SAINT TONIS COLLEGE, INC.

(Formerly: Kalinga Christian Learning Center)

United Church of Christ in the Philippines
Purok 4 Bulanao Centro, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
Tel. No. (074) 627-5930, Email Address: [email protected]
Doc. 09 s. 2024

PRECALCULUS
I. Introduction
Circular functions, also known as Trigonometric Functions, are
mathematical functions that realte to the properties of circles and triangles.
They play a crucial role in various fields, including mathematics, physics,
engineering and navigation.
II. Topic
Circular Function

III. Objectives
a. illustrate the different circular functions;
b. evaluate the different circular functions; and
c. illustrate the domain and range of the different circular
functions.
IV. Discussion
On a unit circle each length of arc starting at the x – axis corresponds to a point (x, y) on the
circle. Let s be the arc length to locate a point (x, y), we define the following functions.

y
sin s = y cos s = x tan s = , x≠0
x

1 1 x
csc s = , y≠0 sec s = ,x ≠0 cot s = , y≠0
y x y

Since the elements in the domain of these new functions are measures of angles in
radians and since the radian measures of angles are determined by the length of the arcs on a
circle, these functions are referred as circular functions.

The domain of a function is the set of real numbers for which the rule defining the
function can be used. Let s be any real number and Let P = (x, y) be any point in the unit circle
corresponding to s. Table 7.2 shows the domain and range of the trigonometric functions.

Domain and Range of the Trigonometric Functions

Function Symbol Domain Range
s
sine f ( s )=sin s All real numbers −1 ≤sin s ≤ 1
cosine f ( s )=cos s real numbers −1 ≤cos s ≤ 1
tangent f ( s )=tan s All real numbers except odd All real
π numbers
multiples of
2
secant f ( s )=sec s All real numbers except multiples of sec s ≤−1
π sec s ≥ 1
2
cosecant f ( s )=csc s All real numbers except multiples of csc s ≤−1
π csc s ≥1
cotangent f ( s )=cot s All real numbers except multiples of All real
π numbers

If the central angle θ intersects the unit circle at the point P = (x, y) and s is the arc length
from the point (1, 0) to (x, y), then:
 y y r 1
sinθ= = =sin s cscθ= = =csc s
r 1 y y
x x r 1
cosθ= = =cos s secθ= = =sec s
r 1 x x
y x
tanθ= =tan s co tθ = =cot s
x y

This denotes that every relationship between trigonometric functions of a central angle is
also true for circular functions of a real number s.

Table 7.3 lists the signs of six trigonometric functions in each quadrant. Figure 7.17
indicates the quadrant in which the functions are positive.

Table 7.3
Signs of Six Trigonometric Functions in each Quadrant
Trigonometric θ in Quadrant
Functions I II III IV
sin θ and csc θ Positive Positive Negative Negative
cos θ and sec θ Positive Negative Negative Positive
tan θ and cot θ Positive Negative Positive Negative
 Table 7.4
Circular Functions of Quadrant I
(x, y) s cos s sin s tan s
(1, 0) 0 1 0 0

( ) √3 √3
√3 , 1 π 1
2 2 6 2 2 3

( ) √2 √2
√2 , √2 π 1
2 2 4 2 2

( ) √3 √3
1 √3 π 1
, 3 2
2 2 2
(0, 1) π 0 1 undefined
2

Other values of the circular functions for multiples of the number presented in Table 7.4
can be found by using the symmetry of the unit circle.

Example 1: Evaluate the six trigonometric functions at each real number.

π
a. s=
3
7π
b. s=
4
π
c. s=
2
−π
d. s=
6
 Solution:
For each s – value, we will begin by determining the corresponding point (x, y) on the unit circle.
π
a. s= corresponds to the point (x, y) = ,
3
1 √3
2 2 (. )
π
sin = y=
√3
3 2
π 1
cos =x =
3 2
√3
= √ • = √3
π y 2 3 2
tan = =
3 x 1 2 1
2

= = •√ = √
π 1 1 2 2 3 2 3
= =
csc 3 y √ 3 √ 3 √ 3 √ 3 3
2
π 1 1 2
= = = =¿
sec 3 x 1 1 2
2
1
π x 2 1 2 1 √ 3 √3
cot = = = • = • =
3 y √ 3 2 √3 √ 3 √ 3 3
2

b. s=
7π
4
corresponds to the point (x, y) = ( √22 ,− √22 ) .
= y= √
7π − 2
sin
4 2

cos
7π
=x =
√2
4 2
− √2
7π y 2
tan = = =−1
4 x √2
2
7π 1
= =
1
csc 4 y − √ 2
=1 =
( )
−2 −2 √ 2
• =−√ 2
√2 √ 2 √ 2
2
7π 1
= =
1
sec 4 x √ 2
=1
2 2
( )
= • √ =√ 2
2
√2 √2 √2
2
√2
7π x 2
cot = = =−1
4 y − √2
2
π
c. s= corresponds to the point (x, y) = (0, 1)
2
π
sin = y=1
2
π
cos =x =0
2
π y 1
tan = = =¿ undefined

Senior High School Department S.Y. 2024 – 2025 4

2 x 0
 π 1 1
csc = = =1
2 y 1
π 1 1
sec = = =¿ undefined
2 x 0
π x 0
cot = = =0
2 y 1
−π
d. Moving clockwise around the unit circle, it follows that s= corresponds to the point (x, y)
6
¿ ( √23 ,− 12 ).
sin( )
−π −1
= y=
6 2

cos(
6 )
=x= √
−π 3
2
−1
tan ( )
−π
6
y
= =
x √3
2 −1 2 −1 √ 3 −√ 3
= • = • =
2 √3 √ 3 √ 3 3
2
−π
csc 6 ( )
1
= =
1
y −1
=1
−2
1
=−2 ( )
2

sec( 6 )
−π 1
= =
x
1
= •√ = √
2 3 2 3
√3 √3 √3 3
2
√3
cot ( −π6 )= xy = −12 =( √23 )( −21 )=−√ 3
2

V. Activity/Activities

A. Evaluate the following. 2 points each

1. cos 90°
2. tan 210°
3. cot 300°
4. sin 150°
5. csc 135°
 1 point – correct solution but incorrect answer.
 2 points – correct answer and correct solution.

B. Find the domain and range of the following:

1. cot
2. sin
3. cos
4. csc
5. tan

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