1.

GEOGRAPHY CH 1 INDIA: SIZE AND LOCATION

Q1. The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the
west but the watches show the same time. How does this happen?

Ans- The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30°

* Despite this fact, the east-west extent appears to be smaller than the north-south extent.

* From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours.

* Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur
(in Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the standard time for the whole country.

* The latitudinal extent influences the duration of the day and night, as one moves from
south to north.

Q2 .Which ocean is named after India ? Give two reasons as to why it was named after
India

Ans-* The Indian Ocean is named after India. India is the only country which has the credit of
an ocean named after it.

* The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, extensions of the Indian Ocean, lie to the west
and east of Indian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean lies to its south.

* No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India.

* The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean has provided India a
strategic location of great significance along the trans Indian Ocean routes.

* It is India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean which justifies the naming of the ocean
after India.

Q 3 Why is India called a subcontinent?

Answer:
India is called a subcontinent because :

 It is a big landmass. This stands out as a distinct geographical unit from the rest of the
continent.
 It is separated by natural features like mountains and rivers.
 India is also separated from rest of the continent by the mighty Himalayas.
Q 4 How have been mountain passes been helpful in India since historic times? Explain.
1 | P a g e Answer:
India is bounded by the young fold mountains in the northwest, north and northeast. The various
passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travelers. The
spices, muslin and other merchandise’ were taken from India to different countries through

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 these passes. Mountain passes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since
historic times.

Q 5 What is the latitudinal extent of India? How is the latitudinal spread in India advantageous
to her?
Answer:
The latitudinal extent of India lies between 8°4’ N and 37°6’ N. This means that the
longitudinal expanse is about 30° from west to east.
The advantages of longitudinal spread are :
(a) It influences the duration of the day and night as one moves from South to North.
(b) It also helps to take advantage of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay
of Bengal on its east for sea movements.

Q 6 Why do the days and nights are almost of equal duration at Kanniyakumari?

Answer: Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu is located at the southernmost tip of India’s main land.
The latitude 8°4’ N passes close to it. The place is thus near the equator and lies close to the
Equatorial region. As the sun shines directly over the Equator throughout the year, the durations
of day and night are almost equal here. Hence, in Kanniyakumari, the difference in the duration
of day and night is very little.

Q7 Why Is the knowledge of latitude and longitude important for people?

Answer:
The knowledge of latitude and longitude is important for people because it helps them to
understand and locates the geographical location and globe better. The use of latitudes and
longitudes offer a better and quick grasp of geographical facts.

It determines the time zones of the different regions of the world. With the help of
longitudes and latitudes, it is easy to calculate local time and standard time. Longitudes
and latitudes also help in calculating the distance from one place to another.
Q.8 What do you know about the neighbours of India?
Answer:
India occupies an important strategic position in South Asia. India shares its land boundaries
with Afghanisatan and Pakistan in the northwest; China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north and
Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. The island states of Sri Lanka and Maldives are our
southern neighbours across the sea. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of
sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manner, while Maldives Islands are situated to the
South of the Lakshadweep Islands. Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and India form the
most natural geographical unit, often referred to as the Indian subcontinent.

Q 9 How has the long coastline been beneficial to India?

Answer: The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, extensions of the Indian Ocean, lie to the
west and east of Indian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean lies to its south. The total length of the
coastline of the main land of India including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep is 7516.6 km.
The long coastline of India has helped in maritime trade since ages. The central location of India at
the head of the Indian Ocean has provided it a strategic location along the trans-Indian Ocean routes.
India can establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from western coast and with
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Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. The long coastline has also played a major role in
influencing the climate of India. It provides opportunities for fishing and extraction of petroleum. It
serves as a natural boundary protecting India.

Q10. What was the contribution of land routes to India in ancient times? Explain.
Answer:
The contribution of land routes to India in ancient times are given below :
(a) The large land boundaries of India have helped to develop links with her neighbouring countries.
(b) It contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times.
(c) The ideas of the Upanishads, the Ramayana, the Geeta, etc. have become known to the world.
(d) The Indian numerals as well as the decimal system long back crossed the border. The Arabs took
these ideas to the West.
(e) The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken away from India to different countries
through these land routes.
(f) On the other hand, the influence of Greek sculpture, and the architectural styles of dome and
minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of our country.

2. POL.SC CH 1 WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY

DEMOCRACY?

Q1.Hightlight the unfair practices used by the President of Zimbabwe to win the elections.

Ans-(a)His government has changed the constitution several times to increase his power.

(b)Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted.

(c)Public protest and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal.

(d)Laws that limits the right to criticize the President were passed.

(e)Television and radio are controlled by the government.

(f)Government has ignored some court judgments and went against it.

(g)Government harasses those journalists who go against it.

Q2 .Differentiate between Argument for Democracy and Argument against Democracy.

Argument for Democracy Argument against Democracy

(a)Democratic form of government is more (a)Change of leaders leads to instability.

accountable.

(b) It improves the quality of decision making. (b)It involves only political competition with
no scope for morality.

(c)It provides a method to deal with differences (c)Consulting more people leads to delays.
and conflicts.

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(d)It enhances the dignity of citizens. (d)It leads to corruption.

(e)It allows us to correct our mistakes. (e)Ordinary people don’t know that what is
good for them.

Q3 .With the help of an example,prove that a democractic government is a more accountable

form of government.

Ans-We can take the example of India .In India, the government is accountable is accountable
to the citizens.

(a)The Government policies in India are based on the democratic values.

(b)It is able to respond to the needs of the people.

(c)It holds multi-party elections.

(d)It has opposition parties to criticized the government.

(e)Democracy ensures that the decision making will be based on norms and procedures.So, a
citizen who wants to know whether a decision was taken through the correct procedures,can
find it out.This is known as transparency.

(f)A democracric government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizen’s rights.

(h)Democracy provides a method to deal with difference and conflicts .It is suitable in
countries like India ,as India has diversity of languages, religion and culture.

(i)Democracy also increases the dignity of citizens, because it is based on the principle of
political equality .This means that the poorest and the least educated have the same status as the
rich and educated.

Q4 .What do you understand by the “broader meaning of democracy”?Explain .

Ans-The broader meaning of democracy signifies that:

(a)Democracy is a principle that can be applied to any sphere of life.

(b)The most common form of democracy in today’s world is rule through people’s elected
representation.

(c)Every democracy has to try to realize the ideals of a democratic decision making .This
cannot be achieved once and for all.It requires a constant effort to save and strengthen
democractic forms of decision making.

(d)Democracy depends on active political participation by all the citizens.That is why a study of
democracy must focus on democratic politics.

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 3. HISTORY CH I -THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Q1. Explain triangular slave trade carried on during 18th and 19th century.
Ans. There occurred a shortage of labour on the plantations in the
Caribbean when European refused to go and work in the distant land.

 This problem was solved by a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa
and the America.
 French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African
coast. There they bought slaves from local chieftains.
 The slaves were branded and shackled. They were then packed tightly into
ships which carried them to the Caribbean.
 There they were sold to plantation owners.
 The exploitation of slave labour, thus met the growing demand in European
markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.

Q2. What is the significance of the “Tennis Court Oath” in the French Revolution

Ans :

 The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesman for the
whole French nation.
 On 20th June, 1789, the assembled in the hall of on indoor tennis court in the
grounds of Versailles.
 They declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not the disperse till
they had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the
Monarch.
 The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791 as a result
of which France finally became a republic in1792.

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Q3. How was slavery abolished in France?

 Ans (i) The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man
should be extended all French subjects including those in the colonies but it did not
pass any laws, fearing opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the
slave trade.
 (ii) It was finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the
French over seas possessions.
 (iii) However, ten years later, Napoleon re introduced slavery.
 (iv) Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in1848.

 After crowning himself as Emperor of France In 1804. he went out to

conquer the neighboring European countries, dispossess dynasties and creating
kingdoms where he placed members of hrs family.
 Initially. he was viewed as a liberator who would bring freedom to the people. but
soon the Napoleonic armies came to be Viewed every where as an invading force.

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Q.4 DESCRIBE ROLE OF WOMEN IN FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Women played a very significant role in France before the French Revolution.

Condition

(i)Most of the women of the third estate had to work for a living.

(ii)They worked as seamstresses of laundresses,sold flowers,fruits and vegetables at the market,

or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people.

(iii)Most of the women did not have access to education of job training.

(iv)Only daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent
after which their families arranged a marriage for them.

(v)They cooked food, fetched water and stood in queues for bread and look after the children.

(vi)Their wages were lower than those of men.

Participation of women in French revolution

(i)In order to discuss – and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and
newspapers.

(ii)One of the major demand was right to vote.

(iii)The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was one such club formed by
women.

Q5.On ascending the throne of France, Louis XVI found the treasury empty. Why was the
treasury empty?
Ans- The causes for empty treasury at the time of his accession were as follows.
(i) The financial resources of France had drained due to the long years of war.
(ii) The high cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles also
added to the financial drain.
(iii) France had helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain.
This increased the debt to more than 2 billion livres.
12.Describe the incidents that led to the storming of the Bastille. Describe the events that took
place on 14th July 1789 in France. Or How did storming of Bastille became the main cause of
the French Revolution?
Ans- Storming of Bastille became the main cause of the French Revolution because of the
following reasons.
(i) While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of
France faced turmoil. Due to bad harvest, price of bread increased.
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(ii) This situation worsened when the bakers started hoarding supplies.
(iii) Women who stood in queues at the bakery stormed the shops. At the same time the king
had ordered troops to move into Paris. As a result on 14 July the angry crowd stormed and
destroyed Bastille. It was hated by all as it stood for the despotic powers of the king.
Q6.What does subsistence crisis mean ? What led t subsistence crisis in France?
Ans- Subsistence Crisis- An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are
endangered.
Causes-
i.Rise in population.
ii.Increase in demand of food grains.
iii.Prices of bread rose rapidly.
iv.Wages could not keep pace with the rising prices.
v.Gap between rich and poor widened.
vi.Drought or hail reduced the harvest.
Q7 .Describe the system of estates in which the French society was organized in the 18th
century. What was the condition of peasants in this system?
Ans- The system and conditions are as follows:
i.First and Second estate- Clergy and Nobility- They owned 60% of land and enjoyed all
privileges and paid no taxes.
ii.Third estate-90% of population ,including peasants ,artisans, landless labours. They did all
work and paid all taxes.
iii.Middle class-New social group of rich educated society,i.e., lawyers,doctors,judges and rich
businessmen.
*They had no political rights.
*They dreamt of a society based on merit.
*They provided leadership.
15.Describe the role of Philosophers in the French revolution.
Ans-John Locke
*In his book “Two Treatises of Government”, Locke sought to refute the doctrine of divine and
absolute right of the monarch.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
*Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract
between the people and their representatives.
Montesquieu
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*In “The Spirit of the Law”, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government
between the Legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
The ideas of the philosophers were discussed in salons and coffee houses and spread among the
people through books and newspapers .These were frequently read loud in groups for the
benefit of those who could not read and write.
Q8.What is the significance of the “Tennis Court Oath” in the French Revolution ?
Ans-(i) The representatives of the third estate viewed themselves as spokesman for the whole
French nation.
(ii)On 20th June, 1789, the assembled in the hall of on indoor tennis court in the grounds of
Versailles.
(iii) They declared themselves a national assembly and swore not the disperse till they had
drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the Monarch.
(iv)The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791 as a result of which
France finally became a republic in 1792.
Q9. How did the political system work in France under the constitution of 1791?
Ans- (i) The Constitution of 1791 gave the power to make laws in the National Assembly,
which was indirectly elected.
(ii) Citizens were given the right to vote for an electoral group which in turn, elected the
Assembly
(iii) But all the citizens were not given this right. Only those men older than 25 years who paid
taxes equal to minimum 3 days of a labourer's wage were given this right.
(iv) Rest of the men and women were classed as passive citizens and not given right to vote.
(v) It limited the powers of the monarch ,powers were distributed between legislature ,executive
and judiciary.
Q10.Write a short note on the document ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizen.’
Ans- The Declaration of the ‘Rights of Man’ and Citizen proclaimed –
(i)Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech freedom of opinion ,equality before law,
were established as “natural and inalienable” rights.They belonged to each human being by
birth and could not be taken away.
(ii)It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural rights.

Q11.Describe causes for the fall of Jacobin government in France. Or Explain the “Reign of
Terror” in brief.
Ans-(i)The Jacobin government in France was based on extreme measures. The period from
1793-1794 is referred to as the reign of terror.
(ii)Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.

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(iii)All those he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic-nobles and clergy, members of other
political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods-were
arrested, imprisoned and guillotined. This led to chaos and resentment among the people.
(iv)The Jacobin government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wage and prices.
(v) Meat and bread were rationed.
(vi) Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the
government.
(vii)This led to a feeling of resentment against the Jacobins. Peasants began opposing them.
Robespierre’s government ordered shut down of churches and converting church buildings into
barrack or offices. Thus the clergy turned against the Jacobin regime and hastened its fall.
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters turned against him.
(viii)They began to demand moderation and a middle path. Finally, he was convicted by a court
in July 1794, arrested and guillotined.
Q12.How did a directory rule in France ? Explain. Or Write a short note on the Directory.
Ans-(i) The new constitution made provision for two elected legislative councils.
(ii)These then appointed a Directory, an Executive made up to five members.
(iii)This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of political power in a one-man
executive as under the Jacobins.
(iv)The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator,
Napoleon Bonaparte.
(v)Through all these changes in the form of government, the ideals of freedom, of equality
before the law of the land and of fraternity remained inspiring ideals that motivated political
movements in France and the rest of Europe during the following century.
Q13.Evaluate condition and the role of women in France before the revolution.
Ans- Women played a very significant role in France before the French Revolution.
Condition
(i)Most of the women of the third estate had to work for a living.
(ii)They worked as seamstresses of laundresses,soldflowers,fruits and vegetables at the market,
or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people.
(iii)Most of the women did not have access to education of job training.
(iv)Only daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate could study at a convent
after which their families arranged a marriage for them.
(v)They cooked food, fetched water and stood in queues for bread and look after the children.
(vi)Their wages were lower than those of men.
Participation of women in French revolution

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(i)In order to discuss – and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and
newspapers.
(ii)One of the major demand was right to vote.
(iii)The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was one such club formed by
women.
Q14 .Which laws were introduced by revolutionary government to improve the condition of
women in France ?
Ans-(i)In the early years, the revolutionary government did introduce laws that helped to
improve the lives of women.
(ii)Together with the creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
(iii)Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will.
(iv)Marriage was made into a contract entered freely and registered under civil law.
(v)Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men.
(vi)Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
Q15 .Describe the triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America.
(i) An acute shortage of labour in the French Caribbean colonies, Martinique, Guadeloupe and
San Domingo, led to the triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America in the 17th
century.
(ii) French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where
they bought slaves from the local chieftains. Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed
tightly into the ships for the three month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
(iii) There they were sold to the plantation owners. The exploitation of slave labour made it
possible to meet the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.

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 4. GEO CH 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

Q1.Describe how the Himalayas were formed.

Ans-1.The oldest landmass, (the peninsula part),formed was a part of the Gondwanaland .

2.The Gondwana land included India ,Australia, South Africa and South America as one single
land mass.

3.The conventional currents splits the crust into number of pieces, thus leading to the drifting of
the Indo -Australian plate after being separated from the Gondwana land, towards north .

4.The northern drift resulted in the collision of the plate with the much larger Eurasian plate.

5.Due to this collision , the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosynclines
known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.

Q2.Mention the significance of Himalayas.

Ans-The significance of Himalayas are as follows:

(a) The Himalayas act as a climatic divide. They do not allow the cold winds from Central Asia
to come into

India nor do they allow the monsoons to escape into Central Asia.

(b) They are storehouse of forest wealth and wildlife.

(c) They give rise to perennial rivers e.g. River Ganga.

(d) They have a number of places of tourist attraction i.e. hill stations (Shimla, Nainital,
Srinagar etc).

(e) They are also famous for the river valleys, e.g. Kashmir valley drained by Jhelum river and
fruit orchards.

(f) They also are well known for the glaciers like Siachen, the highest battled.

Q3.How do the physical divisions of India complement each other?

Ans-Each physiographic region is unique in itself, but in spite of their differences they are
interdependent on each other. They complement one another, in the following sense:

(a) The Northern mountains are a rich source of water and forest resources.

(b) The Northern Plains with fertile soil are the granaries for the whole country.

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(c) The Peninsular plateau is the storehouse of mineral wealth, so it is a base of manufacturing
industries.

(d) The coastal plains provide sites for fishing and port activities.

(e) The island groups have a unique diversity in flora and fauna.

Q4.Describe the three parallel ranges of the HImalayas.

Ans-(a) Himadri (Greater or Inner Himalayas):

1.It is the most continuous range of the Himalayas .

2.It has the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6000 metres.

3.For example, Mount Everest 8848 metres, Kanchenjunga 8598 metres.

4.The folds of this part are asymmetrical in nature.

5. It is perennially snow bound and gives rise to a number of perennial rivers e.g. Ganga rises
from Gangotri glacier.

(b) Himachal (Lesser Himalayas):

1.These ranges lie south of Himadri and forms the most rugged ranges.

2.These ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.

3.The average height of the lesser Himalayas is between 3700 and 4500 metres.

4.The important ranges are the PirPanjal, the Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat.

5. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and the Kullu Valley.

6.This range is also famous for its hills stations like Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet, Shimla.

7.This range is also famous for its fruit orchards.

(c) Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas):

1.These ranges extend over a width of 10-50 km and height between 900 and 1100 metres.

2.These ranges are made up of unconsolidated mud and rocks brought down by the Himalayan
rivers.

3.These ranges are more prone to landslides and earthquakes.

4.They are more prominent in the western part of India.

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5.The longitudinal valleys lying between lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks are called ‘Duns’
like Dehra dun, Kotli Dun and Path Dun etc

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Q5. Distinguish between Bhangar and Khadar.

Bhangar Khadar

1.The largest part of the northern plain is 1.The newer, younger deposits
formed of older alluvium
of the flood plains are called khadar.

2.They lie above the flood plains of the 2.They are renewed almost every year
rivers and so are fertile.

and present a terrace like feature. This .

part is known as bhangar.

3.The soil in this region contains 3.Ideal for

calcareous deposites locally known as
kankar. intensive agriculture.

Q6. What is the significance of the Northern Plains?

Answer:
The significance of the Northern Plain are :

 This plain is made up of the alluvial soil brought down by the rivers. This soil
is very soft and fertile. Major crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, pulses, oil
seeds, etc. are grown here. This plain is the ‘food bowl’ of India.

 The land of this plain is soft, levelled and flat. Therefore, wells, tubewells and
canals can be dug for irrigation. Due to proper irrigation, it is the largest
producer of foodgrains in india.

 This plain gets sufficient rainfall. There are many rivers, streams and lakes.
There is also rich vegetation. These factors affect the climate. The climate of
the Northern Plains is very cold in winter and very hot in summer.

 This is one of the most thickly populated plain of the world. The most thickly
populated states of India, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, lie in this plain.

Q7. What is the significance of Himalayas?

Answer:
The significance of Himalayas is as follows :
(a) The Himalayas stand like a mighty mountain wall in the north of India. They ‘

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separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia.
(b) They have vast snowfields and glaciers which are the source of numerous
perennial rivers. These rivers provide water for irrigation, navigation and generation
of hydel power.
(c) The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier. They protect the Northern Plains from
freezing cold winds. They also stop and deflect the rain-bearing winds.
(d) The forests in the Himalayas provide a suitable habitat for wildlife. They also have
many wildlife sanctuaries.
(e) The Himalayas also have many beautiful hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie,
Nainital and Darjeeling, which attract tourists.

Q8 How do different physiographic regions of India complement each other?

Answer:
A detailed account of the different physiographic units highlights the unique features
of each region :
(a) Each region complements the other and makes the country richer in its natural
resources.
(b) The mountains are the major source of water and forest wealth.
(c) The Northern Plains are the granaries of the country. They provided the base for
early civilizations.
(d) The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has played a crucial role in the
industrialization of the country.
(e) The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities.
Thus, the diverse physical features of the land have immense future possibilities of
development.

Q9. Which part of the Himalayas is known as Purvachal? Write a short note on the
Purvachal Himalayas.
Answer:
The eastern hills and mountains of the Himalayas running along the eastern boundary
of India are known as Purvachal. They are in the northeastern states of India.

The Brahmaputra marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayas. Beyond the
Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern
boundary of India. They are known as the Purvachal or the Eastern hills and
mountains. These hills running trough the north-eastern states are mostly composed of
strong sandstones, which are sedimentary rocks. Covered with dense forests, they
mostly run as parallel ranges and valleys. The Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills,
the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.

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 5. ECO CH 2 – PEOPLE AS RESOURCE
Q1. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Answer:
Economic activities:
The activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities.

 They can be divided into two types: market activities and non-market
activities.

 Market activities involve the activities performed for pay or profit and non-
market activities include the production done for self-consumption.

 Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who performs, it includes

production of goods or services ,including government services.
Non- Economic activities:

 The activities that add no value to the national income are called non-
economic activities. The domestic chore is an example of non-economic
activities.

 Activities which are not performed to earn money but to get some satisfaction
,are called non-economic activities. it includes cleaning, cooking,and child
minding.

Q2. How will you explain the term unemployment? Differentiate between disguised
unemployment and seasonal unemployment
Answer:
A situation in which a section of people , who are able and willing to work but do not
find gainful work is referred to as unemployed.

 Rural and urban areas, both have unemployment. In the case of the rural
population, there is seasonal and disguised unemployment and in urban areas,
there is educated unemployment.

Disguised Unemployment Seasonal unemployment?

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1.In case of disguised unemployment 1.It happens when people are not able to
people appear to be employed. find jobs during some months of the
years.

2.They have agricultural plot where they 2.People dependent upon agriculture
find work. More people are engaged than usually face such kind of problem.
the required ones.

3.In such cases, even if the surplus 3.There are certain busy seasons when
labourers are removed from work, sowing ,harvesting, weeding ,threshing is
production does not suffer. done. Certain months do not provide
much work to the people dependent on
agriculture.

Q3. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is one of the successful steps to increase literacy
rate.Describe its features and its importance for fighting social and economic
problems.
Answer:

 The main aim of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has been to achieve the goal of
universalisation of elementary education.

 Free and compulsory education for all the children in age group of 6-14 years.

 Along with it, bridge courses and back-to-school camps have been initiated to
increase the enrolment in elementary education.

 Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and

retention of children and improve their nutritional status.

 These policies could add to the illiterate population of India due to the fact that
this is a time bound initiative of the central government in partnership with the
states, the local government and the community.

Q4. What is the main difference between ‘Human Capital’ and ‘Human Capital Formation’?
Answer:
Human Capital: Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the
form of education, training and health care.
Human Capital Formation: When the existing ‘human resource’ or ‘human capital’ is further
developed by becoming more educated and healthy, it is known as human capital formation.

Q5. List the demerits of increase in population.

Answer:
The demerits of population increase are :

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  The per capita income drops.
 Non-productive force increases.
 The people below poverty line increases.
 Resources like land, factories or other tools and machinery are divided into
more persons so profit becomes divided.
 Slums come up.
 Unemployment increases.

Q6. Suggest any three ways to transform population load into an asset.
Answer:
The three ways to transform population load into an asset are :

 To improve literacy rate: Education provides new aspiration and develops

values of life. Education helps in enhancing the national income, cultural
richness and increases the efficiency of governance.
 Health: The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability
to fight illness. Increase in longevity of life in an indicator of good quality of
life marked by self-confidence. It involves the protection of children from
infection, ensuring nutrition and along with mother and the child and child
care.
 Formation of skills: Providing vocational and skill-based education helps the
people to get employment and therefore, they contribute to the national
income later.
Q7. What is the nature of unemployment in India?
Answer:
In India, unemployment is widespread. Unemployment is found both in its rural and
urban areas. There is seasonal and disguised unemployment in its rural areas. People
here are dependent on agriculture. Certain months do not provide much work to the
people dependant upon agriculture.
In urban areas, educated unemployment has become a serious problem. Many
educated youths are not able to find jobs. Unemployment among graduates and post-
graduates has increased f§ster than among the matriculates.

Q8. What are the measures taken by the government to improve literacy conditions in
India?
Answer:
The following the measures have been taken by the government to improve literacy
conditions in India

 Opening of Navodaya Vidyalayas: Government has started to establish

Navodaya Vidyalayas in each district. Vocational streams have been

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 developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations
related to knowledge and skills.
 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan: It is a significant step towards providing elementary
education to all the children of age group 6-14 years. It is an initiative of the
Central Government in partnership with the States, the local government and
the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary
education.
 Mid-day Meal Scheme: It is a programme aimed to encourage attendance and
retention of children in schools and improve their nutritional status.
Q9. Why did Japan emerge as a developed country inspite of its poor natural
resource?
Answer:
Japan emerged as a developed country inspite of its poor natural resource because :
 As they did not have any other resource they invested in the development of
human resource.
 They import the natural resource needed in their country. They have invested
on people, especially in the field of education and health.
 These people have made efficient use of other resources, like land and capital.
Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries
rich and developed.
Q 10. How are the children of educated parents different from those of uneducated
parents?
Answer:
The children of educated parents are different from those of uneducated parents in the
following ways :
 Children of educated parents get better opportunities and support in their
education.
 Their nutritional values are taken care in a better way by the educated parents
in comparison to the uneducated parents.
 The children of educated parents do not lack in hygiene as the educated
parents are conscious about it.

Q.11. What different the strategies should be made by the government to solve the
unemployment in India.
Answer:
The strategies made by the government to solve the problem of unemployment in India:

 Heavy Investment in Basic Industries: Investment in heavy and basic

industries and consumer goods industries should be increased. They provide
more employment along with the supply of consumer goods.
 Development of Cottage and Small-scale Industries: They provide more
employment by adopting labour intensive techniques.

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  Change in Educational System: More emphasis should be given to vocational
education.
 Checking of Population Explosion: Rapidly rising population should be
checked by adopting family planning and welfare schemes.
 Modernisation of Agriculture: Modernisation of agriculture should be done.
Waste lands should be utilised.
 Introduction of Rural Works Programmes: Rural works programmes should be
increased.
 Developing Infrastructure of Economy: Infrastructure of the economy should
be developed.
 Subsidies to Private Sector: Subsidies and other incentives should be given to
private sector.
 Stress on Self-employment: Young entrepreneurs should be encouraged for
sell-employment by giving proper training and financial assistance.

6. POL.SC CH 2 – CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN

Q1. Highlight any five difficult circumstances under which the Indian Constitution
was
drawn up.
Ans. India’s Constitution was also drawn up under very difficult circumstances.
The making of the constitution for the huge and diverse country like India was not an
easy
affair.
At the time the people of India were emerging from the status of subject to that of
citizens.
The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences. This
was a
traumatic experience for the people of India and Pakistan.
At least ten lakhs people were killed on both sides of the border in partition related
violence.
British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to
merge
with India or with Pakistan or remain independent.

Q2. “Democracy is the only peaceful solution to the problems on a socially diverse
country like India”. Comment.
Ans. In a diverse country like India, democracy keeps our country together.

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In our country, people belong to different regions, languages, religious and castes.
Equal dignity and respect is given to every citizen without any discrimination.
They have different performances. The preferences of one group can clash with those
of
other groups which can be resolved here in a better way.
In a democracy no one is a permanent winner and no one is a permanent loser.
Different
groups can live with one another peacefully.
In any society, people have differences of opinion and interests. These differences are
particular sharp in a country like ours where there is a wide social diversity.

Q3. Explain the terms Justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, written the preamble of
India.
Ans. Justice: Citizens cannot be discriminated on the ground of caste, religion and
gender.
Social inequalities have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all,
especially of the disadvantaged group.
Liberty: There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they wish to
express
their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thought in action.
Equality: All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be
ended.
The government should ensure equal opportunity for all.
Fraternity: All should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should
treat a
fellow citizen as inferior.

Q4. Write any five features of Indian constitution.

Ans. Indian constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values. This is
called
Preamble.
It is very long and detailed document.
It has to be in accordance with people’s aspiration and changes in society.
Indian constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country.
It is very rigid.
It puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizens
that
cannot be violated.

Q5. Why is the Preamble very important?

Ans. It declares India to be a sovereign, Socialist, Secular Democratic Republic.

It envisages Justice-Social, Economic and political for all the citizens of the Republic.
It ensures all types of freedom necessary for the individuals that are freedom of
thought and
expression.
It strives for equality of status and opportunity to all individuals and safeguards their
dignity

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irrespective of their religious belief or section.
It promotes a sense of brotherhood among the citizens.

Q6. What do understand by constitutional amendment?

Ans. The constitution of India is long and detailed documents. It needs to be amended
quit
regularly to keep it updated.
The makers of the constitution felt that it has to be in accordance with people’s
aspirations
and changes in society.
They did not see it as a scared, static and unalterable law.
So it is the provision of change in constitution made by the supreme legislative body
in a
country.

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