CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study

A system can be described in terms of its expected, desired or intended behavior

(usually, for artificial systems, its purpose). Events or inputs to the system are expected to
generate specific results or outputs. (For example, selecting the "print" option from
various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy emerging from some
specific device). Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a symptom. Troubleshooting
is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of the symptom. Frequently the
symptom is a failure of the product or process to produce any results. (Nothing was
printed, for example). Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures of a
similar kind.

Maintaining a computer system, gives optimum satisfaction to the user and a

rewarding/ beneficiary experience. To maintain a system the users/ maintainers are
certain of taking the responsibility of maintenance of the system before thinking of giving
it out for any core damage. This project is to enlightened us on how computer student can
take up the responsibility of maintaining their P.C with no stress and little amount of
money, and how the maintenance can meet up with the processing requirement of the
school laboratory.
Maintenance can be defined as the functional checks, servicing repairing or replacing of
necessary devices or equipment to a specific state so that the unit can perform it required
functions.
Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed
process or failed product on a computer system.
Computer maintenance and troubleshooting is then the activities or processes carried out
in other to have computer systems performing it required function in good working order.

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed

products or processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the
source of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational
again. Troubleshooting is needed to identify the symptoms. Determining the most likely
cause is a process of elimination—eliminating potential causes of a problem. Finally,
troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores .the product or process to
its working state.

Computer maintenance and troubleshooting is then the act or processes carried out in
other to have computer systems performing it required function in good working order.
1.1 Problem Identification

Computer system as it regards to the different field in which it is used, is characterized by

numerous problems. The problems that characterized the existing system are actually
responsible with, lack of servicing, compatibility, high cost of repair of computer, and
other modifications.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to understudy maintenance and repair of computer system.
The objectives are:
i. To acquire the require the knowledge about maintenance and trustworthy of
computer system
ii. To represent the knowledge in a suitable way for computer user
1.3 Significant of the study
The maintenance and troubleshooting of a computer system helps us to know how to care
for computer system and do some cleaning up personally before taking to an engineer
when it needs total repair. And this will make us spend less on our computer system.
1.4 Methodology
The procedure to troubleshooting and repairing computer systems are presented. Testing
procedure is also included.

1.5 Scope
The scope of the project is to prepare the students with enough practical on how to
maintain a PC.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background of Computer System

A basic principle in troubleshooting is to start from the simplest and

most probable possible problems first. This is illustrated by the old saying "When you see
hoof prints, look for horses, not zebras", or to use another maxim, use the KISS principle.
This principle results in the common complaint about help desks or manuals, that they
sometimes first ask: "Is it plugged in and does that receptacle have power?", but this
should not be taken as an affront, rather it should serve as a reminder or conditioning to
always check the simple things first before calling for help (Friedman T. L. 2018).

A troubleshooter could check each component in a system one by one,

substituting known good components for each potentially suspect one. However, this
process of "serial substitution" can be considered degenerate when components are
substituted without regard to a hypothesis concerning how their failure could result in the
symptoms being diagnosed.

Simple and intermediate systems are characterized by lists or trees of dependencies

among their components or subsystems. More complex systems contain cyclical
dependencies or interactions (feedback loops). Such systems are less amenable to
"bisection" troubleshooting techniques.

It also helps to start from a known good state, the best example being a computer reboot.
A cognitive walkthrough is also a good thing to try.
Comprehensive documentation produced by proficient technical writers is very helpful,
especially if it provides a theory of operation for the subject device or system (Yekini et
al. 2017).
 A common cause of problems is bad design, for example bad human
factors design, where a device could be inserted backward or upside down due to the lack
of an appropriate forcing function (behavior-shaping constraint), or a lack of error-
tolerant design. This is especially bad if accompanied by habituation, where the user just
doesn't notice the incorrect usage, for instance if two parts have different functions but
share a common case so that it is not apparent on a casual inspection which part is being
used.

Troubleshooting can also be a checklist troubleshooting procedure, flowchart or

table that is made before a problem occurs. Developing troubleshooting procedures in
advance allows sufficient thought about the steps to take in troubleshooting and
organizing the troubleshooting into the most efficient troubleshooting process.
Troubleshooting tables can be computerized to make them more efficient for users
( Wikipedia 2017).

Some computerized troubleshooting services (such as Primefax, later renamed

MaxServ), immediately show the top 10 solutions with the highest probability of fixing
the underlying problem. The technician can either answer additional questions to advance
through the troubleshooting procedure, each step narrowing the list of solutions, or
immediately implement the solution he feels will fix the problem. These services give a
rebate if the technician takes an additional step after the problem is solved: report back
the solution that actually fixed the problem. The computer uses these reports to update its
estimates of which solutions have the highest probability of fixing that particular set of
symptoms.

2.2 Types of Maintenance

We have different types of maintenance but, specifically here we will be talking of five
types of it which are:

i. Corrective maintenance
ii. Preventive maintenance
 iii. Predictive maintenance
iv. Zero hours maintenance
v. Periodic maintenance
1. Corrective Maintenance

Corrective maintenance is a maintenance task performed to identify, isolate, and rectify

a fault so that the failed equipment, machine, or system can be restored to an operational
condition within the tolerances or limits established for in-service operations.

Definition

A French official standard defines "corrective maintenance" as maintenance which is

carried out after failure detection and is aimed at restoring an asset to a condition in
which it can perform its intended function. Peter Willmott (1994).

Choice

The decision to choose corrective maintenance as a method of maintenance is a decision

depending on several factors as the cost of downtime, reliability characteristics and
redundancy of assets.

Methods

The steps of corrective maintenance are as follows:

i. Failure diagnosis
ii. Elimination of the part, causing the failure
iii. Ordering the replacement
iv. Replacement of the part
v. Test of function and finally,
vi. The continuation of use.
The basic form of corrective maintenance is a step-by-step procedure. The object's failure
triggers the steps. Modern technologies as the use of Industry 4.0 features reduce the
inherant drawbacks of corrective maintenance (Awuor, et. Al., 2017).by e.g. providing
device history, fault patterns, repair advice or availability of spare parts.

2. Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance (PM ) is a routine for noticing small problems and fixing them
before major ones develop." Ideally, "nothing breaks down.

In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair
worn parts before they cause system failure.

3. Predictive Maintenance

Predictive maintenance is a maintenance strategy driven by predictive analytics. The

solutions are used for detecting failure patterns or anomalies, but are only deployed when
there is high probability of imminent failure. This helps in deploying limited resources,
maximizing device or equipment uptime, enhancing quality and supply chain processes,
and thus improving the overall satisfaction for all the stakeholders involved

Predictive maintenance focuses on predicting when device failure will occur and
preventing that occurrence of failure with the help of maintenance monitoring so that
maintenance can be planned before an issue manifests. One of the distinct features of
predictive maintenance is that the maintenance frequency is a bare minimum, and it helps
in preventing unplanned reactive maintenance and the expenses associated with
preventive maintenance

4. Zero Hours Maintenance

Zero Hours Maintenance (Overhaul): The set of tasks whose goal is to review the
equipment at scheduled intervals before appearing any failure, either when the reliability
of the equipment has decreased considerably so it is risky to make forecasts of production
capacity . This review is based on leaving the equipment to zero hours of operation, that
is, as if the equipment were new. These reviews will replace or repair all items subject to
wear. The aim is to ensure, with high probability, a good working time fixed in advance.
 5. Periodic Maintenance

Periodic maintenance (Time Based Maintenance TBM): the basic maintenance of

equipment made by the users of it. It consists of a series of elementary tasks (data
collections, visual inspections, cleaning, lubrication, retightening screws) for which no
extensive training is necessary, but perhaps only a brief training.

2.3 Models in Maintenance

 Corrective Model

This is the most basic model, and includes, in addition to visual inspections and
lubrication mentioned previously, the arising breakdowns repair. It is applied, as we will
see, to equipments with the lowest level of criticality, whose faults are not a problem,
economically or technically. In this type of equipment is not profitable to devote more
resources and efforts.

 Conditional Model

It includes the activities of the previous model, and also this model carries out a series of
tests that will determine a subsequent action. If after testing we discovered an anomaly,
we will schedule an intervention; on the contrary, if everything is correct, we will not act
on the equipment.

 Systematic Model

This model includes a set of tasks we will perform no matter what is the condition of the
equipment , also we will perform some measurements and tests to decide whether to
carry out other tasks of greater magnitude, and finally, we will repair faults that arise. It is
a model widely used in equipment of medium availability, of some importance in the
production system whose failures cause some disruption. It is important to note that
equipment subjected to a systematic maintenance model does not have to have all its
tasks with a fixed schedule. Just a equipment with this model of maintenance can have
systematic tasks that are carried out regardless of the time it have been operated or state
of the elements on which it works. It is the main difference with the previous two models
in which to perform a maintenance task should be some sign of failure.

Troubleshooting of a computer system has some special / specific icons to follow, that
will guide us to the types of troubleshooting icons

2.4 Types of Troubleshooting Icon

i. A unique, white graphic.

ii. Ethernet address.
iii. IP address of the Sun Ray Client.
iv. Status of link to Sun Ray server.
v. IP address of Authentication Server.
vi. Numeric code for icon message.
vii. Alphabetic code for DHCP State.
viii. Encryption and authentication information, when appropriate
2.4.1 Steps in Troubleshooting a Computer System

i. Identify the problem.

ii. Establish a theory of probable cause.
iii. Test the theory to determine cause.
iv. Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution.
v. Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative
measures.
vi. Document findings, actions, and outcomes.
How to Troubleshoot Problems Using The Windows 7 Action Center

 Choose Start→Control Panel and click the System and Security Link.
 Under Action Center, click the Find and Fix Problems (Troubleshooting) link. ...
 Make sure that the date must be Up-to-Date, then Troubleshooters check box is
selected.
 If you see a troubleshooter that seems to address your problem, click it.
2.5 Parts of the Computer System Where Maintenance Takes Place

 RAM

RAM(Random Access Memory) is a part of computer’s Main Memory which is directly

accessible by CPU. RAM is used to Read and Write data into it which is accessed by
CPU randomly. RAM is volatile in nature, it means if the power goes off, the stored
information is lost. RAM is used to store the data that is currently processed by the CPU.
Most of the programs and data that are modifiable are stored in RAM.

Integrated RAM chips are available in two form:

1. SRAM(Static RAM)

Static memories(SRAM) are memories that consist of circuits capable of retaining their
state as long as power is on. Thus this type of memories is called volatile memories.

2. DRAM(Dynamic RAM)

DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges that applied to
capacitors. The stored information on the capacitors tend to lose over a period of time and
thus the capacitors must be periodically recharged to retain their usage.

Types of DRAM

There are mainly 5 types of DRAM:

1. Asynchronous DRAM (ADRAM): The DRAM described above is the asynchronous

type DRAM. The timing of the memory device is controlled asynchronously. A
specialized memory controller circuit generates the necessary control signals to control
the timing. The CPU must take into account the delay in the response of the memory.

2. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): These RAM chips’ access speed is directly

synchronized with the CPU’s clock. For this, the memory chips remain ready for
operation when the CPU expects them to be ready. These memories operate at the CPU-
memory bus without imposing wait states. SDRAM is commercially available as modules
incorporating multiple SDRAM chips and forming the required capacity for the modules.

3. Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): This faster version of SDRAM

performs its operations on both edges of the clock signal; whereas a standard SDRAM
performs its operations on the rising edge of the clock signal. Since they transfer data on
both edges of the clock, the data transfer rate is doubled. To access the data at high rate,
the memory cells are organized into two groups. Each group is accessed separately.

4. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM): The RDRAM provides a very high data transfer rate
over a narrow CPU-memory bus. It uses various speedup mechanisms, like synchronous
memory interface, caching inside the DRAM chips and very fast signal timing. The
Rambus data bus width is 8 or 9 bits.

5. Cache DRAM (CDRAM): This memory is a special type DRAM memory with an on-
chip cache memory (SRAM) that acts as a high-speed buffer for the main DRAM.

 Mother Board

A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together
many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit
(CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices.A motherboard allows all
the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another.
Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. The first motherboards held
very few actual components. The first IBM PC motherboard had only a processor and
card slotsParts of a Motherboard

If you were to open up your computer and take out the motherboard, you would probably
get pretty confused about all the different parts. Depending on the make and model of
your computer, it might look something like this.

To understand how computers work, you don't need to know every single part of the
motherboard. However, it is good to know some of the more important parts and how the
motherboard connects the various parts of a computer system together. Here are some of
the typical parts:

A CPU socket - the actual CPU is directly soldered onto the socket. Since high speed
CPUs generate a lot of heat, there are heat sinks and mounting points for fans right next
to the CPU socket.

A power connector to distribute power to the CPU and other components.

Slots for the system's main memory, typically in the form of DRAM chips.

A chip forms an interface between the CPU, the main memory and other components. On
many types of motherboards, this is referred to as the Northbridge. This chip also
contains a large heat sink.

A second chip controls the input and output (I/O) functions. It is not connected directly to
the CPU but to the Northbridge. This I/O controller is referred to as the Southbridge. The
Northbridge and Southbridge combined are referred to as the

chipset.

Several connectors, which provide the physical interface between input and output
devices and the motherboard. The Southbridge handles these connections.

Slots for one or more hard drives to store files. The most common types of connections
are Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
(SATA).

A read-only memory (ROM) chip, which contains the firmware, or startup instructions
for the computer system. This is also called the BIOS.

A slot for a video or graphics card. There are a number of different types of slots,
including the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) and Peripheral Component Interconnect
Express (PCIE).
Additional slots to connect hardware in the form of Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI) slots.

 P. S. U (POWER SUPPLY UNIT)

A power supply unit (or PSU ) converts

mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer.

Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies. Some power
supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically
adapt to the mains voltage.

Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX
specification , which includes form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX power
supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5 Volt standby (5VSB)
voltage so that the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are
powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard.

There are 3 types of power supply in common use:

AT Power Supply - used in very old PCs.

ATX Power Supply - still used in some PCs.

ATX-2 Power Supply - commonly in use today.

The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are:

+3.3 Volts DC (ATX/ATX-2)

+5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

-5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

+5 Volts DC Standby (ATX/ATX-2)

+12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

-12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

A power supply can be easily changed and are generally not expensive, so if one fails
(which is far from uncommon) then replacement is usually the most economic solution.

The power supply connectors

4 Pin Berg Connector

Used to connect the PSU to small form factor devices, such as 3.5" floppy drives .

available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2

4 Pin Molex Connector

This is used to power various components, including hard drives and optical drives.

available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2

20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector

This is used to power the motherboard in ATX systems.

available in: ATX ( ATX-2 have four extra pins)

4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector

Used specifically for Pentium 4 Processor Motherboards.

available in: ATX (integrated into the power connector in ATX-2)

6 Pin AUX Connector

Provides +5V DC, and two connections of +3.3V.

available in: ATX/ATX-2

 Heat Sink
DICTIONARY DEFINITION : a device or substance for absorbing excessive or
unwanted heat

Also, A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that
transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium,
often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing
regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels.

What makes a good heat sink?

Snippet content

Copper offers excellent thermal conductivity, antimicrobial resistance, biofouling

resistance, corrosion resistance, and heat absorption. Its properties make it an excellent
material for heat sinks but it is more expensive and denser than aluminum.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

There are many basic troubleshooting techniques you can use to fix issues like this. In
this lesson, we'll show you some simple things to try when troubleshooting, as well as
how to solve common problems you may encounter.

3.2 General Troubleshooting Mode

There are many different things that could cause a problem with your computer. No
matter what's causing the issue, troubleshooting will always be a process of trial and error
—in some cases, you may need to use several different approaches before you can find a
solution; other problems may be easy to fix. We recommend starting by using the
following tips.

 Write down your steps: Once you start troubleshooting, you may want
to write down each step you take. This way, you'll be able to remember
exactly what you've done and can avoid repeating the same mistakes. If
you end up asking other people for help, it will be much easier if they
know exactly what you've tried already.

 Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you an error
message, be sure to write down as much information as possible. You
may be able to use this information later to find out if other people are
having the same error.
  Always check the cables: If you're having trouble with a specific piece of
computer hardware, such as your monitor or keyboard, an easy first step
is to check all related cables to make sure they're properly connected.

 Restart the computer: When all else fails, restarting the computer is a
good thing to try. This can solve a lot of basic issues you may experience
with your computer.

3.2.1 Using the process of elimination

If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be able to find out what's wrong
using the process of elimination. This means you'll make a list of things that could be
causing the problem and then test them out one by one to eliminate them. Once you've
identified the source of your computer issue, it will be easier to find a solution.
Scenario:
Let's say you're trying to print out invitations for a birthday party, but the printer won't
print. You have some ideas about what could be causing this, so you go through them one
by one to see if you can eliminate any possible causes.

First, you check the printer to see that it's turned on and plugged in to the surge protector.
It is, so that's not the issue. Next, you check to make sure the printer's ink cartridge still
has ink and that there is paper loaded in the paper tray. Things look good in both cases, so
you know the issue has nothing to do with ink or paper.

Now you want to make sure the printer and computer are communicating correctly. If
you recently downloaded an update to your operating system, it might interfere with the
printer. But you know there haven't been any recent updates and the printer was working
yesterday, so you'll have to look elsewhere.

You check the printer's USB cord and find that it's not plugged in. You must have
unplugged it accidentally when you plugged something else into the computer earlier.
Once you plug in the USB cord, the printer starts working again. It looks like this printer
issue is solved!

This is just one example of an issue you might encounter while using a computer. In the
rest of this lesson, we'll talk about other common computer problems and some ways to
solve them.

3.3 Simple solutions to common PC problems

Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting techniques,
like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before
resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can try other
troubleshooting techniques.
3.3.1 Power button will not start computer
 Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power
cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer
case and the power outlet.
 Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet.
To check your outlet, you can plug in another electrical device, such as a
lamp.

 Solution 3: If the computer is plugged in to a surge protector, verify that it

is turned on. You may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off
and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge
protector to verify that it's working correctly.
 Fig 3.1: Switch Button

 Solution 4: If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug
the AC adapter into the wall, then try to turn on the laptop. If it still
doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and try again.
3.3.2 An application is running slowly
 Solution 1: Close and reopen the application.
 Solution 2: Update the application. To do this, click the Help menu and
look for an option to check for Updates. If you don't find this option,
another idea is to run an online search for application updates.
 Fig 3.2: Software Update Dialog box
3.3.3 An application is frozen
Sometimes an application may become stuck, or frozen. When this happens, you won't be
able to close the window or click any buttons within the application.
 Solution 1: Force quit the application. On a PC, you can press (and
hold) Ctrl+Alt+Delete (the Control, Alt, and Delete keys) on your
keyboard to open the Task Manager. On a Mac, press and
hold Command+Option+Esc. You can then select the unresponsive
application and click End task (or Force Quit on a Mac) to close it.
 Fig 3.3: Task Manager

 Solution 2: Restart the computer. If you are unable to force quit an

application, restarting your computer will close all open apps.

3.3.4 All programs on the computer run slowly

 Solution 1: Run a virus scanner. You may have malware running in the
background that is slowing things down.

 Solution 2: Your computer may be running out of hard drive space.

Try deleting any files or programs you don't need.

 Solution 3: If you're using a PC, you can run Disk Defragmenter. To learn
more about Disk Defragmenter, check out our lesson on Protecting Your
Computer.
3.3.5 The computer is frozen

Sometimes your computer may become completely unresponsive, or frozen. When this
happens, you won't be able to click anywhere on the screen, open or close applications, or
access shut-down options.

 Solution 1 (Windows only): Restart Windows Explorer. To do this, press

and hold Ctrl+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager.
Next, locate and select Windows Explorer from the Processes tab and
click Restart. You may need to click More Details at the bottom of the
window to see the Processes tab.

Fig 3.4: Task Manager Processing page

 Solution 2 (Mac only): Restart Finder. To do this, press and

hold Command+Option+Esc on your keyboard to open the Force Quit
 Applications dialog box. Next, locate and select Finder, then
click Relaunch.

Fig 3.5: Force Quit Page

 Solution 3: Press and hold the Power button. The Power button is usually
located on the front or side of the computer, typically indicated by
the power symbol. Press and hold the Power button for 5 to 10 seconds to
force the computer to shut down.

 Solution 4: If the computer still won't shut down, you can unplug the
power cable from the electrical outlet. If you're using a laptop, you may
be able to remove the battery to force the computer to turn off.

3.3.6 The mouse or keyboard has stopped working

 Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard, make sure it's

correctly plugged into the computer.

 Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard, make sure it's

turned on and that its batteries are charged.
3.3.7 The sound isn't working

 Solution 1: Check the volume level. Click the audio button in the top-
right or bottom-right corner of the screen to make sure the sound is turned
on and that the volume is up.

 Solution 2: Check the audio player controls. Many audio and video
players will have their own separate audio controls. Make sure the sound
is turned on and that the volume is turned up in the player.

 Solution 3: Check the cables. Make sure external speakers are plugged in,
turned on, and connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your
computer has color-coded ports, the audio output port will usually
be green.

 Solution 4: Connect headphones to the computer to find out if you can

hear sound through the headphones.

3.3.8 The screen is blank

 Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click the mouse or

press any key on the keyboard to wake it.

 Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.

 Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and turned on.

 Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the monitor cable is

properly connected to the computer tower and the monitor.

3.3.9 Solving more difficult problems

If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask someone else
for help. As an easy starting point, we'd recommend searching the Web. It's possible that
other users have had similar problems, and solutions to these problems are often posted
online. Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a lot about computers,
they may be able to help you.

Fig 3.6: Google page

Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may take
some time to find them. For difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required,
like reformatting your hard drive or reinstalling your operating system. If you think you
might need a solution like this, we recommend consulting a professional first. If you're
not a computer expert, it's possible that attempting these solutions could make the
situation worse.

3.4 Common Network Error and Their Causes

 File Check Sequence (FCS) errors

FCS errors are most commonly caused by noise on the data network. Network noise can
be created by cabling located too close to noise sources such as lights, elevator motors or
other heavy machinery. Cabling that has not been pulled and terminated in line with the
appropriate specifications can also generate noise. Too much wire left untwisted at
termination -- or runs that are too long or bends that are too tight -- can introduce noise
from external sources or from crosstalk among pairs
  Alignment Errors

the length of a frame in bits should always be evenly divisible by eight. When a frame
doesn't meet that criterion, it has an alignment error. Alignment errors should always
generate FCS errors. As with other FCS errors, alignment errors most often result from
noise on the cabling, although hardware problems in network interface cards or other
network hardware can also cause them.

 Collision Errors

Collisions occur when more than one device tries to use the network at the same time.
This is increasingly rare. Today, nearly all networks are switched networks, which means
each cable run connects one device to another device, with each device equipped with
separate pairs to transmit and receive data (also called full-duplex mode). Since
information is transmitted on separate pairs, data from one device cannot collide with
data from the other.

 Unknown Protocol Error

A switch or router can receive a packet whose meaning isn't understood. Usually, this is
due to a receiving device having a particular protocol disabled when it is in fact needed,
or the sending device does not disable the protocol when it ought to be. Such network
errors are most common when a new device configuration is pushed out to one or both
devices, or when new equipment is swapped in.

 Size Error

Frames that are too short (under 64 bytes, called runts), or too long (more than 1,518
bytes without a signal that a long frame is coming) or giant (more than 6,000 bytes in any
circumstance) generate errors. These are almost always the result of hardware problems
in network interfaces or software problems in the network stack; these common network
errors are fixed by updating software or replacing hardware.
3.4.1 Types of Maintenance Problems

The four common types of maintenance problems can be categorized as identification,

cause/effect, means and ends. Let’s discuss each of these in turn.

Identification

When you don’t understand a natural phenomenon, a question or a method of doing

things, your natural inclination is one of curiosity. You must identify (understand)
everything in your department or have someone on staff who does. When a problem
occurs, you need to identify where and when it happened as well as where and when it
did not. More importantly, you need to identify why you do things a certain way while
always on the hunt for a better approach.

Cause and Effect

To properly solve cause-and-effect problems, you must first learn how to distinguish
between cause and effect. Effects are things you perceive with your senses or detect
through condition monitoring techniques. They accompany or precede a machine failure.

Typical effects are excessive heat, vibration and noise. A failed bearing or gear is also an
effect. Simply changing the component is concentrating on the effect. While this often
must be done to restore operation, forgetting about the reason for the failure is neglecting
the cause. For instance, excessive heat in a hydraulic system is an effect and a predictor
of problems. Concentrating on cooling the system rather than discovering the cause of the
excessive heat is an invitation to problems but an all too common solution. Attack the
symptom, but don’t forget to unearth the root cause. Remember, symptom is a synonym
for effect.

Means

Means problems are generally characterized by questions beginning with “how” such as
“How can I accomplish that?” or “How can I improve that?” They leave the choice of
means open-ended. With a means problem, you are trying to decide how to achieve a
goal. The problem of selecting a goal or end has already been solved, so you are now
focusing on how to achieve it.

Solving a means problem often involves finding an expert, but you should never assume
the current method is the final answer. Improvement is always possible.

Ends

Problems of ends or goals can be characterized by the question, “What goal should I
pursue?” As mentioned previously, your goals may be very general at first but must be
translated into detailed subgoals to truly matter. what are the critical parts of systems that
must be constantly monitored, and how are problems categorized.
 CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING AND RESULT

4.1 Testing

This project is designed to empower the computer lab manager to take care of
minor computer problems. Without the knowledge here, many lab managers will end up
letting computers sit idle that could be easily put back into service, or paying for
expensive repairs that could have been handled locally. There will still be times when
computers fail and need to be sent out for repair by an expert, but those times should be
few and far between. System testing is performed in order to meets the functional
requirement. Testing was conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the
system’s compliance specific requirement. After troubleshooting the computer, a system
restart is needed in order to integrate the repair and maintenance done recently on the
computer system. The system is ON and OFF to check the effective display and other
functionality. This is done to test if the system set to perform the main purpose of it
design.
4.2 Stepwise Guides for Common Problems
There are some computer problems that are common enough that is helpful for a
computer lab manager to have some standard steps that he or she can follow in case this
sort of problem occurs. Below are the stepwise guides for addressing some standard
problems.
4.3.1 The Computer Freezes

It is relatively common for a computer to freeze. When a computer “freezes” it

might look like everything on the screen has gone still, or the computer may no longer
responding to the inputs (such as mouse clicks) of the user. It is also possible that a
single program will freeze while the rest of the computer remains functional. These
problems are not something to panic over, since often they are not a sign of a major
hardware problem but instead a sign of a small glitch that can be easily fixed by restarting
a program or the computer.

4.3.2 The Computer Won’t Turn On

It can be very frustrating to have a computer that is totally “dead”. It’s not
working at all and the user doesn’t know the cause.

4.4 Understanding Error Messages

Often when there is a problem with a computer’s hardware or software, the

computer will show an error message that explains what the problem is. The computer
lab manager should make sure that he or she reads these error messages and takes the
information within them into account. Below are some common error message
categories and steps that can be taken to address the problems.

4.4.1 Out of Memory Errors

Out of memory error messages can be caused by a variety of problems, including

memory glitches (that will be solved by rebooting), insufficient memory, poor memory
management, not enough hard disk space, faulty memory and software problems. The
user may be running too many programs at once, and could try closing some of the open
programs. If this doesn’t work, the next step to try is to reboot the computer and see if
that fixes the problem. If it does not, the following approaches could be considered:

1. Create more space on the hard drive by deleting unnecessary files and then
defragmenting.
2. Investigate any recently added software. Does the computer system have
enough RAM to run this software? Are there any updates or patches for
this software available on the Internet?
3. Is some memory management software running? If so, disable it and see
if performance improves.
 4. There may be a physical problem with the memory or its connection to the
motherboard. Try reseating (removing and replacing) the RAM and if that
does not work swapping the RAM with the RAM from a working
computer.
4.4.2 Memory Parity Errors

The term parity has to do with two items matching in terms of size, type or
operation. A problem with memory parity could be caused by conflicts between two
memory (RAM) strips that are of different brands or types. The error could just be a
random occurrence, however, so it is best to try to reboot the computer first. If this does
not help, the following approaches could be attempted:

1. Remove any recently installed RAM to see if it is causing the issue.

2. Try a different power outlet or power strip, because a poor power supply
could also cause this error.
3. There may be a physical problem with the memory or its connection to the
motherboard. Try reseating the RAM and if that does not work swapping
the RAM with the RAM from a working computer.
4. There may be a problem with the motherboard. Consider replacing the
motherboard.
4.4.3 “The Blue Screen of Death”

“The Blue Screen of Death” is the colloquial name given to the error code that
occurs with Windows operating systems when a critical error has occurred that causes the
system to shut down to prevent further errors. Its nickname comes from the fact that the
screen turns blue in color, and the computer “dies” or “crashes”, meaning it is shut down.
These errors are often caused by poorly functioning device drivers, hardware problems
(such as with memory, power supplies or system overheating), or problems with the
system software.
4.4.4 How to Distinguish a Software Issue from a Hardware Issue

It isn’t always easy to know the source of a computer problem, but determining
whether the problem is with hardware or software will help give a computer lab manager
some direction for action in troubleshooting and repair. Some general guidelines for
distinguishing between hardware problems and software problems are in the tip box here,
but one general bit of advice is important for all computer troubleshooters: think about
what was happening just before the problem occurred. If new software was just installed,
it is quite likely that the problem is caused by that new software. If a power surge
occurred, it is possible that hardware problems were caused by that power surge.

4.2.2 Peripheral Hardware Use and Maintenance

Peripheral hardware will also last longer if it is well maintained. For peripheral
hardware such as printers, projectors and external drives, all of the advice above about
heat, dust and power surge control is still relevant and important. In addition, there are
some tips below for using printers and projectors that will help these pieces of equipment
work efficiently and last a long time.
Proper Use of an LCD Projector: An LCD projector is a valuable tool for
making presentations and assisting in training courses. However, these projectors
are very expensive to purchase. If a computer project has had the good fortune of
being able to purchase a projector, it is important that every effort be taken to
make sure that the projector is kept in good repair. Some suggestions are shown
here:
 Store and carry the projector in a padded case. This will keep dust out of
the projector and cushion it in case of rough handling.
 Keep a designated surge protecting power strip (adaptor strip) with the
projector, and make sure that all projector users know the importance of
using the projector with surge protector.
 Make sure that the appropriate procedure for shutting down the projector
is used, and inform all projector users about the procedure. For most
 projectors, the proper shut down procedure includes not unplugging the
projector until the cooling process is complete. This is indicated by a
status light changing color, or a fan turning itself off. It is important to
allow the projector bulb to cool completely in order to extend the life of
the bulb.
It is particularly important to note that the projector bulb, which is the most
expensive part in a projector, will wear out and need to be replaced eventually.
Projector bulbs can cost half the price of buying a new projector! A computer
project will need to make a plan for bulb replacement, ideally even keeping a
spare bulb on hand.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

This troubleshooting and maintenance of computer system project was carried out
to assist ICT technicians and computer users to solve problems occurring in the computer
system effectively and efficiently. The knowledge’s of domain experts acquired through
interview question and document analysis and observation was made when the
technicians are troubleshooting problems in offices or laboratories. The acquired
knowledge was modeled by using decision tree and represented by rule based
mechanisms.

The scope of this research should be extended to incorporate other symptoms

occurring in the computer system such as physical appearance of the device, sound
emitting, LED light, BIOS message, POST (power on self test) and network problems
occurring in the user’s personal computer. Rule based system can handle any domain
specific problem, if there is perfect knowledge. But, most of the time the causes from the
computer and the user may not satisfy the conditions of the given rule. Therefore, if we
want to conclude better solution based on the few respondents response, then it is better
to apply case based techniques in the expert system.

5.2 Recommendation

Although the objectives of this research is been met, the future researcher should
work on;

i. Creating a manual which is broad and can be share all around for computer users
and technicians
 ii. To find a way of solving many computer issue and create a valid manual book
along with the system for the technicians.
iii. To focus on the software part of troubleshooting in order to generate more idea on
how to solve any occurring problem
 REFERENCES

Friedman, T. L. (2018). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century.
Macmillan.

WaleedAbdElrahman (2015). What are the differences between the branded computer
machine and assembled computer? And what are those differences and
advantages/disadvantages?

Yekini, N.A., &Ojo O. (2017). Computer Peripherals and their function PC

upgrading and Maintenance. HasfempublicationShomolu Lagos Nigeria.

www.computerhopeDesktophttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/
desktopc.htm.Retrieved January 29, 2017.

Awuor, F. M., Khisa, J. W., &Rambi, D. A. (2017).Delivering Equitable and

Quality Education to Remote Kenya Using ICT. Emerging Issues and Prospects in
African Government, 108.

Pingdom, R. (2016). Internet in numbers. Available at royal.pingdom.com.

WaleedAbdElrahman(2015). What are the differences between the branded computer

machine and assembled computer? And what are those differences and
advantages/disadvantages?

Yekini, N.A., &Ojo O. (2016). Computer Peripherals and their function PC

upgrading and Maintenance. HasfempublicationShomolu Lagos Nigeria.

Wikipedia (n.d) desktop computer available

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer. Retrieved February 20, 2017