Lecture

NotesUNIT - I

Web Basics and Overview: Introduction to Internet, World Wide Web, Web Browsers, URL,
MIME, HTTP, Web Programmers Tool box.
HTML Common tags: List, Tables, images, forms, frames, Basics of CSS and types of CSS.

Introduction to Internet:- A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols. "the guide is also available on the Internet"

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
Internetprotocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services.

History of Internet
This marvelous tool has quite a history that holds its roots in the cold war scenario. A
need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all
the research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians
had climbed the space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it
didn‘t take the experts long to understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool
have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic mail. This was a big step in the
making as this opened gateways for remote computer accessing i.e.telnet.

During all this time, rigorous paper work was being done in all the elite research
institutions. From giving every computer an address to setting out the rules, everything was
getting penned down. 1973 saw the preparations for the vital TCP/IP and Ethernet services. At
the end of 1970s, Usenet groups had surfaced up. By the time the 80s had started, IBM came up
with its PC based on Intel 8088 processor which was widely used by students and universities for
it solved the purpose of easy computing. By 1982, the Defense Agencies made the TCP/IP
compulsory and the term ―internet‖ was coined. The domain name services arrived in the year
1984 which is also the time around which various internet based marked their debut. A worm, or
a rust the computers, attacked in 1988 and disabled over 10% of the computer systems all over
the world. While most of the researchers regarded it as an opportunity to enhance computing as it
was still in its juvenile phase, quite a number of computer companies became interested in
dissecting the cores of the malware which resulted to the formation Computer Emergency
Rescue Team (CERT). Soon after the world got over with the computer worm, World Wide Web
came into existence. Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a service to
connect documents in websites usinghyperlinks.

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World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where
documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist
TimBerners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser
computerprogram in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was
released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to
the general public on the Internet in August 1991.
The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is
the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. Web pages are primarily text
documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In addition to
formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, and software components that are
rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content.
Embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages
with a common theme, a common domain name, or both, make up a website. Website content
can largely be provided by the publisher, or interactively where users contribute content or the
content depends upon the users or their actions. Websites may be mostly informative, primarily
for entertainment, or largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organizational
purposes

WWW is another example of client/server computing. Each time a link is followed, the client is
requesting a document (or graphic or sound file) from a server (also called a Web server) that's
part of the World Wide Web that "serves" up the document. The server uses a protocol called
HTTP or Hyper Text Transport Protocol. The standard for creating hypertext documents for the
WWW is Hyper Text Markup Language or HTML. HTML essentially codes plain text
documents so they can be viewed on the Web.

Browsers:
WWW Clients, or "Browser": The program you use to access the WWW is known as a
browser because it "browses" the WWW and requests these hypertext documents. Browsers can
be graphical, allows to see and hear the graphics and audio;

text-only browsers (i.e., those with no sound or graphics capability) are also available. All of
these programs understand http and other Internet protocols such as FTP, gopher, mail, and
news, making the WWW a kind of "one stop shopping" for Internetusers.

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Year List of Web browsers
1991 World Wide Web (Nexus)
1992 Viola WWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba)
1993 Mosaic,Cello,[2] Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0
IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora
1994
(Argo), Minuet
Internet Explorer 1, Internet Explorer 2, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb,
1995
UdiWWW, Grail
Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0,Opera 2.0,
1996
PowerBrowser 1.5,[4] Cyberdog,Amaya 0.9,[5] AWeb,Voyager
Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator 4.0,
1997
Opera3.0,[6] Amaya 1.0[5]
1998 iCab, Mozilla
1999 Amaya 2.0,[5] Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0
Konqueror,Netscape 6, Opera 4,[7] Opera 5,[8] K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0,[5] Amaya
2000
4.0[5]
2001 Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6,[9] Amaya 5.0[5]
2002 Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0,[5] Amaya 7.0[5]
2003 Opera 7,[10] Apple Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0[5]
2004 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0
Opera8,[11]Apple Safari2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Epiphany 1.8, Amaya
2005
9.0,[5] AOL Explorer 1.0, Maxthon 1.0,Shiira 1.0
Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Internet Explorer 7,Opera 9,[12], SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0,
2006
Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Avant11, iCab 3
Apple Safari 3.0, Maxthon 2.0, Netscape
2007
Navigator9,NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Conkeror
Google Chrome 1, Mozilla Firefox 3, Opera 9.5,[13], Apple Safari 3.1, Konqueror 4,
2008
Amaya 10.0,[5] Flock 2, Amaya 11.0[5]
Google Chrome 2–3, Mozilla Firefox 3.5, Internet Explorer 8,Opera 10,[14], Apple
2009
Safari 4, SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2,surf, Pale Moon 3.0[15]
Google Chrome 4–8, Mozilla Firefox 3.6, Opera 10.50,[16], Opera 11, Apple Safari 5,
2010
K-Meleon 1.5.4,
Google Chrome 9–16, Mozilla Firefox 4-9, Internet Explorer 9,Opera 11.50, Apple
2011
Safari 5.1, Maxthon 3.0, SeaMonkey 2.1–2.6
Google Chrome 17–23, Mozilla Firefox 10–17, Internet Explorer 10, Opera 12, Apple
2012
Safari 6, Maxthon 4.0, SeaMonkey 2.7-2.14
Google Chrome24–31,Mozilla Firefox 18–26,Internet Explorer 11, Opera 15–
2013
18, Apple Safari 7, SeaMonkey 2.15-2.23

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2014 Google Chrome 32–39, Mozilla Firefox 27–34, Opera 19–26, Apple Safari 8
2015 Google Chrome 40–47, Microsoft Edge,Mozilla Firefox 35–43, Opera 27–34, Vivaldi
Google Chrome 48–55,Mozilla Firefox 44–50,Microsoft Edge 14, Opera35–
2016 42, Apple Safari 10, SeaMonkey 2.24–2.30, Pale Moon 26.0.0[17], Pale Moon
27.0.0[18]
Google Chrome56–60,Microsoft Edge 15,Mozilla Firefox 51–55.0.2, Opera43–
2017
45, Opera Neon

Uniform Resource Locators, or URLs: A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of
a document found on the WWW. Browser interprets the information in the URL in order to
connect to the proper Internet server and to retrieve your desired document. Each time a click on
a hyperlink in a WWW document instructs browser to find the URL that's embedded within the
hyperlink.
The elements in a URL: Protocol://server's address/filename

Hypertext protocol:
http://www.aucegypt.eduFile Transfer
Protocol: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.eduTelnet
Protocol: telnet://pac.carl.org
News Protocol: news:alt.rock-n-roll.stones
What are Domains? Domains divide World Wide Web sites into categories based on the nature
of their owner, and they form part of a site's address, or uniform resource locator (URL).
Common top-level domainsare:

.com—commercial enterprises .mil—military site

org—organization site (non-profits, etc.) int—organizations established by

international treaty
.net—network .biz—commercial and personal

.edu—educational site (universities, schools, .info—commercial and personal

etc.)
.gov—government organizations .name—personal sites

Additional three-letter, four-letter, and longer top-level domains are frequently added.
Each country linked to the Web has a two-letter top-level domain, for example .fr is France, .ie is
Ireland.
MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions):- MIME is an extension of the original
Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files
on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII
text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991,
Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but

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Web Technologies Page 5
mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text.
As a result, new file types were added to "mail" as a supported Internet Protocol file type.

Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use
this header to select an appropriate "player" application for the type of data the header indicates.
Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come
with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files); other players
may need to bedownloaded.
New MIME data types are registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA).
MIME is specified in detail in Internet Request for Comments 1521 and 1522, which
amend the original mail protocol specification, RFC 821 (the Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
and the ASCII messaging header, RFC 822.

Hypertext Transport Protocol:

HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World
Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what
actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to
the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. The other main
standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages
are formatted anddisplayed.
HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently, without
any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that it is difficult to
implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input.
HTTPS: A similar abbreviation, HTTPS means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure. Basically,
it is the secure version of HTTP. Communications between the browser and website are
encrypted by Transport Layer Security (TLS), or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
The Web Programmer‟sToolbox:
 HTML - a markuplanguage
o To describe the general form and layout ofdocuments
 HTML is not a programming language - it cannot beused
describe computations.
o An HTML document is a mix of content and controls
 Controls are tags and theirattributes
 Tags often delimit content and specify something about howthe
content should be arranged in thedocument
For example, <p>Write a paragraph here </p> is an element.
 Attributes provide additional information about the content of a tag
For example, <img src = "redhead.jpg"/><font color ="Red"/>
 Plugins
o Integrated into tools like word processors, effectively converting themto
WYSIWYG HTMLeditors

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  Filters
o Convert documents in other formats toHTML
 Advantages of both filters and plug-ins:
o Existing documents produced with other tools can be converted to HTML
documents
o Use a tool you already know to produceHTML
 Disadvantages of both filters andplug-ins:
o HTML output of both is not perfect - must be finetuned
o HTML may benon-standard
o You have two versions of the document, which are difficult tosynchronize
 XML
o A meta-markup language (a language for defining markuplanguage)
o Used to create a new markup language for a particular purpose orarea
o Because the tags are designed for a specific area, they can bemeaningful
 JavaScript
o A client-side HTML-embedded scriptinglanguage
o Provides a way to access elements of HTML documents and dynamicallychange
them
 Flash
o A system for building and displaying text, graphics, sound, interactivity,and
animation(movies)
o Twoparts:
1. Authoringenvironment
2. Player
Supports both motion and shape animation
PHP
A server-side scripting language
Great for form processing and database access through the Web
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript + XML
 No new technologies orlanguages
Much faster for Web applications that have extensive user/server interactions
Uses asynchronous requests to the server
Requests and receives small parts of documents, resulting in much faster
responses
Java Web Software
Servlets – server-side Java classes
JavaServer Pages (JSP) – a Java-based approach to server-side scripting
JavaServer Faces – adds an event-driven interface model on JSP
ASP.NET
Does what JSP and JSF do, but in the .NET environment
Allows.NET languages to be used as server-side scripting language
Ruby
A pure object-oriented interpreted scripting language
Every data value is an object, and all operations are via method calls
Both classes and objects are dynamic
Rails

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 A development framework for Web-based applications
Particularly useful for Web applications that access databases
Written in Ruby and uses Ruby as its primary user language

HTML Common tags:-

HTML is the building block for web pages. HTML is a format that tells a computer how to
display a web page. The documents themselves are plain text files with special "tags" or codes
that a web browser uses to interpret and display information on your computer screen.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text MarkupLanguage

 An HTML file is a text file containing small markuptags
 The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display thepage
 An HTML file must have an htm or html fileextension.

HTML Tags:- HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements .HTML tags are surrounded by
the two characters < and >. The surrounding characters are called angle brackets. HTML tags
normally come in pairs like and The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end
tag . The text between the start and end tags is the element content . HTML tags are not case
sensitive, <B>means the same as<b>.

The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line breaks.

Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
<html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of
document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and document
body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.
<head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags
like <title>, <link> etc.
<title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.
<body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like
<h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
<p> This tag represents a paragraph.
<h1> to <h6> Defines header 1 to header 6

<br> Inserts a single line break

<hr> Defines a horizontal rule

<!--> Defines a comment

Headings:-
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading while <h6>
defines the smallest.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>

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 <h2>This is aheading</h2>
<h3>This is aheading</h3>
<h4>This is aheading</h4>
<h5>This is aheading</h5>
<h6>This is aheading</h6>
Paragraphs:-

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag. Think of a paragraph as a block of text. You can use the
align attribute with a paragraph tag as well.

<p align="left">This is a paragraph</p>

<p align="center">this is another paragraph</p>

Note: You must indicate paragraphs with <p> elements. A browser ignores any
indentations or blank lines in the source text. Without <p> elements, the documentbecomes
one large paragraph. HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.

Line Breaks:-
The <br> tag is used when you want to start a new line, but don't want to start a new paragraph.
The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it. It is similar to single spacing in a
document.
This Code output
<p>This <br> is a para<br> graph with This
is a para
line breaks</p> graph with line breaks

Horizontal Rule The element is used for horizontal rules that act as dividers between sections
like this:

The horizontal rule does not have a closing tag. It takes attributes such as align and width
Code Output
<hr width="50%" align="center">

Sample html program

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document contentgoeshere ...... </p>
</body>
</html>

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  Type the above program in notepad and save with some file nameeg:sample.html
 Open the file with browser and the webpage looks likethis

Lists:-HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information.
All lists must contain one or more list elements. Lists are of three types
1) Un ordered list
2)Ordered List
3)Definitionlist

HTML Unordered Lists:An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special
order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked
with a bullet.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul> <li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li><li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

HTML Ordered Lists:- items are numbered list instead of bulleted, This list is created by using
<ol>tag.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
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 HTML Definition Lists:- HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition
lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal
way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list. Definition List makes use of
following three tags.
1). <dl> - Defines the start of the list
2). <dt> - A term
3). <dd> - Termdefinition
4). </dl> - Defines the end of thelist

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt><dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt><dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>

HTML tables:
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc.
into rows and columns of cells. The HTML tables are created using the <table>tag inwhich the
<tr>tag is used to create table rows and <td>tag is used to create data cells.

Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td><td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Row 2, Column 1</td><td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
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Table Heading: Table heading can be defined using <th>tag. This tag will be put to replace
<td> tag, which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table
heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row.
Tables Backgrounds: set table background using one of the following two ways:
1)bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
2) background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for one cell. You
can also set border color also using bordercolorattribute.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title></head>
<body>
<table border="1"bordercolor="red" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr><th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th></tr>
<td>Jayapal </td><td>50,000.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ravi</td><td>45,000.00</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way
on your web page.
Insert Image:
insert any image in the web page by using <img>tag.
<img align="left|right|middle|top|bottom">
Attribute Values

Value Description

left Align the image to the left

right Align the image to the right

<img src="Image URL" ... attributes-
middle Align the image in the middle

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 top Align the image at the top

bottom Align the image at the bottom

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body><p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

HTML FORMS:
HTML Forms are required to collect some data from the site visitor. For example, during
user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit card,
etc. A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application
such as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required
processing on the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application. There are
various form elements available like text fields, text area fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons,
checkboxes, etc.

<form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST"> form elements like input, text area etc. </form>

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<HimgsLrcF=o"rm
TM ImCaognetrUoR
ls L
:"...attributes-list/>
There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form:
 Text InputControls
 Checkboxes Controls
 Radio BoxControls
 Select BoxControls
 File Selectboxes
 Hidden Controls
 ClickableButtons
 Submit and ResetButton
Text Input Controls:-
There are three types of text input used on forms:
1) Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only one
line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created usingHTML
<input>tag.

<input type="text">defines a one-line input field for text input:

Example:

<form>
Firstname:<br>
<input type="text"name="firstname"><br>
Lastname:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

2) Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as
soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTML <input>tag.
Input Type Password

<input type="password">defines a password field:

<form>
User name:<br>
<input type="text" name="username"><br>
User password:<br>
<input type="password" name="psw">
</form>

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 3) Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give details that may
belongerthanasinglesentence.Multi-lineinputcontrolsarecreatedusing HTML
<textarea> tag.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form> Description: <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description"> Enter description here... </textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Checkboxes Controls:-
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also
created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head><title>Checkbox Control</title></head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="C++" value="on"> C++
<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="C#" value="on"> C#
<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="JAVA" value="on"> JAVA
</form>
</body></html>

Radio Button Control:-

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set toradio.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head><title>Radio Box Control</title></head>
<body><p>Select a Course</p>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="C++"> C++
<br>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="JAVA"> JAVA
<br>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="HTML"> HTML
</form> </body></html>

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Select Box Controls :- A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list
down various options in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more
options.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="C++" selected>C++</option>
<option value="JAVA">JAVA</option>
<option value="HTML">HTML</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>
File Select boxes:- If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to
use a file upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input>
element but type attribute is set to file.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>File Upload Box</p>
<form>
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Hidden Controls:- Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can
be pushed to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual
page. For example, following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a
user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there
it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed currentpage.

<html><head> <title>File Upload Box</title> </head>

<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type="hidden" name="pagename" value="10" />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
</form> </body> </html>

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Button Controls:-
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable
button using <input> tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type attribute can take the
following values:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="button" name="ok" value="OK" />
<input type="image" name="imagebutton" src="test1.png" />
</form>
</body></html>

HTML frames: These are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where
each section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window
is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables
areorganized: into rows andcolumns.
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset>
tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines

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 horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame>
tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.

Note: HTML <frame>Tag. Not Supported in HTML5.

<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<framesrc="frame_a.htm">
<framesrc="frame_b.htm">
<framesrc="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<iframe src="sample1.html" height="400" width="400"frameborder="1">
<h1>This is aHeading</h1>
<p>This is aparagraph.</p>
</iframe>
</body>
</html>
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media.
CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once.
CSS can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:
 Inline - by using the style attribute in HTMLelements
 Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head>section
 External - by using an external CSSfile
Inline CSS
An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.
An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
This example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue:

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a Blue Heading</h1>

<html> <head> <title>Page Title</title></head>

<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a Blue Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
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Internal CSS: An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page. An internal
CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, within a <style> element:

<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color:red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is aheading</h1>
<p>This is aparagraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
External CSS:-
An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file! To use an external
style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of the HTML page:

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is aheading</h1>
<p>This is aparagraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML
code, and must be saved with a .css extension.
Here is how the "styles.css" looks:

body { background-color: powderblue; }

h1 { color:blue; }

p { color:red; }

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CSS Fonts: The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.
The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.

<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 300%;
}
p{
color: red;
font-family: courier;
font-size: 160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is aheading</h1>
<p>This is aparagraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS Border: The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.
CSS Padding: The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text and the
border.
CSS Margin: The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.

<html><head>
<style>h
1{
color: blue;
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 300%; }
p{
color: red; font-size: 160%; border: 2px solid powderblue; padding: 30px; margin: 50px; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is aheading</h1>
<p>This is aparagraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

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JavaScript:
What is JavaScript?
Java Script is one popular scripting language over internet. Scripting means a small sneak
(piece). It is always independent on otherlanguages.
JavaScript is most commonly used as a client side scripting language. This means that JavaScript
code is written into an HTML page. When a user requests an HTML page with JavaScript in it,
the script is sent to the browser and it's up to the browser to do something with it.
Difference between JavaScript and Java
JavaScript Java
Cannot live outside a Web page Can build stand-alone applications or live in a
Web page as an applet.
Doesn‘t need a compiler Requires a compiler
Knows all about your page Applets are dimly aware of your Web page.
Untyped Strongly typed
Somewhat object-oriented Object-oriented
There are no relationship between in java & java script. Java Script is a scripting language that
always dependent in HTML language. It used to css commands. It is mainly used to creating
DHTML pages & validating the data. This is called client side validations.
Why we Use JavaScript?
Using HTML we can only design a web page but you can not run any logic on web browser
like addition of two numbers, check any condition, looping statements (for, while), decision
making statement (if-else) at client side. All these are not possible using HTML So for perform
all these task at client side you need to useJavaScript.
Features of JavaScript

JavaScript is a client side technology, it is mainly used for gives client side validation, but it
have lot of features which are given below;

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Java script is object based oriented language.

Inheritance is does not support in JavaScript, so it is called object based oriented

language.
 JavaScript was developed by Netscape (company name) & initially called live script.
Later Microsoft developed & adds some features live script then it is called “Jscript”.
Jscript is nothing but Java script. We cannot create own classes in java script.
Java script is designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. It is usually embedded
directly into html pages.
 Java script is mainly useful to improve designs of WebPages, validate form data at
client side, detects (find) visitor‘s browsers, create and use to cookies, and much more.

 Java script is also called light weight programming language, because Java script is
return with very simple syntax. Java script is containing executable code.
 Java script is also called interpreted language, because script code can be executed
without preliminary compilation.
 It Handling dates, time, onSubmit, onLoad, onClick, onMouseOver & etc.

 JavaScript is case sensitive.

 Most of the javascript control statements syntax is same as syntax of controlstatements
in C language.
 An important part of JavaScript is the ability to create new functions within scripts.
Declare a function in JavaScript using function keyword.

Creating a java script: - html script tag is used to script code inside the html page.

<script> </script>

The script is containing 2 attributes. They are

1) Language attribute:-

It represents name of scripting language such as JavaScript, VbScript.

<script language=―JavaScript‖>

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2) Type attribute: - It indicates MIME (multi purpose internet mail extension) type of scripting
code. It sets to an alpha-numeric MIME type of code.

<script type=―text / JavaScript‖>

Location of script or placing the script: - Script code can be placed in both head & body
section of html page.

Script inhead section Script in body section

<html> <html>
<head> <head>
<script type=―text/JavaScript‖>
</head>Scr
iptcodehere <body>
</script> <script type= ―text /JavaScript‖>
</head> Script codehere
<body> </script>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
Scripting in both head & body section: - we can create unlimited number of scripts inside the
same page. So we can locate multiple scripts in both head & body section of page.
Ex: - <html>
<head>
<script type=―text / JavaScript‖>
Script code here
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=―text / JavaScript‖>
Script code here
</script>
</body>
</html>
Program: -
<html>
<head>
<script language="JavaScript">
document.write("hai my name is Kalpana")
</script>
</head>
<body text="red">
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<marquee>

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<script language="JavaScript">
document.write("hai my name is Sunil Kumar Reddy")
</script></marquee>
</body>
</html>
O/P: - hai my name is Kalpana

hai my name is Sunil Kumar Reddy

document. write is the proper name of object.

 There are 2 ways of executing script code

1) directexecute
2) to execute script codedynamically
Reacts to events: - JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens. When the page is
finished loading in browser window (or) when the user clicks on html element dynamically.

Ex: -
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional // EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<script language="JavaScript">
function myf( )
{
document.write("Hai Kalpana")
}
</script>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
to execute script code:
<input type="button" value="click me" onclick="myf( )">
To execute script code:
<input type="button" value="touch me" onmouseover="myf( )">
</BODY>
</HTML>
O/P: - to executescriptcode: To execute scriptcode:

Creating external script: - some times you might want to run same script on several pages
without having to write the script on each page. To simplify this, write external script & save .js
extension. To use external script specify .js file in src attribute of script tag.

Note: - external script can not contain script tag.

save: - external.js
document.write("this is external script code 1 "+"<br>");

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document.write("this is external script code 2 "+"<br>");
document.write("this is external script code 3 "+"<br>");
document.write("this is external script code 4 ");

<HTML><BODY>
<script language="JavaScript">
document.write("this is document code 1 "+"<br>");
document.write("this is document code 2 "+"<br>");
</script>
<script src="external.js">
</script>
</BODY>
</HTML>
JavaScript syntax rules: - JavaScript is case sensitive language. In this upper case lower
case letters are differentiated (not same).

Ex:- a=20;
A=20;
Those the variable name „a‟ is different from the variable named „A‟.
Ex: - myf( ) // correct
myF( ) // incorrect
; is optional in general JavaScript.
Ex:- a=20 //valid
b=30 //valid
A=10; b=40; // valid
However it is required when you put multiple statements in the same line.
 JavaScript ignore white space. In java script white space, tag space & empty lines are not
preserved.
 To display special symbols we use \.
Comment lines: - comments lines are not executable.

// single line comment

/* this is multi line comment */

Declaring variable: - variable is a memory location where data can be stored. In java script
variables with any type of data are declared by using the keyword ‗var‘. All keywords are small
letters only.

vara; a=20;
varstr; str= “Sunil”;
varc; c=‟a‟;
vard; d=30.7;
But the keyword is not mandatory when declare of the variable.
c;  not valid. In this solution var keyword must be declared.

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During the script, we can change value of variable as well as type of value of variable.
Ex: -
a=20;
a=30.7;
JavaScript functions: - in java script functions are created with the keyword ‗function‘ as
shownbelow

Syntax: - function funname( )

{
--------
}
Generally we can place script containing function head section of web page. There are 2 ways to
call the function.
1) direct callfunction
2) Events handlers to call the functiondynamically.
1 We can pass data to function as argument but that data will be available inside the
function.

Ex: -

<HTML> </HEAD>
<HEAD> <BODY>
<TITLE> Function direct call</TITLE> <script>
<script language="JavaScript"> var r=add(30,60)
function add(x,y) document.write("addition is :"+r);
{ </script>
z=x+y </BODY>
return z </HTML>
}
O/P: - addition is :90
</script>
2 to add dynamical effects, java script provide a list of events that call function
dynamically. Hare each event is one attribute that always specified in html tags.
attrname=”attrval”
eventName=”funname( )”
Ex: -
<HTML> z=x+y
<HEAD> document.write("addition is :"+z);
<TITLE> Function dynamically</TITLE> }
<script language="JavaScript"> </script>
function add( ) </HEAD>
{ <BODY> to call function:
x=20 <input type="button" value="click hare"
y=30 onclick="add( )">

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</script>
</BODY> O/P: - to call function:
addition is :90
</HTML>

EVENTHANDLERS: Events are not casesensitive.

Java script events: -
Attribute The event occurs when…
onclick mouse click an object
ondblclick mouse double clicks
onmouseover a mouse cursor on touch here
onmousedown a mouse button ispressed
onmousemove the mouse is moved
onmouseout the mouse is moved out anelement
onmouseup a mouse button isreleased
onkeydown a keyboard key ispressed
onkeypress a keyboard key is pressed or held down
onkeyup a keyboard key isreleased
onfocus an elements getfocus
onblur an element losesfocus
onchange the content of a fieldchange
onselect text isselected
onload a page or an image is finishedloading
onunload the user exist thepage
onerror an error occurs when loading a document or animage
onabort loading an image isinterrupted
onresize a window or frame is resized
onreset the reset button is pressed
onsubmit the submit button isclicked
Ex: -
<HTML> </b>
<HEAD> <br>
<TITLE> Mouse Events </TITLE> <b onmouseover="add( )">
<script language="JavaScript"> to call function touch here :
function add() </b>
{ <br>
a=55 <b ondblclick="add( )">
b=45 to call function double click here :
c=a+b </b>
document.write("addition is :"+c) <br>
} <b onmousemove="add( )">
</script> to call function cursor move here :
</HEAD> </b>
<BODY> <br>
<b onclick="add( )"> <b onmouseup="add( )">
to call function click here : to call function cursor up here :
</b>
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<br> to call function click here :
<b onmouseout="add( )"> to call function touch here :
to call function cursor out here : to call function double click here :
</b> addition is :100
</BODY> to call function cursor move here :
</HTML> to call function cursor up here :
to call function cursor out here :
O/P: -
Program: -
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> display student name </TITLE>
<script language="JavaScript">
function disp( )
{
// access from data
var name=window.document.student.sname.value
// (or) var name=window.document.getElementById("snameid").value
//checking name
if(name=""||!isNaN(name)||!isNaN(name.charAt(0)))
window.alert("sname you entered isinvalid")
else
document.write("sname you have entered is : "+name);
}
</script>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<form name="student">
Enter Student name:
<input type="text" name="sname"id="snameid" value="enter" onblur="disp( )">
</form>
</BODY>
</HTML>

O/P: -
1
Enter Studentname:

1
Enter Studentname:
sname you have entered is : true

Popup boxes: - popup (arises) box is a small window that always shown before opening the
page. The purpose of popup box is to write message, accept some thing from user. Java script
provides 3 types of popup boxes. They are 1) alert 2) Confirm. 3) Prompt.

1) alert popup box :-

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 Alert box is a very frequently useful to send or write cautionary messages to end use alert
box is created by alert method of window object as shownbelow.
Syntax: - window – alert (“message”);
When alert popup, the user has to click ok before continue browsing.
Ex: -
<html> window.alert("This is for addition of 2
<head> no's")
<title> alert box </title> document.write("Result is: "+c)
<script language="JavaScript"> }
function add( ) </script>
{ </head>
a=20 <body onload="add( )">
b=40 </body>
c=a+b </html>

O/P: -

Result is: 60
2) confirm popupbox:-
This is useful to verify or accept some thing from user. It is created by confirm method of
window object as shown below.
Syntax:- window.confirm(“message?”);
When the confirm box pop‘s up, user must click either ok or cancel buttons to proceed. If user
clicks ok button it returns the boolean valve true. If user clicks cancel button, it returns the
boolean value false.
Ex: - document.write("result is :"+c)
<HTML> }
<HEAD> else
<TITLE> Confirm </TITLE> {
<script> document.write("you clicked cancel button")
function sub( ) }
{ }
a=50 </script>
b=45 </HEAD>
c=a-b <BODY onload="sub( )">
x=window.confirm("Do you want to see to see the o/p in pop up box:
subtraction of numbers") </BODY>
if(x==true) </HTML>
{

O/P: -

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to see the o/p in pop up box:

result is :5

3) Prompt popup box:- It is useful to accept data from keyboard at runtime. Prompt box is
created by prompt method of windowobject.
window.prompt (“message”, “default text”);
When prompt dialog box arises user will have to click either ok button or cancel button after
entering input data to proceed. If user click ok button it will return input value. If user click
cancel button the value ―null‖ will be returned.
Ex: -
<HTML> {
<HEAD> a=a*i
<TITLE> Prompt </TITLE> }
<script> window.alert("factorial value :"+a)
function fact( ) }
{ </script>
var b=window.prompt("enter +ve integer </HEAD>
:","enter here") <BODY onload="fact( )">
var c=parseInt(b) </BODY>
a=1 </HTML>
for(i=c;i>=1;i--)
even if JavaScript is turned off in the
O/P: - browser and it can‘t be easily bypassed by
FORM VALIDATION: malicious users. On the other hand, users
When we create forms, providing form will have to fill in the information without
validation is useful to ensure that your getting a response until they submit the
customers enter valid and complete data. For form. This results in a slow response from
example, you may want to ensure that theserver.
someone inserts a valid e-mail address into a
The exception is validation using Ajax. Ajax
text box, or perhaps you want to ensure that
calls to the server can validate as you type
someone fills in certain fields.
and provide immediate feedback. Validation
We can provide custom validation for your in this context refers to validating rules such
forms in two ways: server-side validation as username availability.
and client-side validation.
Server side validation is performed by a
SERVER-SIDE VALIDATION web server, after input has been sent to the
In the server-side validation, information is server.
being sent to the server and validated using
CLIENT-SIDE VALIDATION
one of server-side languages. If the
validation fails, the response is then sent Server-side validation is enough to have a
back to the client, page that contains the web successful and secure form validation. For
form is refreshed and a feedback is shown. better user experience, however, you might
This method is secure because it will work consider using client-side validation.This

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type of validation is done on the client using if( n == "" || (!isNaN(parseInt(n))) || n.length
script languages such as JavaScript. By < 3 || n.length >= 8)
using script languages user‘s input can be {
validated as they type. This means a more alert( "Please enter valid name and
responsive, visually richvalidation. minimum length 3 characters and maximum
length 8 characters !" );
With client-side validation, form never gets document.myForm.Name.focus();
submitted if validation fails. Validation is return false;
being handled in JavaScript methods that }
you create (or within frameworks/plugins)
and users get immediate feedback if var emailID =
validationfails. document.myForm.EMail.value;
Main drawback of client-side validation is if( emailID == "" )
that it relies on JavaScript. Ifusers turn {
JavaScript off, they can easily bypass the alert( "Please provide your Email!" );
validation. This is why validation should document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
always be implemented on both the client return false;
and server. By combining server-side and }
client-side methods we can get the best of
the two: fast response, more secure atpos = emailID.indexOf("@");
validation and better userexperience. dotpos = emailID.lastIndexOf(".");
if (atpos < 1 || ( dotpos - atpos < 2 ))
Client side validation is performed by a {
web browser, before input is sent to a web alert("Please enter correct email ID")
server. document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
return false;
}
Validation can be defined by many different
methods, and deployed in many different
var z = document.myForm.Zip.value;
ways.
if(z == "" ||isNaN(z) || z.length != 6 )
Simple Example: {
<html> alert( "Please provide a zip in the format
<head> #####." );
<title>FormValidation</title> document.myForm.Zip.focus() ;
<scripttype="text/javascript"> return false;
<!-- }
// Form validation code will come here.
function validate() var c = document.myForm.Country.value;
{ if( c == "-1" )
var n = document.myForm.Name.value; {
alert( "Please provide your country!" );

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return false; </td>
} </tr>
return( true ); <tr>
} <td align="right"></td>
<td><input type="submit" value="Submit"
//--> /></td>
</script> </tr>
</head> </font></table></form></body>
<bodybgcolor="bisque"> </html>
<h1><p align="center"><b>Application Output:
Form Validation Using
JavaScript</b></p></h1>
<form action="reg.html"name="myForm"
onsubmit="return(validate());">
<table cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"
align="center" border="5" width="438">
<tr>
<td align="right"><b>Name</b></td>
<td><input type="text" name="Name"
size="50" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b>EMail</b></td>
<td><input type="text" name="EMail"
size="50" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"><b>Zip Code</b></td>
<td><input type="text" name="Zip"
size="50" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" ><b>Country</b></td>
<td>
<select name="Country">
<option value="-1" selected>[choose
yours]</option>
<option value="1">INDIA</option>
<option value="2">UK</option>
<option value="3">USA</option>
</select>

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Web Technologies Page 32
 UNIT – II
TOPICS:

Introduction to XML Introduction to PHP

 Basic XMLdocument  DeclaringVariables
 PresentingXML  DataTypes
 Document TypeDefinition(DTD)  Operators
 XMLSchemas  ControlStructures
 Document ObjectModel(DOM)  Functions
 Introduction toXHTML  Reading data from WEB form
 Using XML Processors: DOM andSAX controls like text boxes, radio buttons,
listsetc..
 Handling FileUploads
 Handling Sessions andCookies

XML - XML stands for Extensible Mark-up Language, developed by W3C in 1996. It is a
text-based mark-up language derived from Standard Generalized Mark-up Language
(SGML). XML 1.0 was officially adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1998. XML was
designed to carry data, not to display data. XML is designed to be self-descriptive. XML is a
subset of SGML that can define your own tags. A Meta Language and tags describe the
content. XML Supports CSS, XSL, DOM. XML does not qualify to be a programming
language as it does not performs any computation or algorithms. It is usually stored in a
simple text file and is processed by special software that is capable of interpretingXML.
The Difference between XML and HTML
1. HTML is about displaying information, where asXML is about carrying information. In
other words, XML was created to structure, store, and transport information. HTML was
designed to display thedata.
2. Using XML, we can create own tags where as in HTML it is not possible instead it offers
several built intags.
3. XML is platform independent neutral and languageindependent.
4. XML tags and attribute names are case-sensitive where as in HTML it isnot.
5. XML attribute values must be single or double quoted where as in HTML it is not
compulsory.
6. XML elements must be properlynested.
7. All XML elements must have a closingtag.
Well Formed XML Documents
A "Well Formed" XML document must have the following correct XML syntax:
- XML documents must have a rootelement
- XML elements must have a closing tag(start tag must have matching endtag).
- XML tags are casesensitive
- XML elements must be properly nestedEx:<one><two>Hello</two></one>
- XML attribute values must bequoted
XML with correct syntax is "Well Formed" XML. XML validated against a DTD is "Valid"
XML.

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What is Markup?
XML is a markup language that defines set of rules for encoding documents in a format that
is both human-readable andmachine-readable.
Example for XML Document
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><!—xml declaration-->
<note>
<to>MRCET</to>
<from>MRGI</from>
<heading>KALPANA</heading>
<body>Hello, world! </body>
</note>
 Xml document begins with XML declaration statement: <? xml version="1.0"
encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>.
 The next line describes the root element of the document:<note>.
 This element is "the parent" of all otherelements.
 The next 4 lines describe 4child elements of the root: to, from, heading, and body. And
finally the last line defines the end of the root element : </note>.
 The XML declaration has no closing tag i.e.</?xml>
 The default standalone value is set to no. Setting it to yes tells the processor there are no
external declarations (DTD) required for parsing the document. The file name extension
used for xml program is.xml.
Valid XML document
If an XML document is well-formed and has an associated Document Type Declaration
(DTD), then it is said to be a valid XML document. We will study more about DTD in the
chapter XML - DTDs.
XML DTD
Document Type Definition purpose is to define the structure of an XML document. It defines
the structure with a list of defined elements in the xml document. Using DTD we can specify
the various elements types, attributes and their relationship with one another. Basically DTD
is used to specify the set of rules for structuring data in any XML file.
Why use a DTD?
XML provides an application independent way of sharing data. With a DTD, independent
groups of people can agree to use a common DTD for interchanging data. Your application
can use a standard DTD to verify that data that you receive from the outside world is valid.
You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.
DTD - XML building blocks
Various building blocks of XML are-
1. Elements: The basic entity is element. The elements are used for defining the tags. The
elements typically consist of opening and closing tag. Mostly only one element is used to
define a singletag.
Syntax1: <!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)>
Syntax 2: <!ELEMENT element-name (#CDATA)>
#CDATA means the element contains character data that is not supposed to be parsed by a
parser. or
Syntax 3: <!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)>
#PCDATA means that the element contains data that IS going to be parsed by a parser. or

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Syntax 4: <!ELEMENT element-name (ANY)>
The keyword ANY declares an element with any content.
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (#PCDATA)>
Elements with children (sequences)
Elements with one or more children are defined with the name of the children elements inside
the parentheses:
<!ELEMENT parent-name (child-element-name)>EX:<!ELEMENT student (id)>
<!ELEMENT id (#PCDATA)> or
<!ELEMENT element-name(child-element-name,child-element-name,. ..... )>
Example: <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>

When children are declared in a sequence separated by commas, the children must appear in
the same sequence in the document. In a full declaration, the children must also be declared,
and the children can also have children. The full declaration of the note document will be:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENTto (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENTfrom (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENTbody (#CDATA)>

2. Tags
Tags are used to markup elements. A starting tag like <element_name> mark up the
beginning of an element, and an ending tag like </element_name> mark up the end of an
element.
Examples:
A body element: <body>body text in between</body>.
A message element: <message>some message in between</message>
3. Attribute: The attributes are generally used to specify the values of the element. These are
specified within the double quotes. Ex: <flagtype=‖true‖>
4. Entities
Entities as variables used to define common text. Entity references are references to entities.
Most of you will known the HTML entity reference: "&nbsp;" that is used to insert an extra
space in an HTML document. Entities are expanded when a document is parsed by an XML
parser.
The following entities are predefined in XML:
&lt; (<), &gt;(>), &amp;(&), &quot;(") and &apos;(').
5. CDATA: It stands for character data. CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a
parser. Tags inside the text will NOT be treated as markup and entities will not beexpanded.
6. PCDATA: It stands for Parsed Character Data(i.e., text). Any parsed character data should
not contain the markup characters. The markup characters are < or > or &. If we want to use
these characters then make use of &lt; , &gt; or &amp;. Think of character data as the text
found between the start tag and the end tag of an XML element. PCDATA is text that will be
parsed by a parser. Tags inside the text will be treated as markup and entities will be
expanded.
<!DOCTYPE note

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[
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
Where PCDATA refers parsed character data. In the above xml document the elements to,
from, heading, body carries some text, so that, these elements are declared to carry text in
DTD file.
This definition file is stored with .dtd extension.
DTD identifier is an identifier for the document type definition, which may be the path to a
file on the system or URL to a file on the internet. If the DTD is pointing to external path, it
is called ExternalSubset.
The square brackets [ ] enclose an optional list of entity declarations called Internal Subset.
Types of DTD:
1. InternalDTD
2. ExternalDTD
1. Internal DTD
A DTD is referred to as an internal DTD if elements are declared within the XML files. To
refer it as internal DTD, standalone attribute in XML declaration must be set to yes. This
means, the declaration works independent of external source.
Syntax:
The syntax of internal DTD is as shown:
<!DOCTYPE root-element [element-declarations]>
Where root-element is the name of root element and element-declarations is where you
declare the elements.
Example:
Following is a simple example of internal DTD:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes" ?>
<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address (name,company,phone)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT company (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT phone (#PCDATA)>
]>
<address>
<name>Kalpana</name>
<company>MRCET</company>
<phone>(040) 123-4567</phone>
</address>
Let us go through the above code:
Start Declaration- Begin the XML declaration with following statement <?xml version="1.0"
encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes" ?>

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DTD- Immediately after the XML header, the document type declaration follows, commonly
referred to as the DOCTYPE:
<!DOCTYPE address [
The DOCTYPE declaration has an exclamation mark (!) at the start of the element name. The
DOCTYPE informs the parser that a DTD is associated with this XML document.
DTD Body- The DOCTYPE declaration is followed by body of the DTD, where you declare
elements, attributes, entities, and notations:
<!ELEMENT address (name,company,phone)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT company (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT phone_no (#PCDATA)>
Several elements are declared here that make up the vocabulary of the <name> document.
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> defines the element name to be of type "#PCDATA".
Here #PCDATA means parse-able text data. End Declaration - Finally, the declaration
section of the DTD is closed using a closing bracket and a closing angle bracket (]>). This
effectively ends the definition, and thereafter, the XML document followsimmediately.
Rules
 The document type declaration must appear at the start of the document (preceded only by
the XML header) — it is not permitted anywhere else within thedocument.
 Similar to the DOCTYPE declaration, the element declarations must start with an
exclamationmark.
 The Name in the document type declaration must match the element type of the root
element.
External DTD
In external DTD elements are declared outside the XML file. They are accessed by
specifying the system attributes which may be either the legal .dtd file or a valid URL. To
refer it as external DTD, standalone attribute in the XML declaration must be set as no. This
means, declaration includes information from the externalsource.
Syntax Following is the syntax for external DTD:
<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "file-name">
where file-name is the file with .dtd extension.
Example The following example shows external DTDusage:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE address SYSTEM "address.dtd">
<address>
<name>Kalpana</name>
<company>MRCET</company>
<phone>(040) 123-4567</phone>
</address>
The content of the DTD file address.dtd are as shown:
<!ELEMENT address (name,company,phone)>
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT company (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT phone (#PCDATA)>
Types
You can refer to an external DTD by using either system identifiers or public identifiers.

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SYSTEM IDENTIFIERS
A system identifier enables you to specify the location of an external file containing DTD
declarations. Syntax is as follows:
<!DOCTYPE name SYSTEM "address.dtd" [...]>
As you can see, it contains keyword SYSTEM and a URI reference pointing to the location of
the document.
PUBLIC IDENTIFIERS
Public identifiers provide a mechanism to locate DTD resources and are written as below:
<!DOCTYPE name PUBLIC "-//Beginning XML//DTD Address Example//EN">
As you can see, it begins with keyword PUBLIC, followed by a specialized identifier. Public
identifiers are used to identify an entry in a catalog. Public identifiers can follow any format;
however, a commonly used format is called Formal Public Identifiers, or FPIs.

XML Schemas
 XML Schema is commonly known as XML Schema Definition (XSD). It is used to
describe and validate the structure and the content of XML data. XML schema defines the
elements, attributes and data types. Schema element supports Namespaces. It is similar to
a database schema that describes the data in a database. XSD extension is“.xsd”.
 This can be used as an alternative to XML DTD. The XML schema became the W#C
recommendation in2001.
 XML schema defines elements, attributes, element having child elements, order of child
elements. It also defines fixed and default values of elements andattributes.
 XML schema also allows the developer to us datatypes.

Syntax :You need to declare a schema in your XML document as follows:

<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
Example : contact.xsd
The following example shows how to use schema:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:element name="contact">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string" />
<xs:element name="company" type="xs:string" />
<xs:element name="phone" type="xs:int" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
The basic idea behind XML Schemas is that they describe the legitimate format that an XML
document can take.
XML Document: myschema.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

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<contact xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instancexsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=”contact.xsd”>
<name>KALPANA</name>
<company>04024056789</company>
<phone>9876543210</phone>
</contact>
Limitations of DTD:
 There is no built-in data type inDTDs.
 No new data type can be created inDTDs.
 The use of cardinality (no. of occurrences) in DTDs islimited.
 Namespaces are notsupported.
 DTDs provide very limited support for modularity andreuse.
 We cannot put any restrictions on textcontent.
 Defaults for elements cannot bespecified.
 DTDs are written in a non-XML format and are difficult tovalidate.
Strengths of Schema:
 XML schemas provide much greater specificity thanDTDs.
 They supports large number of built-in-datatypes.
 They arenamespace-aware.
 They are extensible to futureadditions.
 They support theuniqueness.
 It is easier to define data facets (restrictions ondata).

SCHEMA STRUCTURE
The Schema Element
<xs: schema xmlns: xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
Element definitions
As we saw in the chapter XML - Elements, elements are the building blocks of XML
document. An element can be defined within an XSD as follows:
<xs:element name="x" type="y"/>
Data types:
These can be used to specify the type of data stored in an Element.
 String (xs:string)
 Date (xs:date or xs:time)
 Numeric (xs:integeror xs:decimal)
 Boolean (xs:boolean)
EX: Sample.xsd
<?xml version=‖1.0‖ encoading=‖UTF-8‖?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs=http://www.w3.org/XMLSchema>
<xs:element name="sname‖ type=‖xs:string"/>
/* <xs:element name="dob” type=”xs:date"/>
<xs:element name="dobtime” type=”xs:time"/>
<xs:element name="marks” type=”xs:integer"/>
<xs:element name="avg” type=”xs:decimal"/>
<xs:element name="flag” type=”xs:boolean"/>*/

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</xs:schema>
Sample.xml:
<?xml version=‖1.0‖ encoading=‖UTF-8‖?>
<sname xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="sample.xsd">
Kalpana /*yyyy-mm-dd 23:14:34 600 92.5 true/false */
</sname>
Definition Types
You can define XML schema elements in following ways:
Simple Type - Simple type element is used only in the context of the text. Some of
predefined simple types are: xs:integer, xs:boolean, xs:string, xs:date. Forexample:
<xs:element name="phone_number" type="xs:int" />
<phone>9876543210</phone>
Default and Fixed Values for Simple Elements
In the following example the default value is "red":
<xs:element name="color" type="xs:string" default="red"/>
In the following example the fixed value is "red":
<xs:element name="color" type="xs:string" fixed="red"/>

Complex Type - A complex type is a container for other element definitions. This allows you
to specify which child elements an element can contain and to provide some structure within
your XML documents. For example:
<xs:element name="Address">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="company" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="phone" type="xs:int" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
In the above example, Address element consists of child elements. This is a container for
other <xs:element> definitions, that allows to build a simple hierarchy of elements in the
XML document.
Global Types - With global type, you can define a single type in your document, which can
be used by all other references. For example, suppose you want to generalize the person and
company for different addresses of the company. In such case, you can define a general type
as below:
<xs:element name="AddressType">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="company" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
Now let us use this type in our example as below:

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<xs:element name="Address1">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="address" type="AddressType" />
<xs:element name="phone1" type="xs:int" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="Address2">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="address" type="AddressType" />
<xs:element name="phone2" type="xs:int" />
</xs:sequence></xs:complexType></xs:element>
Instead of having to define the name and the company twice (once for Address1 and once for
Address2), we now have a single definition. This makes maintenance simpler, i.e., if you
decide to add "Postcode" elements to the address, you need to add them at just one place.
Attributes
Simple elements cannot have attributes. If an element has attributes, it is considered to be of a
complex type. But the attribute itself is always declared as a simple type. Attributes in XSD
provide extra information within an element. Attributes have name and type property as
shown below:
<xs:attribute name="x" type="y"/>
Ex: <lastname lang="EN">Smith</lastname>
<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string"/>
Default and Fixed Values for Attributes
<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string" default="EN"/>
<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string" fixed="EN"/>
Optional and Required Attributes
Attributes are optional by default. To specify that the attribute is required, use the "use"
attribute:
<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string" use="required"/>
Restrictions on Content
When an XML element or attribute has a data type defined, it puts restrictions on the
element's or attribute's content. If an XML element is of type "xs:date" and contains a string
like "Hello World", the element will not validate.
Restrictions on Values:
The value of age cannot be lower than 0 or greater than 120:
<xs:element name="age">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:integer">
<xs:minInclusive value="0"/>
<xs:maxInclusive value="120"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType></xs:element>

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Restrictions on a Set of Values
The example below defines an element called "car" with a restriction. The only acceptable
values are: Audi, Golf, BMW:
<xs:element name="car">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:string">
<xs:enumeration value="Audi"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Golf"/>
<xs:enumeration value="BMW"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
Restrictions on Length
To limit the length of a value in an element, we would use the length, maxLength, and
minLength constraints. The value must be exactly eight characters:
<xs:element name="password">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:string">
<xs:lengthvalue="8"/> [<xs:minLengthvalue="5"/> <xs:maxLengthvalue="8"/>]
</xs:restriction></xs:simpleType></xs:element>

XSD Indicators
We can control HOW elements are to be used in documents with indicators.
Indicators: There are seven indicators
Order indicators:
 All
 Choice
 Sequence
Occurrence indicators:
 maxOccurs
 minOccurs
Group indicators:
 Groupname
 attributeGroupname

Order Indicators
Order indicators are used to define the order of the elements.
All Indicator
The <all> indicator specifies that the child elements can appear in any order, and that each
child element must occur only once:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:all>
<xs:element name="firstname"type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname"type="xs:string"/>
</xs:all>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

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 Note: When using the <all> indicator you can set the <minOccurs> indicator to 0 or 1 and the
<maxOccurs> indicator can only be set to 1 (the <minOccurs> and <maxOccurs> are
described later).
Choice Indicator
The <choice> indicator specifies that either one child element or another can occur:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:choice>
<xs:element name="employee" type="employee"/>
<xs:element name="member" type="member"/>
</xs:choice></xs:complexType> </xs:element>
Sequence Indicator
The <sequence> indicator specifies that the child elements must appear in a specific order:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence></xs:complexType></xs:element>
Occurrence Indicators
Occurrence indicators are used to define how often an element can occur.
Note: For all "Order" and "Group" indicators (any, all, choice, sequence, group name, and group
reference) the default value for maxOccurs and minOccurs is 1.
maxOccurs Indicator
The <maxOccurs> indicator specifies the maximum number of times an element can occur:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="full_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="child_name" type="xs:string" maxOccurs="10"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

minOccurs Indicator
The <minOccurs> indicator specifies the minimum number of times an element can occur:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="full_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="child_name" type="xs:string" maxOccurs="10" minOccurs="0"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
Tip: To allow an element to appear an unlimited number of times, use the
maxOccurs="unbounded" statement:

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EX: An XML file called "Myfamily.xml":
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persons xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="family.xsd">
<person>
<full_name>KALPANA</full_name>
<child_name>mrcet</child_name>
</person>
<person>
<full_name>Tove Refsnes</full_name>
<child_name>Hege</child_name>
<child_name>Stale</child_name>
<child_name>Jim</child_name>
<child_name>Borge</child_name>
</person>
<person>
<full_name>Stale Refsnes</full_name>
</person>
</persons>
The XML file above contains a root element named "persons". Inside this root element we
have defined three "person" elements. Each "person" element must contain a "full_name"
element and it can contain up to five "child_name" elements.
Here is the schema file "family.xsd":
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema
xmlns:xs=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchemaelementFor
mDefault="qualified">
<xs:element name="persons">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="person" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="full_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="child_name" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="5"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
Group Indicators: Group indicators are used to define related sets of elements.
Element Groups
Element groups are defined with the group declaration, like this:
<xs:group name="groupname">
...
</xs:group>
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Web Technologies Page 45
You must define an all, choice, or sequence element inside the group declaration. The
following example defines a group named "persongroup", that defines a group of elements
that must occur in an exact sequence:
<xs:group name="persongroup">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="birthday" type="xs:date"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:group>
After you have defined a group, you can reference it in another definition, like this:
<xs:element name="person" type="personinfo"/>
<xs:complexType name="personinfo">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:group ref="persongroup"/>
<xs:element name="country" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

Attribute Groups
Attribute groups are defined with the attributeGroup declaration, like this:
<xs:attributeGroup name="groupname">
...
</xs:attributeGroup>
The following example defines an attribute group named "personattrgroup":
<xs:attributeGroup name="personattrgroup">
<xs:attribute name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:attribute name="lastname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:attribute name="birthday" type="xs:date"/>
</xs:attributeGroup>
After you have defined an attribute group, you can reference it in another definition, like this:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attributeGroup ref="personattrgroup"/></xs:complexType></xs:element>

Example Program: "shiporder.xml"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<shiporder orderid="889923"
xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instancexsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="shiporder.xs
d">
<orderperson>John Smith</orderperson>
<shipto>
<name>Ola Nordmann</name>
<address>Langgt 23</address>

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 <city>4000 Stavanger</city>

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 <country>Norway</country>
</shipto>
<item>
<title>Empire Burlesque</title>
<note>Special Edition</note>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.90</price>
</item>
<item>
<title>Hide yourheart</title> <quantity>1</quantity>
<price>9.90</price></item>
</shiporder>
Create an XML Schema "shiporder.xsd":
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:element name="shiporder">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="orderperson" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="shipto">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="address" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="city" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="country" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="item" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="note" type="xs:string" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element name="quantity" type="xs:positiveInteger"/>
<xs:element name="price" type="xs:decimal"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute name="orderid" type="xs:string" use="required"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>

XML DTD vs XML Schema

The schema has more advantages over DTD. A DTD can have two types of data in it, namely
the CDATA and the PCDATA. The CDATA is not parsed by the parser whereas the
PCDATA is parsed. In a schema you can have primitive data types and custom data types
like you have used inprogramming.

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Schema vs. DTD
• XML Schemas are extensible to future additions
• XML Schemas are richer and more powerful than DTDs
• XML Schemas are written in XML
• XML Schemas support datatypes
• XML Schemas support namespaces
XML Parsers
An XML parser converts an XML document into an XML DOM object - which can then be
manipulated with a JavaScript.

Two types of XML parsers:

 ValidatingParser
• It requires document type declaration
• It generates error if document doesnot
o Conform with DTDand
o Meet XML validityconstraints
 Non-validating Parser
• It checks well-formedness for xmldocument
• It can ignore externalDTD

What is XML Parser?

XML Parser provides way how to access or modify data present in an XML document. Java
provides multiple options to parse XML document. Following are various types of parsers
which are commonly used to parse XML documents.
Types of parsers:
 Dom Parser - Parses the document by loading the complete contents of the document and
creating its complete hiearchical tree inmemory.
 SAX Parser - Parses the document on event based triggers. Does not load the complete
document into thememory.
 JDOM Parser - Parses the document in similar fashion to DOM parser but in more easier
way.
 StAX Parser - Parses the document in similar fashion to SAX parser but in more efficient
way.
 XPath Parser - Parses the XML based on expression and is used extensively in
conjuction withXSLT.
 DOM4J Parser - A java library to parse XML, XPath and XSLT using Java Collections
Framework , provides support for DOM, SAX andJAXP.

DOM-Document Object Model

The Document Object Model protocol converts an XML document into a collection of
objects in your program. XML documents have a hierarchy of informational units called
nodes; this hierarchy allows a developer to navigate through the tree looking for specific
information. Because it is based on a hierarchy of information, the DOM is said to be tree
based. DOM is a way of describing those nodes and the relationships betweenthem.

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You can then manipulate the object model in any way that makes sense. This mechanism is
also known as the "random access" protocol, because you can visit any part of the data at any
time. You can then modify the data, remove it, or insert new data.

The XML DOM, on the other hand, also provides an API that allows a developer to add, edit,
move, or remove nodes in the tree at any point in order to create an application. A DOM
parser creates a tree structure in memory from the input document and then waits for requests
from client. A DOM parser always serves the client application with the entire document no
matter how much is actually needed by the client. With DOM parser, method calls in client
application have to be explicit and forms a kind of chained method calls.
Document Object Model is for defining the standard for accessing and manipulating XML
documents. XML DOM is used for
 Loading the xmldocument
 Accessing the xmldocument
 Deleting the elements of xmldocument
 Changing the elements of xml document
According to the DOM, everything in an XML document is a node. It considers
 The entire document is a documentnode
 Every XML element is an elementnode
 The text in the XML elements are textnodes
 Every attribute is an attributenode
 Comments are comment nodes

The W3C DOM specification is divided into three major parts:

DOM Core- This portion defines the basic set of interfaces and objects for any structured
documents.
XML DOM- This part specifies the standard set of objects and interfaces for XML
documents only.
HTML DOM- This part specifies the objects and interfaces for HTML documents only.
DOM Levels
 Level 1 Core: W3C Recommendation, October1998
 It has feature for primitive navigation and manipulation of XMLtrees
 other Level 1 features are: All HTMLfeatures
 Level 2 Core: W3C Recommendation, November2000
 It adds Namespace support and minor newfeatures
 other Level 2 features are: Events, Views, Style, Traversal andRange
 Level 3 Core: W3C Working Draft, April2002
 It supports: Schemas, XPath, XSL, XSLT
We can access and parse the XML document in two ways:
 Parsingusing DOM (treebased)
 Parsing using SAX (Eventbased)
Parsing the XML doc. using DOM methods and properties are called as tree based approach
whereas using SAX (Simple Api for Xml) methods and properties are called as event based
approach.

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 Steps to Using DOM Parser
Let‘s note down some broad steps involved in using a DOM parser for parsing any XML file
injava.

DOM based XML Parsing:(tree based)

JAXP is a tool, stands for Java Api for Xml Processing, used for accessing and manipulating
xml document in a tree based manner.
The following DOM javaClasses are necessary to process the XML document:
 DocumentBuilderFactory class creates the instance ofDocumentBuilder.
 DocumentBuilder produces a Document (a DOM) that conforms to the DOM specification.
The following methods and properties are necessary to process the XMLdocument:
Property Meaning
nodeName Finding the name of the node
nodeValue Obtaining value of the node
parentNode To get parnet node
childNodes Obtain child nodes
Attributes For getting the attributes values
Method Meaning
getElementByTagName(name) To access the element by specifying its name
appendChild(node) To insert a child node
removeChild(node) To remove existing child node

#document <html>
<body> BODY
HTML <h1>Heading 1</h1>
lastChild
parentNode

<p>Paragraph.</p>
firstChild

HEAD
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<p>Paragraph.</p>
BODY </body>
</html>
nextSibling nextSibling nextSibling
H1
#text
H1 P H2 P
previousSibling previousSibling previousSibling
parentNode

parentNode

parentNode

parentNode

P
firstChild

firstChild

firstChild

firstChild
lastChild

lastChild

lastChild

lastChild

#text

H2
#text

P #text #text #text #text

#text

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DOM Document Object
 There are12 types of nodes in a DOM Documentobject

1. Document node 7. EntityReferencenode

2. Elementnode 8. Entitynode
3. Textnode 9. Commentnode
4. Attributenode 10. DocumentTypenode
5. Processing instructionnode 11. DocumentFragmentnode
6. CDATA Sectionnode 12. Notationnode

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Examples for Document method
<html>
<head>
<title>Change the Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language = "JavaScript">
function background()
{ var color = document.bg.color.value;
document.body.style.backgroundColor=color; }
</script>
<form name="bg">
Type the Color Name:<input type="text" name="color" size="20">
<br>
Click the Submit Button to change this Background color as your Color.
<br>
<input type="button" value="Submit" onClick='background()'>
</form>
</body>
</html>
DOM NODE Methods
Method Name Description

appendChild Appends a child node.

cloneNode Duplicates the node.
getAttributes Returns the node‘s attributes.
getChildNodes Returns the node‘s child nodes.
getNodeName Returns the node‘s name.
getNodeType Returns the node‘s type (e.g., element, attribute,
text, etc.).
getNodeValue Returns the node‘s value.
getParentNode Returns the node‘s parent.
hasChildNodes Returns true if the node has child nodes.
removeChild Removes a child node from thenode.
replaceChild Replaces a child node with another node.
setNodeValue Sets the node‘s value.
insertBefore Appends a child node in front of a childnode.

DOM Advantages & Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES
- Robust API for the DOMtree
- Relativelysimpletomodifythedatastructureandextractdata
- It is goodwhen randomaccesstowidelyseparated partsofadocumentisrequired
- It supports both read and writeoperations
-
Disadvantages

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 - Stores the entire document in memory, It is memoryinefficient
- AsDomwaswrittenforanylanguage,methodnamingconventionsdon‘tfollowstandard java
programmingconventions

DOM or SAX
DOM
- Suitable for smalldocuments
- Easily modifydocument
- Memory intensive;Load the complete XMLdocument
SAX
- Suitable for large documents; saves significant amounts ofmemory
- Only traverse document once, start toend
- Eventdriven
- Limited standardfunctions.
-
Loading an XML file:one.html
<html><body>
<script type=‖text/javascript‖>
try
{
xmlDocument=new ActiveXObject(―Microsoft.XMLDOM‖);
}
catch(e)
{
try {
xmlDocument=document.implementation.createDocument("","",null);
}
catch(e){alert(e.message)}
}
try
{
xmlDocument.async=false;
xmlDocument.load(―faculty.xml‖);
document.write(―XML document student is loaded‖);
}
catch(e){alert(e.message)}
</script>
</body></html>
faculty.xml:
<?xml version=‖1.0‖?>
< faculty >
<eno>30</eno>
<personal_inf>
<name>Kalpana</name>
<address>Hyd</address>

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 <phone>9959967192</phone>
</personal_inf>
<dept>CSE</dept>
<col>MRCET</col>
<group>MRGI</group>
</faculty>
OUTPUT: XML document student is loaded
ActiveXObject: It creates empty xml document object.
Use separate function for Loading an XML document: two.html
<html><head>
<script type=‖text/javascript‖>
Function My_function(doc_file)
{
try
{
xmlDocument=new ActiveXObject(―Microsoft.XMLDOM‖);
}
catch(e)
{
try
{
xmlDocument=document.implementation.createDocument("","",null);
}
catch(e){alert(e.message)}
}
try
{
xmlDocument.async=false;
xmlDocument.load(―faculty.xml‖);
return(xmlDocument);
}
catch(e){alert(e.message)}
return(null);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=‖text/javascript‖>
xmlDoc=‖My_function(―faculty.xml‖);
document.write(―XML document student is loaded‖);
</script>
</body></html>
OUTPUT: XML document student is loaded
Use of properties and methods: three.html
<html><head>

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<script type=‖text/javascript‖ src=‖my_function_file.js‖></script>
</head><body>
<script type=‖text/javascript‖>
xmlDocument=My_function(“faculty.xml”);
document.write(―XMLdocumentfacultyisloadedandcontentofthisfileis:‖);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―ENO:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―eno‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―Name:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―name‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―ADDRESS:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―address‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―PHONE:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―phone‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―DEPARTMENT:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―dept‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―COLLEGE:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―col‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
document.write(―<br>‖);
document.write(―GROUP:‖+
xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName(―group‖)[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue);
</script>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
XML document faculty is loaded and content of this file is
ENO: 30
NAME: Kalpana
ADDRESS: Hyd
PHONE: 9959967192
DEPARTMENT: CSE
COLLEGE: MRCET
GROUP: MRGI
We can access any XML element using the index value: four.html
<html><head>

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<script type=‖text/javascript‖ src=‖my_function_file.js‖></script>
</head><body>
<script
type=‖text/javascript‖>xmlDoc=My_function(“faculty
1.xml”); value=xmlDoc.
getElementsByTagName(―name‖);
document.write(―value[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue‖);
</script></body></html>
OUTPUT: Kalpana
XHTML: eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
Hypertext is simply a piece of text that works as a link. Markup language is a language of
writing layout information within documents. The XHTML recommended by W3C. Basically an
XHTML document is a plain text file and it is very much similar to HTML. It contains rich text,
means text with tags. The extension to this program should b either html or htm. These programs
can be opened in some web browsers and the corresponding web page can be viewed.
HTML Vs XHTML
HTML XHTML
1. The HTML tags are case insensitive. 1. The XHTML tags are case sensitive.
EX:<BoDy> -------- </body> EX:<body> --------- </body>
2. We can omit the closing tags sometimes. 2. For every tag there must be a closing tag.
EX: <h1>---------</h1>or<h1 ------------ />
3. The attribute values not always 3. The attribute values are must be quoted.
necessary to quote.
4. In HTML there are some implicit 4. In XHTML the attribute values must be
attribute values. specified explicitly.
5. In HTML even if we do not follow the 5. In XHTML the nesting rules must be
nesting rules strictly it does not cause much strictly followed. These nesting rules are-
difference. - A form element cannot contain another form
element.
-an anchor element does not contain another
form element
-List element cannot be nested in the list
element
-If there are two nested elements then the
inner element must be enclosed first before
closing the outerelement
-Text element cannot be directly nested in
form element

The relationship between SGML, XML, HTML and XHTML is as given below

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Web Technologies Page 56
Standard structure: DOCTYPE, html, head and body
The doctype is specified by the DTD. The XHTML syntax rules are specified by the file
xhtml11.dtd file.There are 3 types of DTDs.
1. XHTML 1.0 Strict: clean markupcode
2. XHTML 1.0 Transitional: Use some html features in the existing XHTMLdocument.
3. XHTML 1.0 Frameset: Use of Frames in an XHTMLdocument.
EX:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3c.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Sample XHTML Document</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=‖#FF0000‖>
<basefont face=‖arial‖ size=‖14‖ color=‖white‖>
<h1>MRCET</h1>
<h2>MRCET</h2>
<h3>MRCET</h3>
<h4> KALPANA</h4>
<h5> KALPANA</h5>
<h6>KALPANA</h6>
<p><center> XHTML syntax rules are specified by the file xhtml11.dtd file. </center></p>
<divalign="right"><b>XHTMLstandardsforeXtensibleHypertextMarkupLanguage.</b>XHT
ML syntax rules are specified by the file xhtml11.dtdfile.</div>
<pre><b>XHTML standards for <i>eXtensible Hypertext Markup
Language.</i></b>XHTML syntax rules are specified by the file
xhtml11.dtdfile.</pre>
</basefont>
</body>
</html>

DOM in JAVA
DOM interfaces
The DOM defines several Java interfaces. Here are the most common interfaces:
 Node - The base datatype of theDOM.
 Element - The vast majority of the objects you'll deal with areElements. 

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  Attr Represents an attribute of anelement.

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  Text The actual content of an Element orAttr.
 Document Represents the entire XML document. A Document object is often referred to
as a DOMtree.
Common DOM methods
When you are working with the DOM, there are several methods you'll use often:
 Document.getDocumentElement() - Returns the root element of thedocument.
 Node.getFirstChild() - Returns the first child of a givenNode.
 Node.getLastChild() - Returns the last child of a givenNode.
 Node.getNextSibling() - These methods return the next sibling of a givenNode.
 Node.getPreviousSibling() - These methods return the previous sibling of a givenNode.
 Node.getAttribute(attrName) - For a given Node, returns the attribute with the
requestedname.
Steps to Using DOM
Following are the steps used while parsing a document using DOM Parser.
 Import XML-relatedpackages.
 Create aDocumentBuilder
 Create a Document from a file orstream
 Extract the rootelement
 Examineattributes
 Examinesub-elements
DOM
import java.io.*;
import javax.xml.parsers.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
public class parsing_DOMDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
System.out.println(―enter the name of XML document‖);
BufferedReader input=new Bufferedreader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String file_name=input.readLine();
File fp=new File(file_name);
if(fp.exists())
{
try
{
DocumentBuilderFactory Factory_obj= DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();

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DocumentBuilder builder=Factory_obj.newDocumentBuilder();
InputSource ip_src=new InputSource(file_name);
Document doc=builder.parse(ip_src);
System.out.println(―file_name+‖is well-formed.‖);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(file_name+‖is not well-formed.‖);
System.exit(1);
} }
else
{
System.out.println(―file not found:‖+file_name);
}}
catch(IOException ex)
{
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}}

SAX:
SAX (the Simple API for XML) is an event-based parser for xml documents. Unlike a DOM
parser, a SAX parser creates no parse tree. SAX is a streaming interface for XML, which means
that applications using SAX receive event notifications about the XML document being
processed an element, and attribute, at a time in sequential order starting at the top of the
document, and ending with the closing of the ROOT element.
 Reads an XML document from top to bottom, recognizing the tokens that make up a
well-formed XMLdocument
 Tokens are processed in the same order that they appear in thedocument
 Reports the application program the nature of tokens that the parser has encountered as
theyoccur
 The application program provides an "event" handler that must be registered with the
parser
 As the tokens are identified, callback methods in the handler are invoked with the
relevantinformation
When to use?
You should use a SAX parser when:
 You can process the XML document in a linear fashion from the topdown
 The document is not deeplynested
 You are processing a very large XML document whose DOM tree would consume too
much memory.Typical DOM implementations use ten bytes of memory to represent one
byte ofXML
 The problem to be solved involves only part of the XMLdocument

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  Data is available as soon as it is seen by the parser, so SAX works well for an XML
document that arrives over astream
Disadvantages of SAX
 We have no random access to an XML document since it is processed in a forward-only
manner
 If you need to keep track of data the parser has seen or change the order of items, you
must write the code and store the data on yourown
 The data is broken into pieces and clients never have all the information as a whole
unless they create their own datastructure
The kinds of events are:
 The start of the document isencountered
 The end of the document isencountered
 The start tag of an element isencountered
 The end tag of an element isencountered
 Character data isencountered
 A processing instruction isencountered
Scanning the XML file from start to end, each event invokes a corresponding callback method
that the programmer writes.

SAX packages
javax.xml.parsers:
org.xml.sax: Describing few interfaces forparsing
SAX classes
 SAXParser Defines the API that wraps an XMLReader implementationclass
 SAXParserFactoryDefinesafactoryAPIthatenablesapplicationstoconfigureand
obtain a SAX based parser to parse XMLdocuments
 ContentHandler Receive notification of the logical content of adocument.
 DTDHandler Receive notification of basic DTD-relatedevents.
 EntityResolver Basic interface for resolvingentities.
 ErrorHandler Basic interface for SAX errorhandlers.
 DefaultHandler Default base class for SAX eventhandlers.
SAX parser methods
StartDocument() and endDocument() – methods called at the start and end of an XML
document.
StartElement() and endElement() – methods called at the start and end of a document
element.
Characters() – method called with the text contents in between the start and end tags of

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an XML document element.
ContentHandler Interface
This interface specifies the callback methods that the SAX parser uses to notify an application
program of the components of the XML document that it has seen.
 void startDocument() - Called at the beginning of adocument.
 void endDocument() - Called at the end of adocument.
 void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName, Attributes atts) -
Called at the beginning of anelement.
 void endElement(String uri, String localName,String qName) - Called at the end of
anelement.
 void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length) - Called when character data is
encountered.
 void ignorableWhitespace( char[] ch, int start, int length) - Called when a DTD is
present and ignorable whitespace isencountered.
 void processingInstruction(String target, String data) - Called when a processing
instruction isrecognized.
 void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator)) - Provides a Locator that can be used to
identify positions in thedocument.
 void skippedEntity(String name) - Called when an unresolved entity isencountered.
 void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri) - Called when a new namespace
mapping isdefined.
 void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) - Called when a namespace definition ends its
scope.
Attributes Interface
This interface specifies methods for processing the attributes connected to an element.
 int getLength() - Returns number of attributes,etc.

SAX simple API for XML

import java.io.*;
import org.xml.sax;
import org.xml.sax.helpers;
public class parsing_SAXDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
try{
System.out.println(―enter the name of XML document‖);
BufferedReader input=new Bufferedreader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String file_name=input.readLine();
File fp=new File(file_name);
if(fp.exists())
{
try
{
XMLReader reader=XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();

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reader.parse(file_name);
System.out.println(―file_name+‖is well-formed.‖);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(file_name+‖is not well-formed.‖);
System.exit(1);
}
}
else
{
System.out.println(―file not found:‖+file_name);
}
}
catch(IOException ex){ex.printStackTrace();}

PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more people found out
how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP way back in 1994.

}}

Differences between DOM and SAX

DOM SAX
Stores the entire XML document into memory Parses node by node
before processing
Occupies more memory Doesn‘t store the XML in memory
We can insert or delete nodes We can‘t insert or delete a node
DOM is a tree model parser SAX is an event based parser
Document Object Model (DOM) API SAX is a Simple API for XML
Preserves comments Doesn‘t preserve comments
DOM is slower than SAX, heavy weight. SAX generally runs a little faster than DOM,
light weight.
Traverse in any direction. Top to bottom traversing is done in this
approach
Random Access Serial Access
Packages required to import Packages required to import
import javax.xml.parsers.*; import java.xml.parsers.*;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder; import org.xml.sax.*;
import import org.xml.sax.helpers;
javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;

PHP INTRODUCTION
 PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

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