Packo,ing El

optical
pxopextes
iagmetio
ectoical
Elects>cal
Matenial

apestie3
în baopex
foocd
tes
Motesial.

Nde3)
Page Date -

o
To To TO
bave gìng To Jm bxeakdown
stxcnqthAis fig
LoB8 AC
dependemt
8cqpemay Psess8
I4eol
Ldeal
temp
xials
on.
theix Matenal. KmowLedge
Povide. l0
mateials ts
Need
'yacavite
e dc bgeakdowm
Mat ve ge(ectBo ettect NC
kmo)
tegial. electsicap
Songe
ba f=
o me
mowtedge 6 Unjt-1
Krowlede
(edge kmowledge tethis
Jyda toengtth
electrica
emfn ee
ap~ mc
ecomomy
outthe Subiect hota
aboUt
about caton. 2+o 25-
ot
aboUt baf. /o.4KV
hout bms) 230
2Kv/m
Sentondwcto motesralz coz0MO toh
m Kv/Com
dfelectsiche Page Date
m ducting
com MOnuactu
Saceita
Sulattra (Peok
dwig to
t Peok
 Qott to8 ol
Comtionued
HaHa & Comsezed
Howeves, AL X-Mesbas8edAo.
Types weak
n The SyGas To
To

mamy MagnetiiJnsuLation8
maki TYpes
gas ot have
gnetc HAVC Materal
-that
magmeti6 Aa,nete mateialg,
Vacwmn oid have
ot
totheSubs Knawtede
an baled Kmowledas
the tmces Show Poþex
tesials m be
am Matesial
matc JosOl ismateoial
ent mom-magneO
tthe OYe
rials
ati the tie
aue choh
based
Soud about dbout
m magn
ag
ale
on
ettect8
ave
ot
Uacd met. test specia/
o6term ete Materals mo Page. Date
U8ed camSmsutaton) pnetie
aYefiect
e
be þuapasc
so

Comdwctot
n6ulatoss
Comdu f
aBe Lmsolatox
ElectoCaf Eneszy cUSSet
8emiomdwctot
(ay
Semiondwcto8
Comdwcto8
SemiConolw matesiala
Semicom
ductos

ctos,Mans
kkValanced
ifoxbidder i
md
ba bamdcomduçtön
bamd bamd
Comdwctvity
S cto8
Bemicomdwotor
enicomtte8e
Semmicomductos beConme
(b) Stsuctuse aye
olwc Mce mon
too fxee e be
ot holes
Dgeae
n tteg
Con oð doe8mot
Metols, Page. Date
dwctrivity
gnSUla Conductox nsulatod
eomdcto
evicele
ohms
tor
Sem'
o6
&xtoinsiG
Senicomowcto
(Somye(PUse OVe&lop
Q0ndwch + Comdvc ot
isEleotocal
to n0
Jnte
CxoSS Jmsulartot
ComowGtotC¡n Gtbecau8e
eneXgH
gmsolatoß,
to the nhe
nductor
potyfe tUed am
MaKe togm ko8bdden he
tien chasactexstc8
comdoc a'th
-ovea oxdeÝ extcsmal
aHe buaity n to on
ot
cale
two f o8 eqch bamd Hhe Comductivity
electton8 eise
t SemiCon ot
extsnsc). oß th8 the
i8 aaHe Aap ot to
toxb'ddem electaiG
typcR gthex. , the 1ev bamc deide&
Semicondwcto8)
added two a d to8biddem
hernce bet
Condlwctos
Can . toÞ dwcto ot
m-type type& Condwction the ot (CeJ
to -the
valmce mot &eld a
ValoMce CsoB8OVeS Mate8al &
he as
as
t8ouedetals,
B m
conductot rtin both movè by bamd
nt elrGtxone ox amount Page. Date

bmd there band by

the
&xtoinsc so gvedbamd deteme
sc amd. Sem thegas
pcoio
hegmDal
i& to (V8 os

he Aeso Mateial
8hold
Hghest
3sibe havethe Com
po Abpication
Ghood
Fde.wate (3-0Tmdvction
CB Motos
Motos]
(SymchsonoUSY
X-me&Geneoator
Redvces gn
Adeate
Relot JmLACable m/c DC
dvctoÝ ^Se8 pe8meabilty
lato& so the
coeld the used
used the
Heistvityo
yePtance
mechomical ob
abirty hystetes
Comdocting ox
606 te
ComtoLlo X-Me8
e ot ow
awG uog
lectoical
toSod
gto tvit Matesialo loRs ysteeB3
Should
CotT0sion
etasuy bobcÝtie8 matesial
Page Date
ngth
- mlc have
(083.
8
 -

|God.3l ye
Awmjniom
Copbex, 8
OUng
spacc.
-the SUch LConducting
OHc hose PaBsaACChosegmsu Conductin
ComMats8ia
easiy
ta. hose 8 Matesia
Kesistvit Res's(ouo.
tivihigh Coppea,
Eqi- Clossteatfon
totng
Matesials
Matealk QHe Matexials mate&ials
o
attsactcd otmatesîals
ele
Bemiconducto&
Aminwm, Getmanfom
Cueate tthese ctoic
in
Matesals
EnAA
hich hich
CwsTemt. Shich
toa8dÅa om Mateaial do 8
situex electic
be mot cwrrent
the
las8,mica matesfa
Robbes,wood.
the
magnetized is allgw ¢ Page Date

Mognet gotd.
gh. the
Matetal.
Mamcte

rolecule thal
e Hateria The &enconThese
ot (e88
uhih
com be
e re ham hoge
Senicomucto
ex-
Modesm The most comductivitt
tham
Matesial gnsulatos8
Matcofal
d>ode,
metal s'uon, dwctot
device con
Modeon well
ductó8
atomic kmoonuBedtransBto avc
Aem os alhOse Mate
tosthe but
hechet used tthele
but o
theoytomie amvm mDIS als e

etc. in more Hesstivity

videq od emcnductng Matestals hOn
She etc. amutactong
alme theoBy
Stotes han Page Date

nto msol
omdeto
wid, tho leel s
ato. i8
atos.
 &lect 9t the Ext8a thexefode
haugenet protenkthe
+Ve. THe Jt
Electric
aly he Be
comtaïns comtan
outesmo&tbart mUcteUs
on
ucleu8i8 mvcle Cemtaal
cyeVolve
pooton8. bxotons
u& aHe
mgivem
e/ectson hods
b 6 bartcleS
change
tes3 part
atom Exta
QHOUmd. +Vely the t at
is ot
Neutoono
ente an
MUcteUl
my chged
meutsal -the c atoms
aton'aond Mas8 Page. Date!
mUclews paxtiele&
beouse o*
DucleU8.
o
n 4

Xo ,eefectooB
Shate Sngle QutctmcBtlo8é each. Pn electsonB-thon
fn Semicomducto8
Closetohen
o o the QB&ocated
Bu 9fthfnas Condwctox&
Smimdictos& Contaim
electtoniin
s. &ce here Closscafon
Hhe to neizh to
SrrCaBe
00m Yin al
elect8on8 each
o eoch osbit gje electoom8
th t boring0xbt
he each two othe outc&
othe os have
solated sulatoB8 bute& nthe
xperte
asest e electson&
otems Contao ot
So¯ds
Þ,
othed.atoms thm i.e
So So detrnite con
he $hel
Amcsaly Shell to13
latcd
tomi He . the atoh bazi2
ductos
o8 ovte all Qomtains
moe 4
e he aHe Valmce
yactve
mncigh a emcrY the electonthe . ot
8moßt ntract outet assected eneGH
Walamce Jm
ktomicstauctoa Page Date
bor ato
moB to8 solatoo
ocbit levels eectson2
oo
bing by aye
afemie
 (w)

These (hee
to
electron&auegt
G89Mal is not Due
fo8Valomce
ComdwC-Honbond but
Impostantpgesene Howeve
elpcttomi Joupingexhibt8
is
Understond Wghet
bldaden thec called beto
enexgt hgee this
the enet H n
bang o} otaHe emeKgY tegemt ot o8
same
ths lowcs eme8gic&
boma the ethem netgt motmcsAt
or t negh levc tevel,
dittetent Changed
bamde
behawiot bamq>
foohjdde ae mwch
ate Band borimg
(evels metgy othan
the ot
thc
ane Vext atoectcd hat to the
ot ot ene8g9level. emeg
îgpootomt inatom. atomm. avatweelectsons Date
gap SoudBsrnportont nmeÝ o Page
Soud
tevel he the
6ythe
osbt
si(evel
bLoNL

Valanceihe
Catlert Hhe fosbid ree he bond froubing
gadepn bond. Comdwcton - gxbit Valonce
band 8 bamd'
valomce
as elpcttonk
Valamce
band
xotblddey ectoon Condustonbard
band elect&on
is
Caleo
tfortittegt
ConuGHon
ba»g

oð as
Valonce Page Date
go8bden bamd

by band
 Date. DateL
Page Page

Classitication ot Conclwotot , Sernicomdutod

an nsula too on the bai3 ot ene
of electsos ulile ComdwotYon bond embt

Narro bomd Leth the abpucation ot snall botetPal

Sference, electron om jurp tom valanca
band to Conowctiom band.

The sc behaves al an 0sula toa o Sholwr

-VaBqnce bamd tempo 08 low tem3.
-Electeon
Comdwctor h8oa vol amce banel to cB eBUttng
Jon Cornddwetoß, Conduoton bomd in gver Conouc t¯ty Jnc xcas el,
taf ceft yalance bond. so, lose m0 ot
electoom& Con ðUmp oom vol once band to nsula tor
Conddwcton bamd aih the ahb
Small potential isteuenee. l'caton ot
Conduetion band

Xvac tetoto.above.

Sengicon duotor
Conwston
bao
hole

Elect80n Valance bono

-electton LVolamce bamd

Valance bang Aa Nam e lecitoons "
 Date Dateu
Page Page

Ohe to8bidden enet Aap bet valence Metal;

band ondu cton band s quite Fox most metals, HeBistivity ‘ lige auly
losge (i5ev) ith temmh ‘ ot anoumd sook.
So, is mot ealy to condwct elcta?c ohis is becawse the thesmal agitation ^ a
CUsrent thxough them the te ot a comductoo ‘. ohch leach to
The electtong o# the valance bomd Requise Vert
Move seavest Co wslon:
gh electoiG tield in oder to Crass t
move in the co. Semi-Comwctox -

The elect8om8 o the vB do mot have eno0gh

to CsoSs move touwoud cB theesoe ORis s because the electrons et e ncted f
the comductVicy ot the rgelafosis almo8tgeto. Junb joor) the valonce bonod into the ce

Unit o emeSRY iS eV Im Su latox -

AS the temO the Comlwctvit o Snsul ate
Resistivity tem Helation uSNch esi8tivtty avssent ow.
he yelationship b/w temnbo esstivity i3
Gndisec t ,Meaning that as the temht ot a Some nsula to convestto conducto K3 of
Mateial gnceoles, its Hes0stvity qeceal e8. gh temp,
dlowevet, this Helationip is mot- the Same foo Oemicomolwcto&
oß al the
Mateal.

’tem
 Date Date

Page Page

Matesia? yes'stiity Vs tem () - 5 0 XIo

3.92xI63
3

Platinumn
.-3
Lead
Nichrome to .4xio-3
-3
Caubon -g.5 Xlo
- 4.8x l0
GesmaniUm 3
tem iuco -4.5X/6

Advanced materials Engineesing

Ghe desm Manu sóctuae oT etgineet g
devices Syoten us heav'y intwenced
by the matesials U8 ed.

gbaoved beotornamce HeBults uith the

Nchaome Semicomductoo Oppaopoiate choce ot matestal matesials
+ye tempß (d) Yetal, bxoceBAing mathodol0o
tesistome laons8betm
Tembo de pendence o Undenstonding the e
R Rol1+t) Matefal cogpositon, b·oce 8ing, MicxoSstovctuye
Rt Ro t Rot materuol ogobertiès Cam enhance bbo stunittes
asþutalon aHeal
Rot Rt - Ro
tox emgiFeéss in almost all
AR/Rot Sndusty afpleatr
bbsbrape to deal th om e
TRiS au ea i8
Metap Temms co-chticient [(o]
8'tve 3"8XIo3
StTVCtC
Copper 39X1o
SeleChon ot aterials fo deviteg o8 ot
Gold 3.4x /0
-3 ttanstosnges Se laction
Sxg t in Case lel as
Mafeials as
Auminjum 3.9/0 mdin Hafesal,coge
Tüngdte9 45 x10
 Date Date
Page Page

Sex ive& o7 mateuals in dtiat o8 extoeme 220Kv/yo0 Kv

envitonmemtB 33Kv/220 KV
Manosacturing matexi'als 4 poo ducte -to Distxibution
Coitcaf ayalisis ot Motexial tajwse evemt&. Test (gmsulatton)
b HUAC te8t (28 kv}
Motexial: ion Extiemme Emviommen t8 8 ImbulBe test
e uti°ty ot deviceg Stxuctuse aue o~ter
Umited by the bestosmomce ot matewals Gn
&xttee en visogent&. Acvanced matexiale in the automotive
ndwstey'
Matesials u&ed tosbine engincs .indouwm hole ompsoved vecle bexbo mance etticeny aHe
oþUcaions fos ol ga& extsacton in he qerving nowstay to move tsom tsaditional
human body n expeene etevated tempö Geals to ad vameac matelolg Sn cwding gh
t/os chernically aggtUVe Env'ionmgemt.
Mogmesbrg alloy.
Undex stonoing Matesial gntesations t
opbrobate mateuials 8electfon too -theße envison chall emge fos these matesial? gnclwde the

Neuw Matetlals developrnen t incwding

aHe dovmng impsoved popert pestomare. Comtnwe to enhance he bxobeste& t -hese
Matenjols Joncueaje -theis UoLgain n
veNcles

Mater'al8 tos wechageable Batteueg &

MO8qesm elect8o ne nd electsio VeNclel
uequire light weght postable enerJA
Storage.
 Date Date!
Page Page

mpoved matesaß combastons and Comducte mateaei

mtsostUCtures od cartds have daiven &lectsical comcwctivit-
engxomCw& Jmgpsovemqents in -batte pe As we know thaf a basic booperty otHateiof.
tomane. toa -the past thace decades .
Aton9 uoith comtinued orojogovemjemts m KesstViy ot the mateial is welated to its
Couthode Matesials, new'matesials ae Hesistamce
now beng comsidexed oo nco bottesy
chemistc that Aiu tead t0 even ighee
enert den srte Oth enbance o R
ResistVitt (m)
length. (m)
A Axca.

At Room temþ typ'cal Jnsuiator

has comductiity in the Hare
(n'm).
lhee a foß a Semiconductos the Valwe
Mi ght be tonm.
Amd fo& a metal SUch as gruve

Metal- ghn's Law

 Ptye
S.e N-type
SC
Ovedlapping
tyeSc this get to
Aadded
to
Puse 8cotfon PUxe
Extrinsc
SC mtoiNSio
SC
/comductoð8 Metal
Gemionduc
tos Extr'n8'C
semicomductos mtansic
ev CONDUCTOR SEMI
& CB
G8apte 8- &x
sieAdqvateHesstonce
m. Coro to
co-cttient tem bossble Leaat
comduetviy. possble Hghest
bamdwalanca Eleotricaf
mc Comdwctox
tox
IM. 3-0 gon
bomd
AmSulatoo- Mateal& condvotingg Ablcaton
ot
Page Page
Date! Date
 Date Date
Page Page.

MoAnet paoheot ot matesial& Jm Anega!theye aHe thtee contsbotion

Pemeahiit tO he angular momntug ot am otomo
Magneticdrapole.
Nagnetc clapole Momert OXbta electxom ngulau Monentumn’
Nagnetisation (M) Motim ot e/ectson.
Due to o8btal
Pex egeabiUty - Elec tsom Spin Mgolot Moentum
gt is the ciatfo of 'Magnetctwt densiyt 00e to Self SpYn og electson.
to the Mgnetc teld intensity bersont af
that Mateiap.
()
DUe to mecwes Spin .

ueheye

H *
Nognett tield Jrtensity.
PemeabiUty ot the tree S ace ot
Vaccm.
- Relatve pexmeabil'y otmagnete
Martap.

Magnetio dasole 8
A deeot (oo having a
M4znetic
diapote.
Lhen eVer a chaged poutfcle hat a
Qngl a momentum, outicle uerl
to peynaneogt M9gnetic diopole mongent
 Date
Date
Page
Page

DPelectalc Boeak dowwm vottot

detimedmatesalthe
C Marm electa stssB A is, a eleotsfc ulhioh cnostty uBed
uaithStand.
becawge found Pro
after He - USe

also- be desined a& the af this pgopetes is Kmowr as Selt -ests

vo ttoge
uShthe cottent cSterts s to Vet
Copabity attes bxeathdoo.

Hghsvalwes
Unle
grn bedemce contsol
ot CKto
by the extornal
as gnsulatng matesTa becawse S
The electsc bseakdoon Stsemth'a ot the Mot eactm Ponmes
Cossos fon .

Toeesng
Poess.
Temp. N
Eltctsoge ombizusatfon iU&ed at abpesE dweto t
pe ot mote.xra. Tnmestmess hemic Stabtt
Depemd& upon Sustace
Natuse 4oUahnsB
CHptit d vVotage (#vAC,hvdc, Jgpluse Recetese HChSou8ce b8e Sf i mot
Lgbting 00fo8 envisonmet, So N
igpestectfon ot detectsic mateslo Toakng) mixuse Cam e Ueto
Dielectoic Gase3 - vo ltae
he a&c8 dielectsics aNe aft, NitsoenlNe),
Co, Sfs ,cClfe (fycon). SF bxeak<oon 39Kvom
 Date
Date
Page
Page

+o Coxron
aBrclectrfo mateap fos gh voltag
hormically 3mert.

Higk detectxic stxegth

NOn- Hameble"
GIood Heat tÝanstes capabYu
Less temge4 to CO80 iom -

Chemicolly
he eud dfelectsics aHe
PUge watex
Cocomut oYL
LPetrouumm oi)

Pan S°con oiU Very expensve

Cagtox
Bemane
Heuum (Used n Supet Comdwctor

Bosic We quisement ot prope stfel ot

¯uig delectic fouow
Hgk dielectoYc Sttength
rBesmal tabPUty.
C1ood theat txdDset capab g
Lo w COBt.