.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 9 Lecture # 3

 Example -2

• Find Y-parameters for the network shown in Fig. below.

• Case 1 When the output port is short-circuited, i.e., V2 = 0 as shown in Fig. ,

Network Analysis and Synthesis 10 Lecture # 3

 Cont…

• Case 2 When the input port is short-circuited, i.e., V1 = 0 as shown in Fig. ,

• Hence, the Y-parameters are

Network Analysis and Synthesis 11 Lecture # 3

 Transmission parameters (A,B,C,D)

• T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a another set of parameters relates the

variables at the input port to those at the output port(transmission parameters ).
• This parameter are useful in the analysis of transmission lines because they
express sending – end variables (V1 and I1) in terms of the receiving – end
variables (V2 and -I2).
I I2 • We can write the following equations.
1

A11 B12
+ + V1  AV2  BI 2 .......(1)
V1 V2
- C21 D22 - I1  CV2  DI 2 .......(2)

• The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B, C and D where A and D are
dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and C is in siemens (S).
• The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)
Network Analysis and Synthesis 12 Lecture # 3
 Cont….

• In matrix form is:

V1   A B  V2 
 I   C D I 
 1   2 

• Thus; V1 V1
A B 
V2 I2 0
I2 V2 0

I1 I1
C  D 
V2 I2 V2 0
I2 0

• In term of the transmission parameter, a network is reciprocal if;

AD - BC  1
Network Analysis and Synthesis 13 Lecture # 3
 H-parameter (Hybrid Parameter)

• A set of parameters that are very useful in describing transistor circuits are h-
parameters, they are a hybrid combination of ratios.
• H-parameters are given by the following equation

In matrix
form,

• They are very useful for describing electronic devices such as transistors
• The values of the parameters are determined as

Network Analysis and Synthesis 14 Lecture # 3

 Interconnection of Networks

• A large, complex network may be divided into subnetworks for the purposes
of analysis and design.
• The sub-networks are modeled as two port networks, interconnected to form
the original network.
• The interconnection can be in series, in parallel, or in cascade
– When two-ports are connected in parallel, find the y parameters first,
and, from the y parameters, derive the other two-port parameters.
– When two-ports are connected in series, it is usually easiest to find the z
parameters.
– When two-ports are connected in tandem, the transmission matrix is
generally easier to obtain.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 15 Lecture # 3

 Series-Series connection of two-port

For network Na
Consider the two two-port networks in Fig.
The networks are in series because their input
currents are the same and their voltages add. In
addition, each network has a common For network Nb
reference, and when the circuits are placed in
series, the common reference points of each
circuit are connected together.,

• The z parameters for the overall network are

Network Analysis and Synthesis 16 Lecture # 3

 Parallel connection of two-port networks

• Two two-port networks are in parallel when their port

voltages are equal and the port currents of the larger
network are the sums of the individual port currents.
• In addition, each circuit must have a common reference
and when the networks are connected together
• The parallel connection of two two-port networks is
shown in below

Network Analysis and Synthesis 17 Lecture # 3

Network Analysis and Synthesis 18 Lecture # 3