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Cambridge O Level

TRAVEL & TOURISM 7096/12


Paper 1 Core Paper October/November 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over


7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Social Science-Specific Marking Principles


(for point-based marking)

1 Components using point-based marking:


• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills.
We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding
and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.

From this it follows that we:

a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly
convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they
are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already
credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror
statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)

2 Presentation of mark scheme:


• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).

3 Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for
each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the
question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a
calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme,
award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working,
the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is
used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

4 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used
to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks
have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Question Answer Marks

1(a) Identify the following: 4

Award one mark for each correct identification.

the country Toronto is in: Canada


the percentage of visitor spending from domestic tourists in New York
City: 55
the type of tourists with the largest percentage of visitor spending in
Chongqing: domestic
the average percentage of jobs from tourism in cities: 5.7

Award these responses only.

1(b) Identify three transport gateways likely to be found in cities. 3

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Airport/hub airport
Train station
Seaport/harbour
Bus/coach station/terminus

Award these responses only.

1(c) Explain three positive economic benefits of tourism to the local 6


population.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a benefit and award a
second mark for explanatory development of the benefit in context.

Increase in/creates jobs/employment [1] local population have a better


standard of living/decrease poverty/employees pay tax therefore
government has more money [1]
Increase in money from taxes [1] government can spend more improving the
country/infrastructure, benefitting the local population/fund local services [1]
Increase in the multiplier effect/tourist spend/income [1] financial benefit
spreads in the wider community [1]
Infrastructure development [1] used by locals as well/paid for from the tax
collected from tourists and tourism [1]
Foreign currency exchange [1] improves the (local) balance of payments [1]
Increase in business development opportunities [1] more jobs and more
income to the local area [1]
Increase in tourist spend [1] profits and sales to local businesses [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

1(d) Explain three reasons why cities are popular tourist destinations. 6

Award one mark for the correct identification of a reason and award a
second mark for explanatory development of the reason in context.

Good infrastructure [1] convenient/ease of travelling around [1]


Multiple tourism facilities in close area [1] better experience [1]
Cultural appraisal [1] popular/fashionable [1]
Good/many transport gateways [1] multiple options/convenience [1]
Main/many attractions/activities [1] tourist can experience a lot within the
same area/mass market appeal/pull factor [1]
Wide variety of entertainment/event options available [1] appeals to many
different types of tourists [1]
Wide variety of accommodation available [1] easy to find suitable
accommodation [1]
Main commerce/business area/business tourism infrastructure/ideal for
hosting conferences/meetings exhibitions [1] attracts business
tourists/investors/easily accessible [1]
Cities often have historical/cultural significance [1] attract cultural
tourists/main historical and cultural attraction are within the city [1]
Large capacity for many tourists [1] many tours/packages/bedspace to cater
for large numbers of tourists [1]
Marketing [1] more awareness of these destinations/increased
desire/stimulate demand/more city tourism products sold e.g. city breaks [1]
Multilingual products and services found [1] easier travel experience [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

1(e) Assess the risks to destinations of having more visitor spend from 6
domestic tourism.

Indicative content:
Vulnerable to internal shocks (economic, political etc) – overdependent
Tourists may leave when another destination more popular - loss of income
Un-balanced balance of payments
Limited/lack of foreign currency exchange benefitting the economy
Lack of competitive advantage internationally and may lose further/future
appeal – less chance of future growth

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark using level of response criteria.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) can be awarded for evaluative comment about the
significance/importance of the risk on the destination. Better answers will
have a reasoned conclusion.

Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for analysis clearly indicating how the
risk affects the destination.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid risks providing some detail
within the context but will be mainly descriptive.

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

2(a) State three natural attractions. 3

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Beaches/seaside/coast
Mountains
Flora/forests
Caves
Rivers
National/game parks/nature park/park
Wildlife/fauna
Waterfalls
Reef
Desert

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Question Answer Marks

2(b) Describe how the following visitor management techniques reduce the 4
impact of tourism:

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and award a second
mark for descriptive comment of the way in context.

permits
Official track of numbers [1] track/careful control over carrying capacity [1]
Limiting/manage group size/reduce overcrowding [1] control tourists/easier
to manage behaviour/tour guide can encourage responsible behaviour [1]
Costs of permit reduces the appeal [1] less people means less negative
impacts like trampling/air pollution/ litter etc. [1]
Income generated from permits is used to protect/conserve the destination
[1] conserve and protect the habitat / protect the area [1]

limited visitor numbers


Protect the area [1] reduce risk of trampling from large crowds [1]
Avoid large crowds/congestion/limit overcrowding [1] limit chance of
trampling/risk of damage/limits air pollution from too many
vehicles/excessive litter [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

2(c) Explain three positive environmental benefits of gorilla trekking. 6

Award one mark for the correct identification of an environmental benefit


and award a second for explanatory development of the environmental
benefit in context.

Gorilla's protected/preserved/conserved [1] tourist assets


protected/preventing extinction/tourist numbers are limited for these treks [1]
Raise awareness/educate tourist [1] encourage responsible
behaviour/educate on negative impacts/sustainability [1]
Introduced carrying capacity [1] protection by limiting numbers [1]
Conservation/protection of gorilla habitat/flora and fauna [1] tourists
guided/controlled to ensure no trampling and damage of habitat/flora and
fauna [1]
Generate money to conserve and protect gorillas (1) improve the
sanctuary/protect the area and flora and fauna [1]
Trekking can be minimal impact tourism/doesn’t require large scale
development [1] gorilla’s natural environment is not disturbed/damaged for
this type of gorilla tourism [1]
Visitor numbers are controlled [1] less risk/chance of noise/litter
damaging/disturbing the gorillas/habitat etc. [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Explain three likely negative social cultural impacts of hiring local 6
porters.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a social and cultural impact
and award a second for explanatory development of the social and cultural
impact in context.

Culture clash/culture shocks/conflict [1] tourists don't respect cultural


traditions of the porters/offend the local porters/miscommunication/language
barrier [1]
Commodification [1] porter becomes tourist feature/attractions [1]
Demonstration effect [1] porters copy tourists’ behaviour/erosion of
traditional values of the porters [1]
Changing attitudes [1] tourists take advantage resulting in conflict [1]
Tension between tourist and porters [1] porters may feel undervalued by
tourists [1]
Loss of authenticity [1] porters lose unique traditions and values of being a
porter [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

2(e) Assess the importance of the environment to tourism. 6

Indicative content:
Environment can be the main attraction – if lost, tourist lost/loss of appeal
Tourism can aid conservation/protect the environment
Transport to move tourists around needs the environment – sea/air
Many tourist activities require environmental assets e.g. sea/mountains
Natural hazards affect the appeal
Environment is a pull factor

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark using level of response criteria.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) can be awarded for evaluative comment about the
significance/importance of the environment. Better answers will have a
reasoned conclusion.

Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis clearly indicating how
the environment is fundamental to the industry.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two reasons providing some detail
within the context but will be mainly descriptive.

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Question Answer Marks

3(a) State three types of passenger water transport. 3

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Water taxi
Water bus
Ferry
Cruise
Yacht
Speed boat
Gondola

Credit all valid responses in context.

3(b) Describe two facilities shown in Fig. 3.1 for passengers with limited 4
mobility.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a facility and award a
second mark for descriptive comment of the facility in context.

Disabled toilet [1] accessible/bigger for disabilities/wheelchairs [1]


Elevator [1] no need to take stairs/access other decks [1]
Medical facility [1] attend to medical needs [1]

Award these responses only.

3(c) State two features of each of the following cruise products: 6

Award one mark for each correct identification.

fly-cruise
Package – flight and cruise
One price/package
Baggage checked at departure taken to cabin

all-inclusive cruise
Unlimited/all food and drink included
Only trips/excursions payable
Tips included

river cruise
Travels on a river
Sails closer to river bank/more river bank views/varied views of river bank
tour guide explaining the sights / changing views and landscape

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Explain the appeal of each of the following popular cruise circuits: 6

Award one mark for the correct identification of a reason for the appeal and
award a second mark for explanatory development of the appeal in context.

Alaska
Artic environment – glaciers [1] not seen before/new environment/water
sports e.g. canoeing in glacial environment [1]
Wildlife/whale spotting [1] can't see at home [1]

Caribbean
Tropical climate/hot weather [1] sunbathing /water sports [1]
Most popular cruise circuit [1] lots of products/ships/availability [1]
Year-round cruising [1] different seasons [1]
Experienced/witness famous scenery from films [1] unique landscapes/must
see sights [1]

South Asia
Different culture [1] cultural tourism/new experiences [1]
New/different cruise/product [1] regular cruisers looking for different
experience [1]
Tropical climate/hot weather [1] new experience [1]
People in Asian countries attracted because the other main cruise circuits
are long distance away [1] therefore easier and cheaper/convenient [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

3(e) Discuss the reasons why cruises have become so popular. 6

Indicative content:
More products available – more affordable due to competition
Variety of places visited
Ships providing for greater variety of tourists e.g. family facilities
Larger ships built/capacity – more facilities on board e.g. climbing wall –
greater appeal
All the necessary tourist facilities included/onboard
Better promotion/marketing
Value for money – visit more than one country/destination in one trip
Excellent customer service

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark using level of response criteria.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) can be awarded for evaluative comment about the
significance/importance of the appeal. Better answers may have a reasoned
conclusion.

Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis clearly indicating the
reasons why cruises have become so popular.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid reasons providing some
detail within the context but will be mainly descriptive

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

4(a) Identify three types of information given to tourists on the beach 3


information board.

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Safety/lifesaving services
Penalties
Warnings
Regulations/rules
Geographical/locational/location/map/directions
Facilities
Contact information

Award these responses only.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Question Answer Marks

4(b) Other than Australia, state four countries located entirely in the 4
Southern Hemisphere.

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Argentina
New Zealand
Zambia
Peru
South Africa
Lesotho

Credit all valid responses in context.

4(c) Describe three ways tourists can research destinations before they 6
arrive.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and award a second
mark for descriptive development of the way in context.

Travel agent [1] ask questions/face to face/give advice and suggestions [1]
Brochure/magazine [1] detailed information and images [1]
Leaflet (1) brief explanation (1)
Internet [1] up to date/customer reviews/available 24/7 [1]
Guidebooks [1] detailed/trusted source [1]
Friends/family [1] past experiences/tips /unbiased reviews [1]
TIC [1] destination specific [1]
Maps [1] orientation information [1]
Social media [1] varied opinions [1]
TV/videos [1] images of what it’s really like [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

4(d) Explain three advantages to tourists of self-catering accommodation.

Award one mark for a correct identification of an advantage and a second


mark for explanatory development of the advantage in context.

Tourists can be independent/flexible [1] eat when want/no set meal times [1]
Own facilities [1] personal space/independent [1]
Cheaper [1] not paying for food/other services/budget tourists/affordable [1]
Privacy [1] no staff [1]
Enjoy a variety of local cuisine/culture more [1] eat out in the local area [1]

Credit all valid responses in context.

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7096/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022

Question Answer Marks

4(e) Discuss the importance of seasonality to tour operators. 6

Indicative content:
Different products according to seasons
Peaks and troughs in demand
Seasonal pricing

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark using level of response criteria.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) can be awarded for evaluative comment about the
significance/importance of seasonality. Better answers may have a
reasoned conclusion.

Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis of the importance and
the effect on tour operators.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two reasons for the importance
providing some detail within the context but will be mainly descriptive.

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

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