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FLUID-FLOW

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FLUID-FLOW

Uploaded by

jheianpogi30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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BES 060

FLUID MECHANICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

Discharge or flow rate, Q Continuity Equation


a.Volume flow rate, 𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗 a. 𝑸 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝑨𝟑 𝒗𝟑
b.Mass flow rate, 𝑴 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗 b. 𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝝆𝟑 𝑨𝟑 𝒗𝟑
c.Weight flow rate, 𝑾 = 𝜸𝑨𝒗 c. 𝜸𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝜸𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝜸𝟑 𝑨𝟑 𝒗𝟑
Bernoulli’s energy theorem
-the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid,
comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential
energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑬𝟏 is composed of :
𝑣2
- Velocity head =
2𝑔
𝜌
- Pressure head =
𝛾
- Elevation head = z
Energy equation without head lost
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟐
𝝆𝟐
+ +𝒛= + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Energy equation with head lost
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝝆𝟐
+ + 𝒛 − 𝒉𝒍 = + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Energy equation with head lost, pump and turbine/motor
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟐
𝝆𝟐
+ + 𝒛 + 𝑯𝑨 − 𝑯𝑬 − 𝒉𝒍 = + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
𝐻𝐴 – pump (+)
𝐻𝐸 – turbine / motor (-)
FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
Device coefficients
a. Coefficient of discharge, C
- the ratio of the actual discharge through the device to the ideal or theoretical discharge which would occur
without losses
𝑄 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐶=
𝑄𝑇 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
a. Coefficient of velocity,
-The ratio of the actual velocity to the ideal or theoretical velocity which would occur without any losses

𝑉 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑉𝑇 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
a. Coefficient of contraction
- The ratio of the actual area of the contracted section of the stream or jet to the area of the opening through
which the fluid flows
𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝐶𝑐 =
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
Relationship between three coefficients
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
ORIFICE – An orifice is an opening (usually circular) with a closed perimeter through which
the fluid flows
Formula for velocity and discharge
a.Theoretical velocity
𝑉𝑇 = 2𝑔ℎ
b. Actual velocity
𝑉 = 𝐶𝑉𝑇 = 𝐶𝑉 2𝑔ℎ
c. Theoretical discharge
𝑄𝑇 = 𝐴𝑉𝑇 = 𝐴 2𝑔ℎ
d. Actual discharge
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄𝑇 = 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔ℎ
Situation: Gas is flowing through a square conduit whose section
gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1) to 300 mm (section2). At
section 1, the velocity is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1kg/m^3 while
at section 2, the velocity flow is 2m/s.
1. Calculate the mass flow rate.
Situation: Gas is flowing through a square conduit whose section
gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1) to 300 mm (section2). At
section 1, the velocity is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1kg/m^3 while
at section 2, the velocity flow is 2m/s.
2. The density of the gas at section 2.
Situation: Water enters through a 600 mm diameter pipe under a
pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm dia. Exhaust pipe with a
pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the centers of
two pipes at the sections where the pressures are measured. Compute
the ff.
3. Head produced by the motor at 600 mm dia.
4. If 500 lit of water pass the motor each second,
compute the power supplied by the motor.
5. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150
mm dia. In section 1 and 450 mm in section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below
section 2 and the pressure are 90 and 60 kPa respectively. If the
discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head lost and the direction of
flow.
6. For the pipe shown in the figure determine the lost between
1 and 2.
7.Evaluate the actual discharge through a 100 mm orifice in lit/sec if the
coefficient of velocity is 0.95 and the coefficient of contraction is 0.65 for the
orifice.
8.The discharge through a 75 mm diameter orifice at the
bottom of a large tank was measured to be 1734 liters in 1 min.
If the head over the orifice remains constant at 5.5 m,
compute the coefficient of discharge.
THANK YOU!

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