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Lecture3 - Neuroanatomy

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17 views17 pages

Lecture3 - Neuroanatomy

Uploaded by

michele.vannucci20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Neuro(anatomy)

Background Brain Knowledge

Brain Imaging 2023


Brain stuff
Just enough background to
interpret fMRI ndings

What does it mean when a


blob appears somewhere?
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Brain Components
From small to large

• Neurons
• Glia cells
• Vasculature

Information Flow
Neurotransmitters & their Receptors
Direct electric e ect, or modulatory e ect Dopamine,
Noradrenaline,
Metabotopic Serotonin, etc.

Glutamate (+)
GABA (-)
Ionotropic
ff
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Supply Removal
What do we see on MR images?
Tissue types
What do we see
on MR images?
• 1 anatomy, 1 hour, @7T
• Multiple ‘contrasts’

• 0.3mm voxels,
• Shows veins, layers, etc.
What is where?
Parts of the brain
• Broadest possible
separation: cortex
divides into lobes

• Other areas are also


important:

• Cerebellum
• Brain Stem
• Subcortex (General)
• Broad functional
localization (old-school)
What is where?
Parts of the brain
• Di erent way of
separating parts of
the brain;

• Cyto-architecture
(Korbinian Brodmann,
1909)

• Brodmann areas have


distinct histological
features.

• How does this


related to function?
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Subcortex
“Everything below
the Cerebral Cortex”

Basal Ganglia
Do I stay or should I go?
Action, inhibition, reward

Midbrain
Emotion Regulation, Reward

Archicortex
Memory:
Emotion, Navigation,
Episodic Memory

Thalamus
Relay station between Hippocampus
Cerebral Cortex & Outside world
Vision, Audition, Sensation, Motor
The Frontal Lobe
The Frontal Lobe
The ”Homunculus”

• Homunculus is not “linear”


• Re ections
• Somato-Cognitive Network for posture, arousal, etc.
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The Default Mode Network
• Set of areas in parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex.
• Strongly connected to hippocampus,
• One side of a gradient between sensory processing
and memory-related processing

Margulies et al, PNAS, 2016


The Default Mode Network
• Gradient towards more semantic, memory-based representations

Popham et al, Nature Neuroscience, 2021


Interactions between Frontal lobe and Basal Ganglia
Intricate interplay of basal ganglia and FC

• Should I stay or should i go:


• Planning of action and inaction requires a lot
of computation, with di erent brain areas
interacting.

• Many disorders (addiction, depression,


Parkinson’s, etc, etc) involve dysfunction in
these systems.

• Neuromodulation by dopamine and


noradrenaline plays an important role
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Different neuromodulators
Are distributed di erently Noradrenaline
Dopamine

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