Z Transform
Z Transform
DEFINITION
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 1 𝒛
Now 𝑈(𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧 =1+ + 2
+ 3
+ + ⋯….= 𝑎 =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧4 1− 𝑧 𝒛−𝒂
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
Converges absolutely for |𝑟| < 1. This region is called the REGION OF
CONVERGENCE (ROC)
CONSTANT SEQUENCE
𝑼𝒏 = {(−𝟏)𝒏 } , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 =
{1, −1,1, −1,1, … … … . }
1 1 1 𝒛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) . 𝑧 =1− + − + ⋯.=
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝒛+𝟏
𝑹𝑶𝑪 → |𝒛| > 1
𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝑼𝒏 = { } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 = {1, , , , , … … … . }
𝒏! 2! 3! 4! 5!
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { } = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + + + + ⋯…..
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧 2! 𝑧 2 3! 𝑧 3
𝑛=0
1 1
( ) ( 2) 𝟏
= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯ … = 𝒆𝒛
1! 2!
𝒂𝒏
𝑼𝒏 = { } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 =
𝒏!
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎5
{1, 𝑎, , , , ,……….}
2! 3! 4! 5!
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 −𝑛 1 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { } = ∑ 𝑧 =∑ ( )
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑎 1 𝑎 1 𝑎 ( ) (2 ) 3
𝒂
= 1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯…..= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯ … = 𝒆𝒛
𝑧 2! 𝑧 3! 𝑧 1! 2!
1. LINEARITY
𝒁(𝒄𝟏 𝒖𝒏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝒏 ) = 𝒄𝟏 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) + 𝒄𝟐 𝒁(𝒗𝒏 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐1, 𝑐2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑣𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠.
2. SHIFTING
RIGHT SHIFTING OF 𝑼𝒏
If 𝒁{𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼(𝒛) → 𝒁{𝑼𝒏−𝒌 } = 𝒛−𝒌 𝑼(𝒛) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 > 0
LEFT SHIFTING OF 𝑼𝒏
If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧)
𝑼𝟏 𝑼𝟐 𝑼𝒌−𝟏
→ 𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝒌 } = 𝒛𝒌 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − − 𝟐 − ⋯ … . . 𝒌−𝟏 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 > 0
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
Solution:
𝑧
𝑧 𝑛} 𝑧 𝑎 𝒂𝒛
Here 𝑍{𝑛} = = 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑛𝑎 = 𝑈( ) = 𝑧 = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐
(𝑧−1)2 𝑎 (𝑎−1)2
Ex-3) 𝑍{𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 }
Solution:
𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 ( ) + 𝒂𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒛
Here 𝑍{𝑛2 } = (𝑧−1)3
= 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑛2 𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈 ( ) = 𝑎
𝑧
𝑎
3 = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟑
𝑎 ( −1)
𝑎
Ex-4) 𝑍{𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 }
Solution:
𝑛
Here 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = 𝑍{(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) . 1} = 𝑍{𝑎𝑛 𝑈𝑛 } 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑛 =
{1}
𝑧
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧 𝑎 𝑧
Now 𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{1} = = 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑎 𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 ( ) = 𝑧 =
𝑧−1 𝑎 −1 𝑧−𝑎
𝑎
𝑧 𝑧
Then using 𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑈 ( ) =
𝑎 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
𝒛
Hence 𝒁{𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 } =
𝒛−𝒆−𝒊𝜽
Now simplifying we get
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = = × = =
𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )+1
𝑧{𝑧−cos(𝜃)−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)} 𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)]−𝒊𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
=
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+1 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
Solution:
Here we know 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝜽) − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)
By linearity property we have 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = 𝑍{cos(𝑛𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑍 {sin(𝑛𝜃)}
𝑧[𝑧−cos(𝜃)]−𝑖𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
Then 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = = 𝑍{cos(𝑛𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑍{sin(𝑛𝜃)}
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+1
Now equating real and imaginary parts we have
𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)] 𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
𝒁{𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝜽)} = And 𝒁{𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
Solution:
Here we have 𝑍{𝐞−𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} = 𝑍{(𝑒 𝑎 )−𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜃)}
Using 𝒁{𝒂−𝒏 𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼(𝒂𝒛)
Where 𝑈𝑛 = {sin(𝑛𝜃 )} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎 hence we get
𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) 𝒂𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
And 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁{𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} = → 𝑼(𝒂𝒛) =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒂𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
𝑒 𝑎 𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
Finally putting 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑼(𝑒 𝑎 𝒛) =
𝑒 2𝑎 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝑒 𝑎 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
4. MULTIPLICATION BY n
Solution:
Here we have 𝑍{𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} = 𝑍{(𝒏). 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)}
𝒅
Using 𝒁{𝒏𝑼𝒏 } = −𝒛 {𝑼(𝒛)}
𝒅𝒛
𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)]
Where 𝑈𝑛 = {𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} → 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
Hence
𝒅 𝒅 𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)] 𝒛𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)−𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)
𝑍{𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} = −𝒛 {𝑼(𝒛)} = −𝒛 { }=
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 {𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏}𝟐
5. DIVISION BY n
𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧[𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 ]
𝒛→∞
𝑼𝟏
𝑼𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧 2 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 − ]
𝒛→∞ 𝒛
𝑼𝟏 𝑼𝟐
𝑼𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧 3 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 − − ]
𝒛→∞ 𝒛 𝑧2
NOTE:
IVT and FVT are used to determine the initial and final values of the
original sequence 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝑼𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑼∞ without having knowledge of the
original sequence 𝑈𝑛 and just by using the Z- transform of the sequence
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝑈(𝑧).
𝑧 𝑧
Ex-8) Find 𝑍{𝑈𝑛+2 } 𝑖𝑓 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = +
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
𝑧 𝑧
Solution: Here 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = + = 𝑈 (𝑧) (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
Now by shifting property (left shifting) we have
𝑼𝟏
𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − ] ………….. (1)
𝒛
Then to find 𝑼𝟎 & 𝑼𝟏 we need to make use of Initial value theorem.
𝑧 𝑧
𝑼𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑈 (𝑧) → 𝑼𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ + ]=𝟏 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧[𝑈 (𝑧) −
𝒛→∞ 𝒛→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1 𝒛→∞
𝑧 𝑧
𝑼𝟎 ] → 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒛 [ + − 𝟏]
𝒛→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
𝟐𝒛𝟐 −𝒛+𝟏
Or 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒛 . (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 =𝟐
𝒛→∞ +1)
Now using these values in (1) we get
𝑼𝟏 𝑧 𝑧 𝟐
𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − ] = 𝒛 [ + 2 −𝟏− ]
𝒛 𝑧−1 𝑧 +1 𝒛
𝟐
𝒛(𝒛 − 𝒛 + 𝟐)
=
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)
𝟏
Ex-9) Find 𝒁{ }
𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Solution: Here 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈𝑛 = { } = {𝟏, , , … … . }
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
∞
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { }=∑ . 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + + 𝟐 + ⋯.
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 2𝑧 3𝒛
𝑛=0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝒛 [ + . ( ) + . ( ) + ⋯ … ] = 𝒛 [−𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 − )]
𝒛 𝟐 𝒛 𝟑 𝒛 𝒛
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORMATION
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍{1} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 1 = {1,1,1,1 … . }
𝒛−𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍 {𝑎 𝑛 } = −1
} = 𝑎𝑛 = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … . }
→𝑍 {
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛−𝒂
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = → 𝑍 −1 { } = (−1)𝑛 = {1, −1,1 − 1, … . . }
𝒛+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
𝒁{𝒏} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 𝒏 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … }
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧 2
−1 𝑎𝑧 +𝑎 𝑧
2
𝑍 {𝑛 } =
2
(𝑧−𝑎)3
→𝑍 2
{ (𝑧−𝑎)3
} = 𝑛 = {0,1,4,9, … . }
𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1 1
𝑍{ } = 𝒆 𝒛 →𝑍 −1
{𝒆 } =
𝒛 = {1 , , ,……}
𝑛! 𝑛! 1! 2!
𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎
𝑍{𝛿 (𝑛)} = 1 → 𝑍 −1{1} = 𝛿 (𝑛) = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎
1
3𝑧 1 1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
Ex-1) If 𝑈 (𝑧) = 2
+ 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − ) + find
(𝑧−1) 𝑧 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)}
Solution:
1
3𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 𝑍 −1 {5𝑒 𝑧 } + 𝑍 −1 {2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1
−1 { 𝑧 1
𝑍 𝑈 (𝑧)} = 3𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 5𝑍 −1
{𝑒 } + 2𝑍 −1 {𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
𝑧
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1 1 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = 3. {𝑛} + 5. { } − 2. { } + . {cos(𝑛𝜃 )}
𝑛! 𝑛+1 4
METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
𝑧+2
Ex-2) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6
𝑧+2
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6
1 5
Calculating the values we get 𝐴 = ∶ 𝐵 = −2 ∶ 𝐶 =
3 3
𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧 1 𝑧 5 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝐴 + + = −2 +
𝑧−2 𝑧−3 3 𝑧−2 3 𝑧−3
1 𝑧 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍−1{1} − 2𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍−1 { }
3 𝑧−2 𝑧−3
1 5
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {𝛿 (𝑛)} − 2{2𝑛 } + {3𝑛 }
3 3
3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Ex-3) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2
3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2
𝑈(𝑧) 3𝑧 2 +𝑧 3𝑧+1 𝐴 𝐵
Now = = (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2) = (5𝑧−1) +
𝑧 𝑧(25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2) (5𝑧+2)
8 1
Calculating the values we get 𝐴= ∶𝐵=
15 15
8 𝑧 1 𝑧 8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = + = +
15 (5𝑧−1) 15 (5𝑧+2) 75 (𝑧−1) 75 (𝑧+2)
5 5
8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 1 }− 𝑍 −1 { 2 }
75 (𝑧− ) 75 [𝑧−(− )]
5 5
8 𝟏 𝒏 1 𝟐 𝒏
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {( ) } − {(− ) }
75 𝟓 75 𝟓
1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {(8 − 2𝑛 )5−𝑛−2}
3
METHOD OF CONVOLUTION
𝑧 3
Ex-4) Find 𝑍 −1 {( ) }
𝑧−𝑎
Solution:
𝑧 3 𝑧 2 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 {( ) .( )} …………………. (1)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
Now consider
𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 { . } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} ………… (2)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
−1
𝑧 3 −1
𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 {( ) .( )} = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧 2
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
−1
𝑧 3
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛
= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 (𝑚 + 1). 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑚=0
𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛 ∑ (𝑚 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛 {1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . +(𝑛 + 1)}
𝑚=0
1 𝑛
= 𝑎 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
2
𝑧2
Ex-5) Find 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)}
Solution:
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ).( )} = 𝑍 −1 {𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏
…………………. (1)
𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑏𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑏
−1
𝑧 2
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑏𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚
= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛 ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑏−𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛 ∑ ( )
𝑏
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0
𝑎 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 ( ) −1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑏
= 𝑏 [1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ … . + ( ) ] = 𝑏 { 𝑎 }
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 −1
𝑏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒂 −𝒃
=
𝒂−𝒃
𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎
SOLUTION STEPS
Take Z transform on both the sides of the give equation.
Now we make use of the given conditions and solve for the transformed
function 𝑈(𝑧).
Then apply partial fractions method to simplify the function 𝑈(𝑧).
Finally take inverse Z transform to get the solution.
Solution:
Taking Z transform of the given equation we get
𝑈(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= = + + +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝟏
Calculating we get 𝑨=− ∶ 𝑩=𝑪=𝑫= Hence we get
𝟒 𝟒
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + 2
+ + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛
𝑼(𝒛) = − + + +
𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐
1 1 1 1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = − {(𝟏)𝒏 } + {𝒏} + {(−𝟏)𝒏 } + {−𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏 }
4 4 4 4
𝒏−𝟏
Hence 𝒁−𝟏 {𝑼(𝒛)} = ( ) [𝟏 − (−𝟏 )𝒏 ]
𝟒
This is the final solution.
𝑧 𝑧
NOTE: 𝑍{𝑛} = (𝑧−1)2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } =
(𝑧+1)
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
→ 𝑍{𝑛. (−1)𝑛 } = −𝑧 { }=−
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORMATION
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍{1} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 1 = {1,1,1,1 … . }
𝒛−𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍 {𝑎 𝑛 } = →𝑍 −1
} = 𝑎𝑛 = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … . }
{
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛−𝒂
𝒛 𝒛
𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = → 𝑍 −1 { } = (−1)𝑛 = {1, −1,1 − 1, … . . }
𝒛+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
𝒁{𝒏} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 𝒏 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … }
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧 2
−1 𝑎𝑧 +𝑎 𝑧
2
𝑍 {𝑛 } =
2
(𝑧−𝑎)3
→𝑍 2
{ (𝑧−𝑎)3
} = 𝑛 = {0,1,4,9, … . }
𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1 1
𝑍{ } = 𝒆 𝒛 →𝑍 −1
{𝒆 } =
𝒛 = {1 , , ,……}
𝑛! 𝑛! 1! 2!
𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎
𝑍{𝛿 (𝑛)} = 1 → 𝑍 −1{1} = 𝛿 (𝑛) = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎
1
3𝑧 1 1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
Ex-1) If 𝑈 (𝑧) = 2
+ 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − ) + find
(𝑧−1) 𝑧 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)}
Solution:
1
3𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 𝑍 −1 {5𝑒 𝑧 } + 𝑍 −1 {2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { 2 }
4 𝑧 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1
𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 3𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 5𝑍 −1 {𝑒 𝑧 } + 2𝑍 −1 {𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1 1 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = 3. {𝑛} + 5. { } − 2. { } + . {cos(𝑛𝜃 )}
𝑛! 𝑛+1 4
METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
𝑧+2
Ex-2) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6
𝑧+2
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6
1 5
Calculating the values we get 𝐴 = ∶ 𝐵 = −2 ∶ 𝐶 =
3 3
𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧 1 𝑧 5 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝐴 + + = −2 +
𝑧−2 𝑧−3 3 𝑧−2 3 𝑧−3
1 𝑧 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍−1{1} − 2𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍−1 { }
3 𝑧−2 𝑧−3
1 5
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {𝛿 (𝑛)} − 2{2𝑛 } + {3𝑛 }
3 3
3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Ex-3) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2
3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2
𝑈(𝑧) 3𝑧 2 +𝑧 3𝑧+1 𝐴 𝐵
Now = = (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2) = (5𝑧−1) +
𝑧 𝑧(25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2) (5𝑧+2)
8 1
Calculating the values we get 𝐴= ∶𝐵=
15 15
8 𝑧 1 𝑧 8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = + = +
15 (5𝑧−1) 15 (5𝑧+2) 75 (𝑧−1) 75 (𝑧+2)
5 5
8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 1 }− 𝑍 −1 { 2 }
75 (𝑧− ) 75 [𝑧−(− )]
5 5
8 𝟏 𝒏 1 𝟐 𝒏
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {( ) } − {(− ) }
75 𝟓 75 𝟓
1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {(8 − 2𝑛 )5−𝑛−2}
3
METHOD OF CONVOLUTION
𝑧 3
Ex-4) Find 𝑍 −1 {( ) }
𝑧−𝑎
Solution:
𝑧 3 𝑧 2 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 {( ) .( )} …………………. (1)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
Now consider
𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 { . } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} ………… (2)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
−1
𝑧 2
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 ∑ 1 = 𝒂𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
−1
𝑧 3
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛
= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 (𝑚 + 1). 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑚=0
𝑛
= 𝑎 ∑ (𝑚 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛 {1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . +(𝑛 + 1)}
𝑛
𝑚=0
1 𝑛
= 𝑎 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
2
𝑧2
Ex-5) Find 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)}
Solution:
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ).( )} = 𝑍 −1 {𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏
…………………. (1)
𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑏𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑏
𝑎 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 3 𝑎 ( ) −1
𝑛
= 𝑏 𝑛 [1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ … . + ( ) ] = 𝑏𝑛 { 𝑏 𝑎 }
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 −1
𝑏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒂 −𝒃
=
𝒂−𝒃
𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎
SOLUTION STEPS
Take Z transform on both the sides of the give equation.
Now we make use of the given conditions and solve for the transformed
function 𝑈(𝑧).
Then apply partial fractions method to simplify the function 𝑈(𝑧).
Finally take inverse Z transform to get the solution.
Solution:
Taking Z transform of the given equation we get
𝑈(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= = + + +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝟏
Calculating we get 𝑨=− ∶ 𝑩=𝑪=𝑫= Hence we get
𝟒 𝟒
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + + + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛
𝑼(𝒛) = − + + +
𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐
1 1 1 1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = − {(𝟏)𝒏 } + {𝒏} + {(−𝟏)𝒏 } + {−𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏 }
4 4 4 4
𝒏−𝟏
Hence 𝒁−𝟏 {𝑼(𝒛)} = ( ) [𝟏 − (−𝟏 𝒏
) ]
𝟒
This is the final solution.
𝑧 𝑧
NOTE: 𝑍{𝑛} = (𝑧−1)2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } =
(𝑧+1)
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
→ 𝑍{𝑛. (−1)𝑛 } = −𝑧 { }=−
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2