Differential Equations And Applications Practicals

Dr. Nanasaheb Phatangare

Associate Professor
Fergusson College(Autonomous), Pune
S. Y. B. Sc. Mathematics Minor
January 2, 2025

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1 Modeling with differential equations

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1. (a) For what values of r does the function y = erx satisfy the differential equation 2y ′′ +y ′ −y = 0

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(b) If r1 and r2 are the values of r that you found in part (a), show that every member of the
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family of functions y = aer1 x + ber2 x is also a solution.

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2. (a) For what values of k does the function y = cos kt satisfy the differential equation
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4y ′′ = −25y?
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(b) For those values of k, verify that every member of the family of functions
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y = A sin kt + B cos kt
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is also a solution.
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3. Which of the following functions are solutions of the differential equation

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y ′′ + y = sin x?

(a) y = sin x (b) y = cos x (c) y = 21 x sin x (d) y = − 12 x cos x

4. (a) Show that every member of the family of functions y = (ln x + C)/x is a solution of the
differential equation x2 y ′ + xy = 1
(b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing several members of the family of solutions on a common
screen.
(c) Find a solution of the differential equation that satisfies the initial condition y(1) = 2.
(d) Find a solution of the differential equation that satisfies the initial condition y(2) = 1.

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5. A population is modeled by the differential equation
 
dP P
= 1.2P 1 − .
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(a) For what values of P is the population increasing?
(b) For what values of P is the population decreasing?
(c) What are the equilibrium solutions?
6. A function y(t) satisfies the differential equation
dy
= y 4 − 6y 3 + 5y 2 .
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(a) What are the constant solutions of the equation?

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(b) For what values of y is y increasing?

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(c) For what values of y is y decreasing?

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7. Suppose you have just poured a cup of freshly brewed coffee with 95o C temperature in a room

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where the temperature is 20o C. on
(a) When do you think the coffee cools most quickly? What happens to the rate of cooling as
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time goes by? Explain.

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(b) Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the
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temperature difference between the object and its surroundings, provided that this difference
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is not too large. Write a differential equation that expresses Newton’s Law of Cooling for this
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particular situation. What is the initial condition? In view of your answer to part (a), do you
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think this differential equation is an appropriate model for cooling?

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(c) Make a rough sketch of the graph of the solution of the initial-value problem in part (b).
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8. Psychologists interested in learning theory study learning curves. A learning curve is the graph
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of a function P (t), the performance of someone learning a skill as a function of the training
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dP
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time t. The derivative represents the rate at which performance improves.

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dP
(a) When do you think P increases most rapidly? What happens to as t increases? Explain.
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(b) If M is the maximum level of performance of which the learner is capable, explain why the
differential equation
dP
= k(M − P ),
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k a positive constant, is a reasonable model for learning.
(c) Make a rough sketch of a possible solution of this differential equation.
9. Sketch the direction field of the differential equation. Then use it to sketch a solution curve
that passes through the given point.
(a) y ′ = y − 2x, (1, 0) (b) y ′ = xy − x2 , (0, 1)
(c) y ′ = y + xy, (0, 1) (d) y ′ = x + y 2 , (0, 0).

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10. Make a rough sketch of a direction field for the autonomous differential equation y ′ = f (y),
where the graph of f is as shown. How does the limiting behavior of solutions depend on the
value of y(0)?

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2 Solution of Differential equations-Euler’s method

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1. Find the differential equation for the family of curves given by

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y(t) = a cos 2t + b sin 2t.
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2. Obtain the differential equation for the family of all straight lines normal to the line y = 1 + x.
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3. Obtain the differential equation for the family of y = ae2x + be−3x .

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4. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.5 to compute the approximate y-values y1 , y2 , y3 , and y4
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of the solution of the initial-value problem y ′ = y − 2x, y(1) = 0.

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5. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.2 to estimate y(1), where y(x) is the solution of the
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initial-value problem y ′ = xy − x2 , y(0) = 1.

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6. Use Euler’s method with step size 0.1 to estimate y(0.5), where y(x) is the solution of the
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initial-value problem y ′ = y + xy, y(0) = 1.

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7. (a) Use Euler’s method with step size 0.2 to estimate y(0.4), where y(x) is the solution of the
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initial-value problem y ′ = x + y 2 , y(0) = 0.

(b) Repeat part (a) with step size 0.1 .
8. (a) Program a calculator or computer to use Euler’s method to compute y(1), where y(x) is
the solution of the initialvalue problem

dy
+ 3x2 y = 6x2 y(0) = 3
dx
(i) h = 1 (ii) h = 0.1 (iii) h = 0.01 (iv) h = 0.001
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(b) Verify that y = 2 + e is the exact solution of the differential equation.
(c) Find the errors in using Euler’s method to compute y (1) with the step sizes in part (a).
What happens to the error when the step size is divided by 10 ?