SARVODAY NIKETAN

KUJU, RAMGARH

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT - 2018-2019

STUDY THE WORKING OF

TRANSFORMER & ITS USES

Name : Sankalp Kumar

Class : XII

Reg. No : P/2/19/52085/0002

Board Roll No. - 7698572

Examiner Teacher-in - charge

SARVODAY NIKETAN
 KUJU, RAMGARH

CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project was done by Sankalp

Kumar Reg. No - P/2/19/52085/0002 & Board Roll No.
7698572 is in partial fulfillment of Physics Practical Examinations
AISSCE 2019.
I certify that this project is done by him/ her with his/her own
effort with guidance of the teacher.

Teacher in charge Head of the institute

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I place my sincere thanks to my Physics teacher Mr. S. S.
Upadhyay for his guidance and advices to complete my work
successfully. I also thank our Principal Mr. Surya Nath Yadav for
providing me all the facilities to finish the project on time. I also take
this opportunity to place on record my deep gratitude to LORD
ALMIGHTY for the countless blessings showered on me while doing
the work and to complete it. At last but not least I thank my parents for
their encouragement and support in my humble venture.

- Dilip Kumar Mahto

CONTENTS
1. An Introduction 1

2. Theory and working of transformer 2

3. Efficiency of Transformer 5

4. Energy Losses in Transformer 6

5. Uses of Transformer 7

6. Bibliography 8

TRANSFORMER
AN INTRODUCTION:-

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltage. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. AS such
transformers are built in an amazing strength and sizes. In electronics, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that is weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits; it may weight hundreds of tons.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer

which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

Principle:-

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction. According to this principle,

the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
(1)

Construction:-
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1& s2 are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the
core. The source of alternating e.m.f. is connected to p1p2. The primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1s2 and the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus
there can be no current through the primary & secondary so long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary and secondary
winding is negligible. Further, the energy due to magnetic iron core is also negligible.

THEORY AND WORKING OF TRANASFORMER

When and alternating e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil , an alternating current
p1p2

starts falling in it. The alternating current in the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if E p and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are the number of turns
of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer and

dΦb/dt = rate of change of each turn of the coil

(2)
at this instant, we have Ep = -Np dΦb/dt...............................(i)

Es= -Ns dΦb /dt......................................................................(ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (ii) by (i), we get

Es/Ep = -NsΦb/Np..................................................................(iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E-E p) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f further if R p is the resistance O, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E-Ep/Rp

E-Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected, so, therefore

E-Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn for transformation ratio.
(3)

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of primary current at the same instant t

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or

Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K

(4)

In a step up transformer

As K>1, so Ip>s Or Is<Ip

i.e., current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher

Hence, whatever we gains in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage,
we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current and a step down transformer
steps up the current.

EFFICIENCY:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.,

ŋ= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in and ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.

(5)

ENERGY LOSSES:-

Following are the major sources o energy loss in a transformer

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This
is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and

demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of transformer.

(6)

USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations.

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

 In the induction furnaces.

 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

 A Step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON

advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmission of a.c. over long distances.

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephone, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

(7)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.com

2. www. live.com

3. www.Encyclopedia.com

4. Physics Text Book of class – XII published by N.C.E.R.T

5. Physics Text Book of Class – XII published by Pradeep

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