Physics 1st Paper

Chapter-02
 Lecture-01

 Relative Importance of the Topics Discussed in this Lecture for CQ (a, b) & MCQ:
Times Questions CQ Knowledge &
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Comprehension MCQ
a b MCQ Based (a, b)
DB’24, 23, 22, 21.
RB’24, 23, 21, 19, 17. DB’24, 22, 21, 17.
Types of Vectors Ctg.B’24, 22, 21, 19, Ctg.B’24, 23, 21;
17.SB’24, 22, 21. Din.B’24, 23, 22, 21;
and Expressing
CB’24, 23, 22, 21, 19, SB’24, 21, 19;
 T-01 Vectors Through 48 11 32
17. Din.B’24, 23, 22, CB’24, 23, 17;
Rectangular Unit 21, 17. BB’24, 22, JB’24, 23, 22, 21, 17.
Vectors 21,19, 17. JB’24, 23, MB’24, 23, 22, 21;RB’21,
22, 19, 17, 16. MB’24, 17; BB’23, 22, 21, 17;
23, 21.
CB’24, 23, 22, 17;
RB’24, MB’24, 21;
BB’24, 21, 17; Ctg.B’24,
DB’17; 22, 19;
Resultant of Two 21, 17; RB’19; SB’23, 21,
 T-02 2 11 25 Ctg.B’23; SB’23, 21.
Vectors 19, 17;
BB’23, 22, 19; CB’21;
Din.B’23, 22, 21, 19, 17;
Din.B’22; JB’22
JB’22, 21; DB’21, 17.
Ctg.B’24, 23, 22;
BB’24, 17; CB’23, 22, Ctg.B’24. SB’24; MB’24,
Components of
 T-03 2 15 18 16; RB’22, 21; SB’22, 21; CB’22, 21;
Vector
17, 16; DB’21; JB’21; Din.B’21; JB’23, 21.
Din.B’21;
 T-04 River & Current - 3 3 RB, Din.B, MB’23. SB’23; JB’17.

MCQ Questions

01. In a river with current,if a swimmer wants to reach ⃗ and negative

03. What is the value of the resultant of P
the opposite end at the minimum time,then in which ⃗ acting at a point?
of P [Ctg.B’24]
direction should he/she swim? [RB’24, JB’17]
(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 120° (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) √2P (d) 2P
02. Which of the vector given below has the same initial 04. If the initial point of a vector is defined then what is
and final point? [Ctg.B’24, RB, JB, MB’21] it called? [CB’24, BB’23]
(a) Equal vector (b) Null vector (a) Collinear vector (b) Independent vector
(c) Unit vector (d) Collinear vector (c) Null vector (d) localized vector

MCQ Answer

01. c 02. b 03. a 04. d

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 Answer the following two questions according to the stem below: 13. In the light of the figure, the speed of the current in
the flowing river is P = 9 kmh−1. The resultant
velocity of the boat R and the velocity of the boat Q
and the intermediate angle β = 30° and if the boat
crosses the river diagonally, the value of the velocity
The component of ⃗A along OX and OY is 5√3 and 5 unit. of the boat Q will be- [SB’23]
05. What is the value of ⃗A ? [BB’24]
(a) 10√3 (b) 10 (c) 5√3 (d) 5
06. Relation between α and θ - [BB’24]
θ α
(a) 2θ = α (b) α = 3 (c) θ = 2α (d) θ = 3
07. The vector whose initial point is not fixed is called? [SB’24] (a) 9 kmh−1 (b) 18 kmh−1
(a) Localized vector (b) Independent vector (c) 36 kmh−1 (d) 72 kmh−1
(c) Collinear vector (d) Null vector 14. The magnitude of the resultant of two equal forces
08. Which one is the vector expression below? acting on a point with right angle– [SB’23]
[Din.B’24; Ctg.B’23] (a) √2 times (b) √3 times
(a) mass (b)volume (c) area (d) torque (c) 2 times (d) 1 times
09. The value of two vector quantities vectors is 4
⃗ = 3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂, B
15. A ⃗ = −3i̇̂ + 4j̇̂ and R
⃗ is their resultant
unit.They act at a point in 120° angle.Then what
will be the angle of the resultant with any on of the then which one is correct? [Din.B’23]
vectors? [MB’24] ⃗
(a) R is a one-dimensional vector
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 120° (b) ⃗R is a two-dimensional vector
10. For conserving the resultant of the momentum in
(c) ⃗R is three-dimensional vector
vector form- [MB’24]
(i) The component of the resultant in any direction (d) ⃗R is a null vector
will also remain conserved. 16. If ⃗A = 5j̇̂ and B
⃗ vector is reciprocal to ⃗A-
(ii) If we find the component in any direction,then [MB’23, 21]
the vector sign can be ignored. 1
⃗ = ̂i̇ (b) B 1
⃗ = ̂j̇ (c) B ⃗ = 5j̇̂ (d) B⃗ = 5i̇̂
(a) B
(iii) If the momentum is expressed in vector 5 5
form,then its direction needs to be expressed. Answer the next question according to the stem
Which one is correct? below.
(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii ⃗ +B
A ⃗ = 12i̇̂ − 4j̇̂ + 8K
̂
11. Which follow the Vector Commutative law- ⃗ −B
A ⃗ = −6i̇̂ + 12j̇̂ + 10K
̂
(i) Addition of two vectors [DB’23] ⃗ vector is-
17. B [MB’23]
(ii) Dot multiplication of two vectors
(iii) Cross multiplication of two vectors (a) 6i̇̂ − 8j̇̂ + 9k̂ (b) 9i̇̂ + 8j̇̂ − 2k̂
Which one is correct? (c) 9i̇̂ − 8j̇̂ − k̂ (d) 6i̇̂ + 8j̇̂ + 18k̂
(a) i, ii (b) ii, iii (c) i, iii (d) i, ii, iii 18. What are two similar unequal and opposite vectors
12. ⃗ and Q
P ⃗⃗ are two vectors– [CB’23] called? [BB’22; Din.B’21]
⃗ ⃗
⃗
(i) If |P| > |Q|, resultant is near P ⃗ (a) Opposite vector (b) Reciprocal vector
(ii) If |P ⃗ | = |Q⃗⃗ |, resultant bisects the angle (c) Unlike vector (d) Like vector
between them 19. The distance which an object traverses in a specific
(iii) If |P⃗ | > |Q⃗⃗ |, resultant is near |Q ⃗⃗ | direction is called what? [JB’22]
Which one is correct? (a) Position vector (b) Displacement vector
(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii (c) Unit vector (d) Force vector

MCQ Answer

05. b 06. c 07. b 08. d 09. c 10. d 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. a
15. d 16. b 17. c 18. c 19. b

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 ⃗ &B
20. In case of sum of A ⃗ then according to general
vector rules– [JB’22] 21. [CB’22]
(i) They would be replaced parallelly in the new
position.
⃗ is to be placed at the final What is the component of the force along OZ?
(ii) The initial point of B
(a) 10.30 N (b) 12.01 N (c) 17.14 N (d) 33.28 N
⃗ and then a straight line is to be drawn
point of A
̂
i̇̂−j̇̂+k
⃗ to the final point of B
from the initial point of A ⃗. 22. vector is a – [Din.B’22]
√3

⃗ is to be placed at the final

(iii) The initial point of B (a) null vector (b) collinear vector

point of ⃗A and then a straight line is to be drawn (c) coplanar vector (d) unit vector

⃗ to the point initial point of ⃗A 23. Highest resultant of two vectors is 10 N and the
from the final point of B
Which one is correct? lowest is 4 N. If the vectors act on 90° angle, what

(a) i, ii (b) i, iii is the magnitude of their resultant?

(c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii (a) 7 (b) √58 (c) 8 (d) √68

MCQ Answer

20. - 21. a 22. d 23. b

Explanatory Solutions of MCQ Questions

01. t =
d
; If α = 90° then, t will be minimum. 16. If the direction of two vectors are same but their
v sin α
magnitudes are multiplicative inverses of one
⃗ =P
03. R ⃗ + (−P
⃗)=0
another, they’re called reciprocal vectors to each
2 1
⃗ | = √(5√3) + 52 = 10 Unit
05. |A other. The multiplicative inverse of 5 is 5, so the
1
06. 10 cos α = 5√3 ⇒ α = 30° reciprocal vector of 5j is 5 ̂j̇ .
10 cos θ = 5 ⇒ θ = 60°; ∴ θ = 2α ⃗ = 12 ̂i̇ − 4j̇̂ + 8k̂ … … (i)
17. ⃗A + B
09. The point of action of the resultant of two equal
⃗ = −6i̇̂ + 12j̇̂ + 10k̂ … … (ii)
⃗A − B
forces bisects the angle in between them.
(i) − (ii) ⇒
⃗ ×B
11. A ⃗ = −B
⃗ ×A
⃗
⃗ = 18i̇̂ − 16j̇̂ − 2k̂
2B
13. u + v cos α = 0
⃗ = 9i̇̂ − 8j̇̂ − k̂
⇒B
⇒ 9 + v cos(120°) = 0
20. (No Answer); correct answer will be ii
⇒ v = 18 kmh−1
21. The component of the force along OZ
14. F = √P 2 + P 2 = √2P2 = √2P
F⃗OZ = F cos(90° − 31°) = 20 × cos 59° = 10.30 N
[Let, the forces are P unit]
̂
i̇̂−j̇̂+k 12 +(−1)2 +12 3
⃗ = 3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂; B
15. A ⃗ = −3i̇̂ + 4j̇̂ 22. | |=√ 2 = √3 = √1 = 1
√3 (√3)

A ⃗ = (3i̇̂ − 4j̇̂) + (−3i̇̂ + 4j̇̂) = 0

⃗ +B ∴ So, the vector is a unit vector.

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 CQ Knowledge-Based Questions (a) & Sample Answers

01. Define co-planar vector. [RB, Din.B, MB’23] 05. What is opposite vector?
Answer: If two or more vectors lie in the same Answer: If two vectors act on the opposide
plane, they are called co-planar vectors. directions but have the same magnitude, the vectors
02. What is unlike vector? [MB’23] are called the opposite vectors.
Answer: When two vectors of same kind act 06. What is called operator?
opposite to one another, they are called unlike Answer: A mathematical symbol that can be used to
vectors. convert one quantity into another or to describe a
03. What is unit vector? variable quantity is called an operator.
[DB’23, JB’22; CB’22, 21; CB’21; RB’17] 07. What is vector resolution?
Answer: The vector whose magnitude is one unit is
Answer: Vector resolution is the process of dividing
called unit vector.
a vector quantity into two or more components.
04. What is the rectangular unit vector?
08. Define rectangular unit vector.
[BB’24, 19; JB’24, 16; DB’21; Ctg.B’19]
Answer: In a three-dimensional coordinate system,
Answer: In vector and three-dimensional Cartesian
the three unit vectors that are considered along the
coordinate systems, the three-unit vectors
three mutually perpendicular positive axes are called
considered along the positive sides of X, Y and Z
rectangular unit vectors.
axes are known as rectangular unit vectors.

CQ Comprehension-Based Questions (b) & Sample Answers

01. Can a reciprocal vector be called colinear vector? ⃗⃗⃗ and if the force
Answer: Weight of the roller is W
Explain. [Din.B’23, CB’17] applied on the handle is ⃗F then ⃗F force creates an
Answer: When two vectors act along the same line angle θ with the horizontal at point O.

or is parallel to each other, they are known as In case of pushing, apparent

weight of roller,
colinear vector. Again, if the value of two or more
W ′ = W + R sin θ
vectors are reciprocal to one another, they’re called
In case of pulling, apparent
reciprocal vector. In both cases, the vectors are
weight of roller,
parallel to each other. Since the vectors are parallel W ′′ = W − F sin θ
to each other in reciprocal vectors, they fulfill the We can see that, in case of pulling (W ′′ < W ′ )
condition of colinear vector. So, they’re called apparent weight is less than that of pushing. If
pulling and pushing makes the same angle with the
colinear vectors as well.
same force, but it can be said that the weight of
02. Why is it easier to pull a lawn mower than to push
pushing is 2F sin θ more then that of pulling. That is
it? Explain. [BB’24, CB’23, SB’22]
why lawn mower is easier to pull than to push.
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03. Why does the boat move faster when it is pulled Unlike vector:
with a longer rope for towing? Clarify.
[Ctg.B’22; CB’22; JB’21]
Answer: The longer the rope for towing, the smaller
the angle it makes with the horizontal side. The
If two vectors of similar quantity act on opposite
smaller the value of θ, the larger the value of cos θ.
directions, they are called unlike vectors. In the
The horizontal component F cos θ is also greater.
⃗ and B
Figure, A ⃗ are unlike vectors. Therefore, every
As a result, the boat moves faster.
opposite vectors are unlike vectors as they act in
04. Explain the direction of null vector.
opposite directions. But every unlike vector is not
[BB’22; SB’21]
an opposite vector as the value is not always equal.
Answer: The vector whose value is zero it is called
07. Explain whether a pair of opposite vectors can be
null vector or zero vector. If a vector is added to its
called collinear vectors.
opposite vector or if two equal vectors are subtracted
Answer: We know that if two or more
from each other then we get null vector. The initial
homogeneous vectors act on the same line or in
point and final point of null vector is at the same
parallel, they are called colinear vectors. Again, if
point. That is why null vector has no specific
the value of one of the two homogeneous parallel
⃗.
direction. Null vector is usually expressed by 0
vectors is the opposite of the other, they are called
05. Do equal vectors also indicate parallel vectors?
opposite vectors. That is, the opposite vectors act
Explain. [Ctg.B’21; CB’19]
parallel to each other, which fulfills the condition
Answer: If two vectors are equal, their support lines
of colinear vectors. Therefore, a pair of opposite
will be the same or parallel. If two equal vectors
vectors can be called colinear vectors.
have the same initial point and terminal point, then
08. Why is it difficult to walk on sand?
their support lines will be the same. Otherwise, if
Answer: When we walk on the ground, if our feet
two equal vectors have different initial point and
apply force or push the ground with ⃗R force , then
terminal point but same magnitude and direction,
the ground exerts a force ⃗R on the human body as a
their support lines will be parallel. In this case, two
reaction to this force.
equal vectors are also parallel vectors.
06. Every opposite vector is an unlike vector, but every The vertical component of ⃗R, R sin θ, is in

unlike vector is not an opposite vector- explain. equilibrium with our weight and the horizontal

Answer: Opposite Vector: If two vectors act on the component R cos θ makes us move forward. But

opposide directions but have the same magnitude, when we walk on sand, if we apply force with our

the vetors are called the opposite vectors. feet, the sand is not as firm as the ground and it
moves and gives less reaction force. As a result, the
horizontal component of the reaction force is less
than the force required to move forward. That is why
walking on sand is difficult.

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➢ Important Topics of this Lecture for CQ (c & d) Questions:
Times Questions Board & Year the Questions Have
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Appeared
c d CQ
Types of Vectors and JB’24, 21, 19; CB’24, 17; MB’24, 22, 21;
 T-01 Expressing Vectors Through 9 11 SB’23; RB’21; BB’21, 17; RB’23, 21;
Rectangular Unit Vectors DB’22;
 T-02 Resultant of Two Vectors 4 2 BB’23, CB’22; Din.B’21; SB’17
 T- 03 Components of Vector 1 1 CB’22; Din.B’21
DB’24, 23, 21; RB’24, 23, 22, 21;
Ctg.B’24, 23, 22, 21, 17; BB’24; Din.B’24,
 T-04 River & Current 19 23
23, 22; MB’23; CB’24, 22, 19; SB’21;
JB’17

CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

01. In three dimensional coordinate system the (d) How should Nahin and Jaheen pull the truck so
coordinates of two points are P(1, 2, 1 ) & that they can pull the truck with the maximum
Q (2, 1, 1) respectively. The position vector created resultant force by applying the least amount of

from the two points are ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

OP & ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OQ .If the position force? Explain with mathematical analysis. 4
04. A swimmer starts swimming at an angle of 10° with
vectors are considered two adjacent sides of a
AB at a velocity of 16 km/h . The velocity of the
parallelogram then coordinates of R point is
current in the river is 8 km/h. Another swimmer
R ( 1, 1, 2). [MB’22, 21, JB’19]
starts swimming in the same river at the same
velocity of 16 km/h at an angle of 60° with the
current. [BB’24]

(d) Does ∆PQR of the stem produce a right- angled

triangle or not – Explain mathematically. 4
(c) The first swimmer set off along AC to reach
02. ⃗A = 4i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ − k̂; B
⃗ = ̂i̇ − 2j̇̂ − k̂, C
⃗ = 4i̇̂ − 2j̇̂ + k̂
point B and arrived at point D; determine the
[RB’21]
distance BD. 3
⃗ −B
(d) |A ⃗ | > |B
⃗ −C
⃗ | > |A
⃗ −C
⃗ | ; Verify whether (d) Which swimmer will reach the opposite bank
the statement is correct or incorrect. 4 first? Analyze mathematically. 4
03. Nahin and Jaheen were pulling a heavy stationary 05. In the figure, the road AB is running along the bank
truck by tying two ropes. An angle ‘α’ was formed of river BC. The current of the river has a velocity of
between the two ropes. The truck was moving 2 ms −1 and a boatman is rowing a boat at 4 ms −1.
towards Nahin. Nahin told Jaheen to apply more The velocity of a car on the road is 15 ms −1, and the
force. [BB’23] car pauses for 40 seconds at B. [Ctg.B’23]

6
 (c) What will be the minimum time required for the Velocity of boat in still water = (3i̇̂ + 3j̇̂)ms−1 and
boatman to cross the river? 3 velocity of current = 2i̇̂ ms −1. In another case the boat
(d) Will the passengers on the boat who left for C moves along AB with the same speed.
(d) According to the stem which boat will reach the
from B when the car was at A, be able to catch
opposite side first? Explain mathematically. 4
the car? Analyze. 4 08.
06. In the figure, a person starts rowing a boat with a D D
50 ms-1 50 ms-1
velocity of 4 kmh−1 along the direction AC to reach
120°
the other side of a river with current. He reaches the
A 25 ms-1 A 25 ms-1
point D on the other side. BD = 0.5 km, width of the
Figure-(i) Figure-(ii)
river = AB. [Din.B’22]
In the figure, two boatman are trying to cross the
river in different ways with two boats. The
current velocity is 25 ms−1 and velocity of both
the boats in river without current is 50 ms−1.
Width of the river is 500 m.

(c) Determine the width AB of the river. 3 (c) Determine from figure-(ii), the boatman will
reach the other bank at what distance from
07. A boat is moving in a river of width 2.5 km and from the point opposite to the point A? 3
(d) From figure-(i) and figure-(ii), which
position A, it goes to the opposite side along AD.
boatman will reach the other bank first? –
[JB’17] Analyze mathematically. 4

Sample Answers of CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

01. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−1)2 + (1)2 = √2

|QR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 0)i̇̂ + (1 − 0)j̇̂ + (2 − 0)k̂
(d) Answer: OR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−1)2 + (1)2 = √2
|PR
= ̂i̇ + ̂j̇ + 2k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OQ
PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Here, PQ = QR = PR
= (2 − 1) ̂i̇ + (1 − 2) ̂j̇ + (1 − 1) k̂ = ̂i̇ − ̂j̇ Therefore, ∆PQR cannot form a right-angled
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OR
QR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OQ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ triangle. Because, Equilateral triangle can not form
= (1 − 2) ̂i̇ + (1 − 1) ̂j̇ + (2 − 1) k̂ right triangle.
= −i̇̂ + k̂ 02.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OR
PR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = (4i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ − k̂) − (i̇̂ − 2j̇̂ − k̂)
(d) Answer: ⃗A − B
= (1 − 1) ̂i̇ + (1 − 2) ̂j̇ + (2 − 1) k̂
= −j̇̂ + k̂ = 3i̇̂ + 4j̇̂ ∴ |A
⃗ −B
⃗ | = √32 + 42 = 5

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(1)2 + (−1)2 = √2

|PQ B ⃗ = (i̇̂ − 2j̇̂ − k̂) − (4i̇̂ − 2j̇̂ + k̂) = −3i̇̂ − 2k̂
⃗ −C

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 ⃗ −C
∴ |B ⃗ | = √(−3)2 + (−2)2 = √13 and ∴ Required time to reach another side of the
d 20
⃗ = (4i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ − k̂) − (4i̇̂ − 2j̇̂ + k̂) = 4j̇̂ − 2k̂
⃗A − C swimmer, t ′ = v sin θ = 16 sin(60°)
⃗ −C
∴ |A ⃗ | = √42 + 22 = 2√5 ⇒ t ′ = 1.4434 hr As t ′ > t
⃗ −C
So, |B ⃗ | ≯ |A
⃗ −C
⃗| Therefore, the one who moved along AC will reach

⃗ −B
It can be seen that, |A ⃗ | > |A
⃗ −C
⃗ | > |B
⃗ −C
⃗| the opposite bank first.

∴ The statement in the question is incorrect. 05.

03.
(d) Answer: Let, the minimum forces exerted by Nahin (c) Answer:
and Jaheen are respectively P and Q.
Resultant, R = √P 2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos α Minimum time required, t min = =
d 500
= 125 s
v 4
Here, if the resultant R has to be maximum, then
(d) Answer: w = √v2 − u2 = 2√3 ms−1
cos α also has to be maximum.
BC = 0.5 km = 500 m
cos α = 1 ⇒ α = cos −1(1) = 0°
500
⸫ If they exert force at 0° angle with each other ∴ Time required to reach C, t1 = 2√3 = 144.34 s
simultaneously, then the resultant will be maximum. AB = 1.2 km = 1200 m
04. Velocity of the car, vc = 15 ms−1
(c) Answer: Given, the swimmer's velocity,
v = 16 kmh−1
The river current velocity, u = 8 kmh−1
width of the river, d = 20 km
When traveling along path AC, the angle produced Time required by the car to reach B from A,
with the current is, α = 90° + 10° = 100° 1200
t2 = 15
s = 80 s
∴ The time required to reach point D on the opposite
d 20
As the car pauses at B for 40 seconds, So
bank is, t = = = 1.2693 hr
v sin α 16 sin(100) Total time, t 3 = 80 + 40 = 120 s
The horizontal component of the total velocity is, Now, t3 < t1 ⇒ 120 < 144.34
w = u + v cos α = 8 + 16 cos(100°)
∴ The passengers will not be able to catch the car.
= 5.222 kmh−1
06.
∴ The horizontal distance covered is,
(c) Answer: Distance traversed along the width of the
BD = w × t = 5.222 × 1.2693 = 6.63 km
river = AB; Velocity of boat, v = 4 kmh−1
(d) Answer: From ‘c’ we get, time required for the
Velocity of current, u = 2 kmh−1
swimmer traveling along path AC to reach the
Angle of boat’s velocity with the river, α = 110°
opposite bank is, t = 1.2693 hr
Given, velocity of another swimmer, u = 16 kmh−1 Distance traversed along the river = BD

Angle produced with current, θ = 60° Component of the velocity of the boat along the

Width of the river, d = 20 km width of the river = 4 sin 110° + 2 sin 0° = 3.75877

8
 BC
Now, in ∆ABC, tan θ = AC
500
⇒2= AC
⇒ AC = 250m

⇒ BD = 250 m
Component of the velocity of the boat along the river
∴ The boatman will reach the point B 250 m away
= 4 cos 110° + 2 cos 0° = 0.63192 ms −1
from opposite point D.
In definite time t, the distance traversed in any
direction d is proportional to the component of the Alternative:
velocity in that direction. The total velocity works for crossing the river
AB 3.75877
∴ BD = 0.63192 AB = 5.948174 × BD when crossed directly.
= 5.948174 × 0.5 km [BD = 0.5 km] Therefore, if the time taken to cross the river is t,
∴ AB = 2.974 km (Ans.) d 500
t=v= 50
= 10s.
07.
(d) Answer: In 1st case, velocity of boat, The boat will traverse some distance during this time
⃗ = (3i̇̂ + 3j̇̂) ms −1
v due to current. Let this distance be d.
⃗ = 2i̇̂ ms −1
velocity of current, u d = (25 × 10) = 250 m
∴ Resultant velocity, v ⃗ = 5i̇̂ + 3j̇̂
⃗ +u
∴ Component of resultant velocity along the width (d) Answer: In figure (i), Vertical component of
of the river = 3 ms −1 resultant,
∴ Time needed to cross the river,
vy1 = 25 sin 0° + 50 sin 120° = 25√3 m/s
2500
= 3
s = 833.33 sec

In 2nd case, speed = √32 + 32 ms −1 = 3√2ms−1

Since the boat moves along AB, so component of the
velocity along AB = 3√2 ms−1
∴ Time required to cross river, Time required to cross the river,
2500
= 3√2
sec = 589.26 sec 500
t1 = 25 s = 11.55 s
√3
∴ The boat of 2nd case will reach faster.
08. In figure (ii), Vertical component of resultant,
(c) Answer: Let, the resultant velocity makes angle vy2 = 25 sin 0° + 50 sin 90° = 50 ms −1
θ with velocity of current.
50
θ = tan−1 = tan−1 2. BD is the distance from
25
the opposite point. BD = AC

Time required to cross the river,

500
t2 = 50
s = 10s ∴ t 2 < t1

That is, boatman in figure (ii) will reach the other

bank first.

9
 Lecture-02

 Relative Importance of the Topics Discussed in this Lecture for CQ (a, b) & MCQ:
Times Questions CQ Knowledge &
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Comprehension MCQ
a b MCQ Based (a, b)
Subtraction of
JB’24, 19; SB’24, 17;
 T-05 Vector & 1 1 5 RB’19; BB’19.
RB’23.
Relative Velocity
Resultant of
MB’23; RB’22;
 T-06 More Than Two 2 2 - -
Din.B’22; BB’19.
Vectors

MCQ Questions

01. A ship is moving directly in east direction at 75 km 02. At what minimum time can the swimmer cross the
per hour speed and another ship is moving directly in river and go to the opposite end? [SB’24]
the north direction at 45 km per hour speed. Relative (a) 89.44 s (b) 100 s (c) 115.47 s (d) 200 s
to a passenger in the first ship,what will be the
03. If a car and a motorbike are moving in the same
direction of the velocity of the second ship? [JB’24]
(a) At 30.96° angle with east direction in the direction with velocities vc and vm respectively,
northern direction. what is the relative velocity of the motorbike with
(b) At 59.04° angle with east direction in the respect to the car? [RB’23]
northern direction. vc
(a) vc − vm (b) vm − vc (c) vc + vm (d)
vm
(c) At 90° angle with east direction in the northern
direction. 04. A truck is moving to east with velocity vT and a car is
(d) At 149.04° angle with east direction in the moving to west with vC velocity, what will be relative
northern direction. velocity of car with respect with the truck? [JB’19]
Answer the following questions according to the stem below: (a) (vT + vC ) (b) (vT − vC )
A swimmer is swimming with 12 ms−1 velocity in a vT
(c) (vC − vT ) (d)
river flowing with 6 ms −1velocity of 1.2 km width. vC

MCQ Answer

01. d 02. b 03. b 04. c

Explanatory Solutions of MCQ Questions

02. t min = dv = 12
1200 m
ms−1
= 100 s

75 03. v⃗mc = v⃗m − v⃗c

01. α = 90° + tan−1 ( ) = 149.04°
45

10
 CQ Knowledge-Based Questions (a) & Sample Answers

01. What is called position vector? 04. What is relative velocity? [BB’19]
[DB’24; RB’24, 23, 21; Ctg.B’24, 21, 17; SB’24, Answer: The velocity of two moving objects with
21; BB’21; CB’24; Din.B’24, 21; MB’24; JB’ 23, respect to each other is called relative velocity.
21, SB’22]
05. State the right-hand screw rule. [CB’17]
Answer: With respect to the origin of reference
Answer: If a right-hand screw is placed
frame the vector which is used to express the
perpendicularly in the plane of two vectors, and
position of a point is called position vector.
02. Write the triangle law of vector addition. turning from the first vector to the second vector, in

[Ctg.B’23, RB’22] the smaller angle, then that direction is the direction
Answer: When two vectors are represented as two of the cross products of the vector.
sides of the triangle along the same order in 06. Write the formula for determining the radius of
magnitude and direction, then the third side of the
curvature using a spherometer.
triangle represents the magnitude and direction of
Answer: Formula for determining the radius of a
the resultant vector.
d2 h
03. What is displacement vector? [Ctg.B’22; BB’21] curved surface: R = + [d = average distance
6h 2
Answer: The distance traversed by a definite point between the legs of the spherometer, h = the height
along a straight line is called displacement vector
or depth of the curved surface if the base has three
and its direction is from the initial point to the final
legs.]
point.

CQ Comprehension-Based Questions (b) & Sample Answers

01. The vector addition follows the associative law 02. Can the resultant of more than two vectors be
and the commutative law. Explain. [RB’24] determined using the parallelogram law?
Explain. [BB’23]
Answer: Answer: The resultant of
more than two vectors can be
determined using the
⃗ +B
∆OAC, A ⃗ =R
⃗ parallelogram law. In this
⃗ +B
∴ |A ⃗ | = √A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ case, first the resultant of any
two vectors is determined
⃗ + ⃗A = ⃗R
∆OBC, B
using the parallelogram law.
⃗ + ⃗A| = √B 2 + A2 + 2BA cos θ
∴ |B ⃗ 1 . The resultant of this R
This is shown by R ⃗ 1 and
⃗ +B
∴A ⃗ =B
⃗ +A
⃗ ⃗ is our determined resultant ⃗R. In this way, the
P
∴ It follows the associative law and the commutative resultant can be determined by using the
law. parallelogram law by taking two vectors at a time.

11
03. When is the resultant of four vectors equal to 05. Position vector is a localized vector-explain.
zero- Explain with the help of figure. [MB’23] [Ctg.B’24; CB’22; SB’21; Din.B’17]
Answer: Let four vectors a⃗, ⃗b, c, ⃗d act like the Answer: The vector which is used to determine the
position of any point with respect to the origin of a
mentioned figure.
reference frame is called position vector. The initial
point of a limited vector is specific. As a result, the
position of the initial point cannot be changed. In
case of position vector, the initial point is definite in
the origin of the reference point. That is why
Now, if the magnitude of any two vectors is equal to
position vector is a localized vector.
the magnitude of two other vectors in the opposite 06. Will the value of addition and substruction of two
direction, their total resultant will be 0. For that, the similar vectors be same? Explain it. [RB’19; DB’17]
magnitude of the two vectors in the same straight Answer: Let, two vectors are ⃗A, B ⃗ and their sum and
line must be equal and their direction must be difference are equal.
opposite.
That is, the resultant of the two vectors in the same
straight line must be zero. That’s why according to
the figure, a⃗ = c and ⃗b = ⃗d. So, in order for the
resultant to be zero-
⃗ +B
∴ |A ⃗ | = |A
⃗ −B
⃗ | ⇒ √A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ
(i) The vectors must stay in a way as such they are
= √A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos(180° − θ)
colinear with one another.
⇒ A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ = A2 + B 2 − 2AB cos θ
(ii) The magnitude of the two vectors must be equal
⇒ ABcos θ = 0 ∴ A = 0, or, B = 0, or θ = 90°.
while their directions must be opposite.
Therefore, if any vector is null vector or the angle
04. When does the resultant of three vectors become
between them is 90° then sum and difference of the
zero? [RB’22]
two vectors will be equal.
Answer: The resultant of three vectors is zero when
07. Determine the condition under which the sum and
all three sides of a triangle represent three vectors in
differebnce of two non-zero vectors are equal.
the same order.
Answer: Let, two vectors are ⃗A and B
⃗
⃗ +B
By the question, |A ⃗ | = |A
⃗ −B
⃗|
⇒ A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ
= A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos(180° − θ)
⇒ θ = 180° − θ ⇒ θ = 90°
In the above figure, the resultant of triangle ABC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = AC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = AA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗ ∴ If two vectors act perpendicularly to each other,
will be, AB
the magnitude of sum and diffrenece are equal.

12
➢ Important Topics of this Lecture for CQ (c & d) Questions:
Times Questions Board & Year the Questions Have
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Appeared
c d CQ
Subtraction of Vector &
 T-05 4 3 DB’23, 19; SB’22; RB’19
Relative Velocity
Resultant of More Than
 T-06 - 1 BB’22
Two Vectors

CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

01. On a rainy day Nafisa was watching rain through the 02. A cyclist moving at 18km per hour in the East is seeing
window. The rain was falling vertically with 6 kmh−1 a car move at 36 kmh−1 velocity in the North
velocity. Nafisa observed that a person was walking
direction. [x-axis is along the East and y-axis is along
with 4 kmh−1 velocity and another was riding cycle
with 8 kmh−1 velocity. Both of them were holding the North direction]
umbrella at different angles. [RB’17] (c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the
(c) What is the resultant velocity of the rain with
actual velocity of the car. 3
respect to the walking person of the stem? 3
(d) The angle produced due to holding of umbrella (d) If the actual velocity of the car is increased by
by the walking person and the cycle rider are not 10 kmh−1, then will the cyclist see the car go the
same”- Explain the statement with
same direction? Verify mathematically. 4
mathematical explanation. 4

Sample Answers of CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

01.
(c) Answer: Given, Velocity of rain, v = 6 kmh−1
Velocity of the person, u = 4 kmh−1
∴ Resultant velocity,
In case of cycle rider,
w = √u2 + v 2 = 2√13 kmh−1 (Ans.) Given, Velocity of rain, v = 6 kmh−1 , Velocity
of cycle, u = 8 kmh−1
∴ Angle with vertical direction,
u 8
θ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 53.13°
v 6
∴ The angle formed because holding of umbrella
by the walking person and the cycle rider are not
(d) Answer: Given, Velocity of rain, v = 6 kmh−1
same.
In case of the walking people, u = 4kmh−1
∴ Angle with vertical direction,
u 4
θ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 33.69°
v 6

13
02. v1 = the velocity of the cycle
⃗⃗⃗

(c) Answer: Let, the velocity of the cycle be ⃗⃗⃗

v1 v2 = the actual velocity of the car
⃗⃗⃗⃗

The actual velocity of the car be ⃗⃗⃗⃗

v2

And the relative velocity of the car with respect to

the cycle be v
⃗
According to the question,
Now, v
⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
v2 − ⃗⃗⃗
v1
v1 = 18 kmh−1
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
v2 = v
⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
v1
v = 36 kmh−1
∴ |v
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | = |v v1 |
⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
v2 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ v1 + v
⃗
Let, the angle between ⃗⃗⃗
v1 & ⃗⃗⃗⃗
v2 be α
−1 −1
v v2 = √v12 + v 2 = 18√5 kmh = 40.25 kmh
∴ tan α =
v1 −1
v = 36 kmh
⇒ α = tan−1(2) −1
v1 = 18 kmh
⇒ α = 63.45°

The value of the actual velocity, The velocity of the car after increasing the velocity
−1
v2 = √v 2 + v12 = 18√5 kmh by 10
km
,
h
The car is moving in north with a velocity of
v2′ = (40.25 + 10)kmh−1 = 50.25 kmh−1
18√5 km/h with an angle of 63.45° with the East Let, then the relative velocity of the car will be in
or with an angle of 26.56° with the North. angle θ with opposite to the velocity of the cycle
(d) Answer: From ‘c’ we get, the angle in between the ⃗ ′,
Then, if the relative velocity is v

path of the car & the cycle, α = tan−1(2) = 63.45° v ′ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ v2′ − ⃗⃗⃗
v1
Let, v
⃗ = the relative velocity of the car with respect v′2 sin(180°−α)
Now, tan θ = v ′
1 +v2 cos(180°−α)
to the cycle
⇒ θ = −84.333° ⇒ θ = 95.67°
(N)
v Therefore, the angle of relative velocity of the car
v2
with the East = 180° − θ = 84.333°
∴ The cyclist will not see the car to go to the same
v1 (E)
direction.

14
 Lecture-03

 Relative Importance of the Topics Discussed in this Lecture for CQ (a, b) & MCQ:
Times Questions CQ Knowledge &
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Comprehension MCQ
a b MCQ Based (a, b)
RB’24, 23, 22, 19;
MB’24, 23, 22; SB’24, 22,
Dot Product of 21; Ctg.B’23, 21, 19;
 T-07 1 2 31 DB’24; Ctg.B’22.
Vectors BB’23, 21, 19, 17; CB’23,
22, 21, 19; Din.B’23, 21, 19,
17; JB’22, 21; DB’21, 17.
BB’24; DB’22, 17;
 T-08 Direction Cosine - - 4 -
Din.B’17;
DB’24, 23, 21, 18;
JB’24, 23, 21, 19,18, 17;
Cross Product of CB’24; RB’24; BB’21; Din.B’24, 22, 18; MB’22;
 T-09 1 4 33
Vectors JB’21; Ctg.B’19. BB’24, 21, 17; CB’24, 21;
RB’23, 22, 21, 19, 18,
SB’23, 22; Ctg.B’22, 21;
DB’24, 23, 22, 21, 17;
RB’24; JB’24, 23, 22, 19;
Din.B’24, 23; JB’24;
DB’24, 22; 23, 22; BB’23,
 T-10 Vector Calculus 15 4 16 RB’23; SB’23, 22, 17;
22, 19, 17; Ctg.B’17.
BB’23, 22; CB’22, 19;
Din.B’22;
MB’22.

MCQ Questions

See the diagram below and answer the next two ⃗ | = 2, |B

03. |A ⃗ | = 4 and A
⃗ .B
⃗ = 4, angle between |A
⃗|
questions:
⃗ |–
and |B [CB’23]
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 120°
04. The vector perpendicular to M ̂
⃗⃗⃗ = 3j̇̂ − 2k is-
01. Which one is the area of OPQR? [Din.B’24] [BB’23]
1
(a) 4
1
(b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 ̂
(i) 4i̇ ̂
(ii) 2j̇ ̂ ̂
(iii) (2j̇ + 3k)
Which one is correct?
(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii
02. [Ctg.B’23; Din.B’19] 05. If two forces of 3 N and 4 N magnitude act perpendicular
According to the figure, what is the projection of ⃗A to each other at a point, the magnitude of their vector
⃗?
on B product will be – [Ctg.B’22]
⃗⃗ ×B
|A ⃗⃗ | ⃗⃗ ×B
|A ⃗⃗ | ⃗⃗ ⋅B
A ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⋅B
A ⃗⃗
(a) A
(b) B
(c) B
(d) A (a) 0 N (b) 5 N (c) 7 N (d) 12 N

MCQ Answer

01. - 02. c 03. b 04. b 05. d

15
 Answer two next questions according to the stem below: 14. (i̇̂ × k̂) × (j̇̂ × k̂) =? [BB’17]
̂i̇ , ̂j̇, k̂ indicate the three-unit vectors. ̂
(a) O (b) ̂i̇ (c) ̂j̇ (d) k̂
06. ̂i̇ ⋅ (k̂ × ̂j̇) = ? [MB’22] ⃗ = 3i̇̂ + 6j̇̂ + 6k̂ with respect to Y
15. Gradient angle of A
(a) 1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) k̂ axis-
07. (j̇̂ + k̂) × k̂ = ? [DB’21] 1 2
(a) cos−1 ( ) (b) cos−1 ( )
3 3
(a) 1 (b) ̂i̇ (c) ̂j̇ (d) k̂
1 2
(c) cos−1 ( ) (d) cos−1 ( )
08. ̂i̇ × ̂j̇ = ? [BB’21] √3 √3

(a) 0 (b) k̂ (c) ̂j̇ × k̂ (d) ̂i̇ × k̂ ⃗ = 2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − 5k̂ and B
16. If vectors A ⃗ = ni̇̂ + 2j̇̂ + 10k̂
⃗ .B
09. If A ⃗ = 0 then, which of the following figure is are perpendicular, what is the value of n?
correct? [CB’21] (a) 22 (b) 21 (c) 2 (d) −2
B A B A 17. In case of divergence-
(a) (b)
(i) It indicates the rotation counts
B A
(ii) If the value is 0, then the entering and outgoing
(c)
A
(d) B
flux are the same.
10. ⃗A = 3i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ + k̂ ; B
⃗ = 6i̇̂ − mj̇̂ + 4k̂. What will be (iii) If the volume of the flow increases, the density
the value of m so that the vectors will be of the point decreases and this is positive
perpendicular to each other? [Din.B’21] divergence
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13 Which one is correct?
11. (i̇̂ + ̂j̇) ⋅ k̂-What is the value of it? [Ctg.B’19] (a) i, ii (b) ii, iii (c) i, iii (d) i, ii, iii
(a) ̂i̇ (b) ̂j̇ (c) 0 (d) 1 18. Which vector of the following is perpendicular to
12. If ⃗A and⃗⃗⃗B are parallel, what is the value of the angle ⃗ = 10i̇̂ + 12j̇̂ ?
P
between them? [BB’19]
(a) 10i̇̂ + 12j̇̂ (b) 10i̇̂
(a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) 270°
(c) 12j̇̂ (d) 2k̂
⃗ = (px + y)i̇̂ + (y − 2z)j̇̂ + (x + 3z)k̂ this
13. A vector 1
19. ∇2 ( r ) =?
would be solenoidal when 𝑝 =? [BB’17]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) −4 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 6

MCQ Answer

06. b 07. b 08. b 09. c 10. b 11. c 12. a 13. d 14. d 15. b
16. a 17. b 18. a 19. a

Explanatory Solutions of MCQ Questions

01. (No Correct Answer); Alternative:

OR OP = 2k̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2i̇̂ + 2j̇̂; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ In OPQR rectangle ,
OR OP = −4j̇̂ + 4i̇̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2k̂
OR = √22 + 22 = 2√2 unit OP
∴ Area of OPQR,
OP = 2 unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|OR OP|
= √16 + 16 = 4√2 ∴ Area = OP × OR = 4√2 square unit.

16
 ⃗ .B
02. A ⃗ = AB cos θ 11. (i̇̂ + ̂j̇) ⋅ k̂ = ̂i̇ ⋅ k̂ + ̂j̇ ⋅ k̂ = 0 + 0 = 0
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗ = A cos θ = A.B
Projection of ⃗A on B 13. ⃗∇ ⋅ ⃗A = 0
B
𝜕 ∂ ∂
⃗ ⋅B
03. A ⃗ = 4 ⇒ AB cos θ = 4 ⇒ (i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂ ) ⋅ ((px + y)i̇̂ + (y − 2z)j̇̂ +
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ 2 × 4 cos θ = 4 ∴ θ = 60°
(x + 3z)k̂) = 0
06. ̂i̇ ⋅ (k̂ × ̂j̇) = −i̇̂ ⋅ ̂i̇ = −1 [i̇̂ ⋅ ̂i̇ = 1]
⇒ p + 1 + 3 = 0 ⇒ p = −4
07. ̂j̇ × k̂ + k̂ × k̂ = ̂i̇
⃗ ⋅B
10. A ⃗ = 18 − 2m + 4 14. (i̇̂ × k̂) × (j̇̂ × k̂) = (−j̇̂) × ̂i̇

⇒ 0 = 22 − 2m ⇒ m = 11 = −j̇̂ × ̂i̇ = −(−k̂) = k̂

CQ Knowledge-Based Questions (a) & Sample Answers

01. What is scalar field? [Din.B’23] 05. What is dot product? [Ctg.B’22]
Answer: If the inherent quality associated with a Answer: If the product of two vector quantities is a
field is scalar, that field is called scalar field. scalar quantities, this type of multiplication is called
02. What is called divergence of vector field? scalar or dot product.
[DB’23, CB’22, 19] 06. What is Nabla?
Answer: Divergence of vector field is a scalar ⃗.
Answer: Nabla is a vector operator. It is denoted by ∇
value, which expresses the flux value at a definite A commonly used operator in vector calculus is Nabla.
point in a vector field. 07. State the right-hand screw rule.
03. What is gradient? [SB’23, DB’21, 17] Answer: The direction of the vector product of two
Answer: Gradient is a vector field that expresses the vectors will be the direction in which the screw will
maximum rate of increase of a scalar quantity. move if a right-handed screw placed perpendicular
04. Define Curl. [Din.B’24; BB’23, 22, SB’22, SB’17] to both vectors is rotated through a smaller angle
Answer: Curl is a vector quantity, by which the from the first vector to the second vector.-
magnitude and direction of rotation at a definite 08. What is a vector field?
point in a vector field is known. Answer: If the quantities associated with a field are
If ⃗V(x, y, z) is a vector field then, Curl ⃗V = ⃗∇ × ⃗V vectors, then the field is called a vector field.

CQ Comprehension-Based Questions (b) & Sample Answers

01. 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐢̇̂ ⋅ 𝐢̇̂ ≠ 𝟎 ? [DB’24] 02. Two vectors can have non-zero magnitudes but
still have a dot product of zero. explain [SB’24]
Answer: ̂i̇ ⋅ ̂i̇ = 1 × 1 × cos 0° = 1 [∵ |i̇̂| = 1]
Answer: If the angle between two vectors is 90°,
Since the angle between ̂i̇ and ̂i̇ is 0°, their dot their dot product becomes zero, even if the
product is not 0. This is because the dot product of magnitudes of the vectors are non-zero. For two non-
zero vectors ⃗A and B
⃗ , when the angle between them
two non-zero vectors is 0 only when they are
is 90°, we have, ⃗A ⋅ B
⃗ = |A ⃗ ||B
⃗ | cos 90° = 0
perpendicular to each other, meaning the angle
Thus, it can be concluded that the dot product of two
between them is 90°. vectors can be zero even if their magnitudes are not zero.

17
 ̂
03. Show that, 𝐢̇̂ × 𝐣̇̂ = 𝐤 [MB’24] ⃗ .V
(ii) If the value of ∇ ⃗ is (+) ve, it denotes an
Answer: In the case of cross multiplication, a vector increase in volume or decrease in density.
perpendicular to the plane formed by the two vectors ⃗ .V
(iii) If the value of ∇ ⃗ is (–) ve, it denotes
is obtained. For example, in the plane formed by ̂i̇ contraction of volume or increase in density.
and ̂j̇ (the XY plane), the perpendicular direction is (iv) If divergence = 0, then the incoming and
along the z-axis. According to the right-hand rule, outgoing fluxes will be equal. In this case, the
the direction of ̂i̇ × ̂j̇ is along the positive z-axis. vector field is called solenoidal.
The unit vector along the positive z-axis is k̂. So,
̂i̇ × ̂j̇ = |i̇̂| ⋅ |j̇̂| ⋅ sin 90° k̂ = (1 × 1 × 1)k̂ = k̂
04. Is there a role of divergence in determining the Divergence (+)ve (–) ve divergence Zero divergence (Solenoidal)

change in volume of a fluid? Explain. [RB’23] 06. What does gradient mean?
Answer: The vector differential operator 'del' and Answer: If the vector operator ⃗∇ acts on a scalar
the dot product of any vector expression is called function (φ), the quantity produced is called the
divergence. The expression ⃗∇ . ⃗V expresses the rate vector’s gradient at (x, y, z) points.
of change of density of a liquid in unit time. Since 07. Multiplication of two vectors does not obey the
density is dependent on volume, it can be said that commutative law - explain.
divergence plays a role in determining the change in Answer: Let, if the angle between the two vector ⃗A
volume of a fluid. If the value of divergence ⃗ is θ then, A
and B ⃗ ×B
⃗ = η AB sin θ
(i) Is positive, volume of the fluid is increasing or ⃗ × ⃗A = AB sin θ (−η) = −AB sin θ η. That
Again, B
density is decreasing. is, the direction of ⃗A × B
⃗ will be opposite to the
(ii) Is negative, volume of the fluid is decreasing or ⃗ ×A
⃗ . Even though the vectors A
⃗ ×B
⃗
direction of B
density is increasing.
⃗ × ⃗A have the same magnitude, their directions
and B
(iii) Is zero, volume and density of the str fluid eam
⃗ ×B
will be opposite. Therefore, A ⃗ ≠B
⃗ ×A
⃗ , i.e.,
is not changing.
vector multiplication does not obey the commutative
05. What are the properties of divergence of a
law.
vector? [DB’21]
08. The gradient of a scalar quantity is a vector
Answer: Vector divergence is a scalar field from
quantity. Explain.
which the nature of flux (incoming/outgoing) at a
Answer: If ϕ(x,y,z) is a differentiable scalar
point in the vector field can be known.
function, then the gradient or grad ϕ or ⃗Vϕ will be
Properties of divergence of a vector has been given below:
∂ ∂ ∂
⃗ ϕ (i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂ ) ϕ
as follows: V
(i) Divergence expresses the total flux of a vector ∂x ∂y ∂z

quantity per unit volume directed towards or ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ϕ∂

∴ ⃗∇= ̂i̇ + ̂j̇ + k̂ Here, it is seen that ⃗∇ϕ is a
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ .V
away from a point. ∇ ⃗ or div. V
⃗ denotes the
vector quantity. Therefore, it can be said that the
rate of change of density of a liquid.
gradient of a scalar quantity is a vector quantity.

18
➢ Important Topics of this Lecture for CQ (c & d) Questions:
Times Questions Board & Year the Questions Have
Importance Topic Topic Name Appeared Appeared
c d CQ
DB’24, 22, 17; Ctg.B’24; JB’24, 23, 22,
 T-07 Dot Product of Vectors 14 6 19; MB’24, 23, 22, 21; RB’23, 21;
CB’23, 21; Din.B’23, 21; BB’21
 T-08 Direction Cosine 1 2 Din.B’22, 21; JB’22
DB’24, 21, 19; Ctg.B’24; CB’24, 23, 21;
Cross Product of
 T-09 10 10 MB’24; JB’23, 21; RB’22; BB’22, 21,
Vectors
19; Din.B’22, 21;
 T-10 Vector Calculus 5 7 SB’24, 22; Din.B’24; RB’22; Ctg.B’22, 19; BB’22

CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

⃗ = 5i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − mk̂; Q

01. P ⃗⃗ = ̂i̇ + ̂j̇ + 4k̂; Here P
⃗ and Q
⃗⃗ ^ ^^ Z ^ ^ ^
F1 = (- 2i+3j+k)N F2 = (5i+2j+2k)N
⃗ and
are perpendicular to each other. If the vectors P
⃗⃗ represent the velocities of a boat and the current of
Q O Y
a river respectively, then it takes the boat 2 minutes X
to corss the river in the shortest path. ⃗1+F
(d) Verify whether F ⃗2 ⃗1−F
& F ⃗2 are
[RB, Din.B, MB’23] mutually perpendicular or not. 4
(c) Calculate the value of ‘m’. 3 ⃗ & ⃗Q
⃗ of point
04. In the figure, the position vectors are P
02. In three dimensional coordinate system the
P and Q. [Din.B’22]
coordinates of two points are P(1, 2, 1 ) &
Q (2, 1, 1) respectively. The position vector created
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & OQ
from the two points are OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .If the position
vectors are considered two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram then coordinates of R point is
⃗ +Q
(d) Do the two vectors P ⃗⃗ & P
⃗ −Q
⃗⃗ create the
R ( 1, 1, 2). [MB’22, 21, JB’19]
same angle with +Y axis? Give your opinion
with mathematical analysis. 4
05. The coordinates of the points P, Q and R are respectively
P(2, −1,3), Q(3, −1,2) and R(1, −3,5)
[Ctg.B’24]
(c) Determine the value of angle α. 3 (d) Analyze mathematically whether the position
⃗1&F
03. In the figure, the two forces F ⃗ 2 acts on the point vectors formed by the points lie in the same
O. [CB’21] plane 4

19
 ⃗ = 2i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ − k̂, B
06. A ⃗ = 6i̇̂ − 3j̇̂ + 2k̂ and (d) Was there any rotation in the air of that region
⃗ = (6xy + z 3 )i̇̂ − (3x2 − z)j̇̂ + (3xz2 − y)k̂
C are on that day? Give your opinion through
three vector quantities. [RB’22] mathematical analysis. 4
(c) Determine the unit vector perpendicular to the 08. Three vectors are as follows, ⃗V = (−4x − 3y +
vectors ⃗A and B
⃗. 3
az)i̇̂ + (bx + 3y + 5z)j̇̂ + (4x + cy + 3z)k̂
07. On a particular day, the temperature of a region and
⃗A = 2i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ + k̂ and B
⃗ = 4i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ + 3k̂
velocity of wind was respectively,
⃗V = (y 2 cos x + z 3 )i̇̂ + (c) For which values of a, b and c, the given vector
Q = 2xy 2 z 3 − 4xy and
(2y sin x − 4)j̇̂ + (3xz 2 + 2)k̂ . [Ctg.B’22] ⃗V of the stem will be irrotaional? 3

Sample Answers of CQ Application & Higher Ability Based Questions (c & d)

01. 04.
(c) Answer: If P ⃗ and ⃗Q
⃗ are perpendicular then, P
⃗ . ⃗Q
⃗ =0 ⃗ = ̂i̇ + 3j̇̂ + 2k̂
(d) Answer: Given, P
⇒ (5i̇̂ + 3j̇̂ − mk̂). (i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + 4k̂) = 0
⃗⃗ = 2i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + 3k̂
Q
⇒ 5 + 3 − 4m = 0 ⇒ m = 2 (Ans.)
⃗⃗ = (1 + 2)i̇̂ + (3 + 1)j̇̂ + (2 + 3)k̂
⃗ +Q
P
02.
(c) OP = (1 − 0)i̇̂ + (2 − 0)j̇̂ + (1 − 0)k̂
Answer: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3i̇̂ + 4j̇̂ + 5k̂

= ̂i̇ + 2j̇̂ + k̂ P ⃗⃗ = (1 − 2)i̇̂ + (3 − 1)j̇̂ + (2 − 3)k̂

⃗ −Q
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 0)i̇̂ + (1 − 0)j̇̂ + (1 − 0)k̂
OQ = −i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ − k̂
= 2i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂; OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (i̇̂ + 2j̇̂ + k̂) ⋅ (2i̇̂ + ̂j̇ + k̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⋅ OQ If the angle produced with +y -axis by the vector
=2+2+1 =5 ⃗ + ⃗Q
P ⃗ is θ1 then,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √12 + 22 + 12 = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6 and
|OP 4
θ1 = cos −1 ( ) = 55.55°
√32 +42 +52
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + 12 + 12 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6
|OQ
Again, If the angle produced with +y-axis by the
We know, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||OQ
OQ = |OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos α
⃗ −Q
vector P ⃗⃗ is θ2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⋅OQ
OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5
−1 −1
⇒ α = cos ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = cos ( ) 2
|OP||OQ| √6⋅√6
then, θ2 = cos−1 ( ) = 35.264°
5 √12 +22 +12
= cos−1 (6) = 33.56°
⃗ +Q
The two vectors P ⃗⃗ & ⃗ −Q
P ⃗⃗ create angles
∴Value of angle α is 33.56°। (Ans.)
55.55° and 35.264° with +y-axis respectively
03. which are not equal. That is the two vectors do not
(d) Answer: ⃗F1 + ⃗F2 = 3i̇̂ + 5j̇̂ + 3k̂ create the same angle with +y-axis.
⃗F1 − ⃗F2 = −7i̇̂ + ̂j̇ − k̂ 05.
⃗1+F
(F ⃗ 2 ) ∙ (F
⃗1−F
⃗ 2 ) = −21 + 5 − 3 = −19 (d) Answer: Given, coordinates of three points P, Q and
⃗1+F
∵ Dot product of (F ⃗ 2 ) and (F
⃗1−F
⃗ 2 ) is not 0. R are P(2, −1,3), Q(3, −1,2) and R(1, −3,5)
That is why they are not perpendicular to each other. respectively.

20
 OP = 2i̇̂ − ̂j̇ + 3k̂
Position vector of point P, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∴ Curl v ⃗ ×V
⃗ =∇ ⃗

OQ = 3i̇̂ − ̂j̇ + 2k̂

Position vector of point Q, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂i̇ ̂j̇ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
OR = ̂i̇ − 3j̇̂ + 5k̂
Position vector of point R, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =| ∂x ∂y ∂z
|

2 −1 3 y 2 cos x + z 3 2y sin x − 4 3xz + 22

Now, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × OR

OP ⋅ (OQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = |3 −1 2| ∂ ∂
1 −3 5 = ̂i̇ {∂y (3xz 2 + 2) − ∂z (2y sin x − 4)} −
= 2{−5 − (−6)} − (−1)(15 − 2) + 3{−9 − (−1)} ̂j̇ { ∂ (3xz2 + 2) − ∂ (y 2 cos x + z 3 )}
∂x ∂z
= 2 + 13 − 24 = −9 ≠ 0
∂ ∂
+k̂ {∂x (2y sin x − 4) − ∂y (y 2 cos x + z 3 )}
Since the triple product of the position vectors formed
by P, Q and R is not zero, so the points are not in the = ̂i̇(0 − 0) − ̂j̇(3z 2 − 3z 2 ) + k̂(2y cos x −
same plane. 2y cos x) = 0
06. Since Curl ⃗V = 0,
(c) ⃗ and B
Answer: Vector perpendicular to the vectors A ⃗, So there was no rotation in the air that day.
̂i̇ ̂j̇ k̂ 08.
⃗ = |2 2 −1| = ̂i̇ (4 − 3) − ̂j̇(4 + 6) +
⃗ ×B
A
(c) Ans: Given,
6 −3 2
k̂(−6 − 12) = ̂i̇ − 10j̇̂ − 18k̂ ⃗V = (−4x − 3y + az)i̇̂ + (bx + 3y + 5z)j̇̂

±A ⃗⃗ ×B⃗⃗ ̂
i̇̂−10j̇̂−18k +(4x + cy + 3z)k̂
Unit vector, η̂ = ⃗⃗ ×B⃗⃗ |
=
|A √12 +(−10)2 +(−18)2
⃗ is 0
The vector field will be irrotaional if the curl of V
̂
±i̇̂−10j̇̂−18k ±i̇̂ 10j̇̂ ̂
18k
= = − −
√425 √425 √425 √425 Curl ⃗V = 0 ⇒ ⃗∇ × ⃗V = 0
⃗ and B
∴ Unit vector perpendicular to the vectors A ⃗, ̂i̇ ̂j̇ k̂
±i̇̂ 10j̇̂ ̂
18k ∂ ∂ ∂
η̂ = − − ⇒ || ||
√425 √425 √425 ∂x ∂y ∂z
07. −4x − 3y + az bx + 3y + 5z 4x + cy + 3z
=0
(d) Answer: Given,
⇒ ̂i̇(c − 5) − ̂j̇(4 − a) + k̂(b + 3) = 0
wind velocity of that region on that day,
By equating the coefficients of ̂i̇, ̂j̇ and k̂ on both
v⃗ = (y 2 cos x + z 3 )i̇̂ + (2y sin x − 4)j̇̂ + (3xz 2 + 2)k̂
sides of the equation,
∂ ∂ ∂
We know, ⃗∇ = ̂i̇ + ̂j̇ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z c−5=0∴c=5
Whether there was any rotation in the air or not 4−a=0∴a=4
depends on Curl. b + 3 = 0 ∴ b = −3 (Ans.)

21