1

Project AQUADROP: Advancing Quality Utilization of Aquatic Droplets

Vibration for Renewable Optimization of Power

A Science Research Innovation Expo

(Group Category) Presented to Faculty of Calayan Educational
Foundation, Inc.

Researchers:
Jeynird Iriz M. Aritmetica
Allyza Dominique M. Asnan
Ralph Vincent T. Guerrero

Research Advisor:
Ms. Melanie E. Balmes. LPT

September 2024
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Research Abstract

Project AQUADROP explores an innovative method for converting water

vibrations into electrical energy, presenting a potential solution for sustainable
power generation. The study examines the system’s efficiency in vibration
frequency and output voltage, as well as its adaptability to varying rainfall
conditions. Results demonstrate a positive correlation between vibration frequency
and average output voltage, increasing from 0.66 V at 10 Hz to 5.38 V at 100 Hz,
with peak efficiency achieved at 100 Hz. This suggests that optimizing operational
frequencies could significantly enhance energy conversion.
The system's performance across different rainfall intensities also shows a
direct relationship between rainfall and energy output, with average voltage rising
from 0.35 V in light rain to 0.64 V in heavy rain. While ANOVA analysis
indicated that differences in output voltage across rainfall conditions were not
statistically significant (p-value = 0.641), the dataset offers a foundation for future
research on factors influencing energy capture.
Additionally, the system's capability to power small electronic devices
highlights its practical viability. These findings underscore Project AQUADROP’s
potential as a renewable energy solution, especially under conditions of higher
vibration frequencies and varying rainfall. Further research is essential to refine
the system’s design and expand its applications in real-world scenarios.

Keywords: aquatic. vibrations, renewable, power, frequency

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Research Abstract
II. Introduction

Research Questions
Hypothesis
Features and Specifications
Market Trends and Opportunities

III. Materials and Methods

Prototype Design
Circuit Diagram
Actual Product
Materials
Methods

IV. Results and Discussion

V. Conclusions
VI. References
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Introduction
Increasing reliance on renewable sources has thus become a need in the
world to decrease the burning of fossil fuels and change the repercussions of
climate change. Renewable sources have substantial economic and environmental
benefits, including lower levels of carbon emissions, reduced air pollution, and
increased possibilities of lower energy costs. It has been established that using
such power sources greatly impacts the comfort, safety, and robustness of electric
grids while harnessing natural energy in a sustainable but environmentally savvy
way (Zakariazadeh et al., 2024). For instance, solar, wind, and hydropower have
been at the forefront of this renewed struggle towards a renewable energy shift.
Diversification and optimization of these renewable energy sources will be
achieved to a greater extent through continuous research and innovation.
A notable advancement in this field is Vibro-Hydro Power (VHP), a
technology that captures kinetic energy from water vibrations and transforms it
into usable electrical energy. This method offers a unique strategy for harnessing
previously unexploited energy generated by minor water movements, including
waves, currents, or vibrations resulting from the interplay between infrastructure
and water. In light of the ubiquitous presence of water bodies throughout the
world, VHP could potentially become a significant player in the renewable energy
space across various environmental landscapes.
It is founded on the principle that vibration energy can be transformed into
electrical energy using complex systems of mechanical and electromechanical
construction. These vibration-generating technologies for energy are intended to
detect and take advantage even of slight, periodic vibrations available in water,
either in natural water bodies or regulated environments. The integration of VHP
systems with existing structures of water management and energy generation
could be a way of generating electricity sustainably, reducing environmental
impacts.
Research by Doria (2019) highlights advancements in vibration-based
energy harvesting, particularly focusing on the design and efficiency of
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piezoelectric devices in raindrop harvesting systems. These studies have explored

such devices' structural and electrical configurations, often using prototypes to test
various layouts, with piezoelectric cantilevers as a common design standard. In
addition, Palomba (2022) also explores the energy dynamics arising when
raindrops hit a sufficiently thick layer of water that would generate the appearance
of crown formation and surface ripples, where energy could be captured. Such
research aspects 5 | P a g e point towards as-yet-unexploited potential in the
transformation of water-induced vibrations into a sustainable source of energy.
This study, Project AQUADROP will investigate the feasibility,
technological requirements, and potential uses of vibro-hydro power as a new
renewable energy source. This will also investigate the scientific bases that
underpin the conversion of water oscillations into electricity, acknowledge the
technical advancements necessary to achieve efficient energy harvesting, and
assess the environmental and economic impacts tied to this approach.
Additionally, this research methodically reviews the potential input of VHP to
future international efforts focused on attaining a greener and cleaner energy
future.

Research Questions

The search for renewable energy has been in demand in the market for years due
to the urgent need for the reduction of usage of fossil fuels and mitigation for climate
change. Sources of energy and electricity can be found in renewable resources
including hydroelectric power. This can be an efficient way of producing and storing
energy that is both convenient and eco-friendly. However, the surge of power created
by hydroelectric energy can be limited through the reliance on kinetic energy in
flowing water. Thus, this study will instead focus on the energy produced by water
vibrations.
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This study will focus on developing an alternative renewable energy system

through Project AQUADROP, vibro-hydro power that will capture water vibrations
and convert them to energy. This research will address the following specific
problems:

1. What is the efficiency of Project AQUADROP in terms of:

1.1 Vibration Frequency
1.2 Voltage
2. How many voltages will Project AQUADROP harness through water
vibrations in terms of:
1.1 Light rain
1.2 Moderate rain
1.3 Heavy rain
3. What is the significant difference among voltages of Project AQUADROP
based on rain intensity?
4. What are the devices that can be powered by Project AQUADROP?

Hypothesis

Primary Hypothesis: Water vibrations caused by rainfall or pour will produce

sufficient energy through vibration frequency and voltage.

Secondary Hypothesis: There will be enough voltages that can be harnessed from
water vibrations through light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain.

Tertiary Hypothesis: The voltage output of Project AQUADROP will increase

significantly with the intensity of the rainfall.

Quarternary Hypothesis: Project AQUADROP will be a functional power device that

can power cellphones, laptops, electronic devices, and other electronic appliances.
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Features and Specifications

The following sections outline the key features and specifications of the
piezoelectric energy harvesting system developed under Project AQUADROP.
This system harnesses energy from natural water movements and rainwater,
detailing its innovative capabilities and technical parameters that contribute to its
effectiveness as a sustainable energy solution. These features and specifications
highlight the system's design, functionality, and potential applications, providing a
comprehensive overview of how Project AQUADROP aims to create efficient and
environmentally friendly energy generation methods.

A. Key Features of Project AQUADROP:

1. Dual Energy Harvesting Capability
The system efficiently captures energy from mechanical vibrations and water
movements, utilizing both flowing water (such as rivers and streams) and
rainwater, thereby maximizing energy generation in both rainy and sunny
conditions.
2. Integration of Piezoelectric Materials
Utilizes advanced piezoelectric materials that convert mechanical stress from
vibrations and impacts (e.g., raindrops) into electrical energy, enhancing the
overall efficiency of energy capture.
3. Scalable Design
The system can be scaled for various applications, from small installations in
rural settings to larger setups in urban environments, allowing for flexible
deployment in diverse geographical areas.
4. Robust Environmental Resilience
Designed to withstand harsh weather conditions, the product is constructed
with durable, corrosion-resistant materials, ensuring reliable operation in both
wet and dry climates.
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5. Low Environmental Impact

Minimal disruption to local ecosystems compared to traditional energy
systems, as it does not require significant infrastructure or water diversion,
making it an environmentally friendly energy solution.
6. Energy Storage Compatibility
The system can be integrated with energy storage solutions, such as batteries
or grid systems, enabling effective energy management and providing power
during non-generating periods.
7. Reduced Maintenance Needs
With fewer moving parts compared to conventional turbines, the system
requires less maintenance, resulting in lower operational costs and longer
service life.
8. User-Friendly Interface
Equipped with a digital monitoring system that allows users to track energy
production in real-time, facilitating efficient management and optimization of
energy usage.
9. Modular Design
The modular nature of the system allows for easy upgrades and expansions,
accommodating future advancements in technology or changes in energy
demand.
10. Integration with Smart Technologies
Compatible with smart grids and home automation systems, enabling efficient
energy distribution and usage based on real-time data analytics.

B. Specifications of Project AQUADROP:

1. Power Output Range
Capable of generating up to five (5) volts per second, depending on
environmental conditions and the intensity of vibrations or rain impacts, and
can store up to twelve (12) volts of power.
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2. Efficiency
Achieves energy conversion efficiencies ranging from 80% to 95%, influenced
by site-specific conditions, including the velocity of flow and the intensity of
rain impacts.
3. Durability and Reliability
Constructed from marine-grade stainless steel and advanced composite
materials to ensure longevity and reliable performance in aquatic environments.
4. Size and Weight
Compact design, with dimensions suitable for various installations;
Vibrating Plate: 38 cm x 25 cm
Main Frame: 30 cm x 20 cm x 9 cm
Storage Hardware: 30 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm
Product Weight: 1,128 grams
5. Environmental Considerations
Generates no noise pollution, preserving local wildlife's migratory routes and
habitat, making it an eco-friendly alternative to traditional energy generation
methods.
6. Installation Flexibility
Can be installed in various locations, including urban waterways, irrigation
channels, and rooftops, and even integrated into existing infrastructure,
maximizing energy generation opportunities across different settings.
7. Voltage Regulation
Includes built-in voltage regulation to ensure stable energy output, protecting
connected devices from power surges.
8. Connection Options
Offers multiple connectivity options (e.g., USB, DC output) to easily integrate
with various devices and energy storage systems.
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Market Trends and Opportunities

This section captures the notable market trends and opportunities that
were learned through the research study concerning a new concept of producing
renewable energy by harnessing vibrations in water. It has been discussed below
the critical market trends and opportunities resulted from the study:

A. Market Trends:
1. Taking Renewable Energy Demand to New Heights
The demand for renewable energy is rapidly gaining momentum due to
increasing concerns about climate change and the necessity for alternative
energy sources. Hydroelectric power is anticipated to grow exponentially,
along with innovative technologies such as Vibro-Hydro Power (VHP), which
harnesses energy from vibrations in various bodies of water, including rivers,
lakes, urban watercourses, and even rainwater. This adaptability makes VHP
particularly relevant in regions characterized by two primary climatic
conditions—rainy and sunny.
Recent advancements in material science have significantly enhanced the
feasibility of VHP. In particular, the utilization of piezoelectric materials,
which efficiently convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, has
emerged as a critical factor in improving the effectiveness of VHP systems.
2. Transition to Decentralized Energy Systems
A notable trend is the shift toward decentralized energy production,
emphasizing localized energy generation within communities. VHP has the
potential to enhance energy security by tapping into nearby water resources,
including those generated during rainfall, thereby reducing transmission
losses and providing sustainable energy solutions tailored to community
needs.
3. Supportive Government Policies and Incentives
Numerous governmental entities have established policies and incentives
aimed at promoting the uptake of renewable energy technologies. This
 11

support includes financial grants, tax benefits, and subsidies for initiatives that
integrate pioneering energy solutions like VHP, thereby facilitating market
expansion.
4. Rising Investments in Clean Energy
The deployment of clean energy technologies is experiencing significant
growth, with increasing investments from venture capital and private equity
firms focused on renewable energy projects. Innovative solutions such as
VHP are gaining traction amid a broader trend of investment aimed at
advancing sustainable energy initiatives.

B. Opportunities:
1. Localized Energy Solutions
Project AQUADROP provides opportunities for energy generation from
secondary aquatic environments, irrigation channels, urban waterways, and
rainwater harvesting systems—areas generally unsuitable for large-scale
hydroelectric projects. Thus, VHP benefits from a niche market focused on
localized energy generation.
2. Integration with Existing Water Infrastructure
The integration of VHP systems into current water infrastructures, such as
dams and water treatment facilities, can be achieved with relatively minimal
financial investment, enhancing the overall energy efficiency and productivity
of these establishments.
3. Research and Development (R&D) Prospects
The potential for R&D in Vibro-Hydro Power technology indicates prospects
for improved designs and novel applications, establishing VHP as a
competitive alternative within the renewable energy landscape. Continued
focus on R&D is pivotal for enhancing the commercial viability of this
emerging technology.
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4. Environmental Sustainability
VHP systems exhibit a reduced ecological footprint compared to conventional
hydroelectric facilities, as they do not require extensive water diversion or
dam construction. This characteristic makes VHP an appealing option for
investors and stakeholders who prioritize environmental considerations.

5. Cooperative Partnerships
Collaborations among governmental agencies, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and private sector firms are crucial for advancing
VHP. Such partnerships can facilitate the development of pilot projects,
secure funding, and scale up successful initiatives.
6. Development of Awareness and Educational Programs
Increasing awareness of the potential benefits and viability of vibro-hydro
power is likely to generate greater interest and investment in this technology.
Educational training programs aimed at stakeholders and the general public
could catalyze the faster adoption and application of VHP.

Literature Review
There are four main types of renewable energy: wind, solar, hydroelectric,
and bioelectric. Hydroelectric energy source has been discussed through the use of
dams or a diversion structure that enables to generate power. However, one feature
of hydroelectric energy has not been thoroughly discussed yet, which is the energy
produced by water vibration. Droplets of water causes water waves to vibrate and
this vibration has the potential to produce sufficient energy source. Most
hydroelectric control plants have a supply of water, a door or valve to control how
much water streams out of the supply, and an outlet or put where the water closes
up after streaming descending. Water picks up potential vitality fair some time
recently it spills over the best of a dam or streams down a slope (Yanto et al.,
 13

2024). The plausibility of abusing the dynamic vitality of raindrops by implies of

piezoelectric vibration vitality collectors has been analyzed since 2008.
Studies and research have contributed in the advancement of energy
systems, in which the improvements have increased and risen globally due to its
demand. The ultimate purpose of such renewable energy systems is to eliminate or
decrease carbon emissions and emanations that are a high concern in
environmental issues. (Gunnarsdottir et al., 2021). Sustainable energy systems are
feasible in comprehensive details under the umbrella of three important factors:
economy, society, and the environment. In this way, the development of
sustainable energy systems plays an instrumental role in advancing financial
development and social improvement, but most importantly, in fostering an eco-
friendly way in producing energy that minimizes damage and negative
environmental impact (Rangel-Martinez et al., 2021). One theoretical concept that
provides innovative contribution to this aspect is Design Science Theory. This is a
problem-solving paradigm which aims to enhance human skills and knowledge
through creating innovative products that will contribute in advancing technology
and science; and by this, several concepts and theories were also incorporated to
accomplish this task (Brocke et al., 2020).
Most of the proposed raindrop gatherers arranges to produce electric
vitality through the piezoelectric impact. The effect of a raindrop on a dry strong
surface creates spreading and sprinkling wonders, which disseminate a critical
portion of the raindrops’ active vitality (Palomba, 2022). This study includes
theoretical concepts that are instrumental in formulating hypotheses that will be
considered as the basis of the study, and in processing certain ideas of how project
AQUADROP’s feasibility will be sufficient enough. One of the main key features
of this study is the incorporation of piezoelectric transducers. Piezoelectric
materials can specifically transduce electrical and mechanical vitality, making
them alluring for applications such as sensors, actuators and vitality gathering
gadgets (Smith et al., 2022).
 14

The first law of thermodynamics applies the preservation of energy where

heat and work are the strategies for exchanging energy into and out of systems.
This states that the overall vitality of a framework remains steady, indeed in case it
is converted from one frame to another. It can be utilized to portray how energy
exchanged by heat is changed over and exchanged once more by work (Zohuri &
Mcdaniel, 2019).
The piezoelectric theory depicts the transduction of electrical and
mechanical energy. Between a stressed state of a material and the linear coupling
with electrical polarization, the piezoelectric theory has produced energy through
tapping or impact. The impact is intrinsically reversible; a polarization can be the
result of the stress, or it can occur from a connected electric field. These are
known as the coordinate and backhanded piezoelectric impacts, separately. The
last mentioned is in some cases too alluded to as the converse piezoelectric impact
(Maestri et al., 2023). Vibration energy harvesting is used by encompassing
mechanical energy from the environment to convert it into reusable energy. This
innovation is considered to be a generally unused strategy for providing
sustainable energy to low-powered sensor systems and electronic gadgets.
Different vibrational energy harvesters are incorporated in which its function has
become known for research and studies and how will these contribute to further
developments, this includes piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and
triboelectric energy conversion instruments which were outlined and tested to
achieve the goal (Zhou et al., 2022).
Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Water 1. Measure vibration Measure Project

Vibration frequency and voltage AQUADROP’s
Sources: Vibration output for each type of voltage output and
data from different rain intensity; light, efficiency across
water sources, such moderate, and heavy different conditions
as: using Project to identify suitable
1.1 Light rain AQUADROP. devices for its energy
1.2 Moderate rain capacity, analyze the
1.3 Heavy rain 2. Convert water impact of rain
vibrations into intensity on power
2. Technical electrical energy with generation, and
Specifications: piezoelectric or provide a
1.Vibration vibration-sensitive comprehensive
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Figure 1. Input-Process- Output (IPO) Model

The process of Project AQUADROP follows a structured approach within

the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. Input includes identifying water vibration
sources, such as flowing water from rivers and streams, or varying rain intensities,
as well as setting the technical specifications for the system. These specifications
cover vibration frequency, voltage capture capabilities, and the piezoelectric
materials used to convert mechanical stress from water vibrations into electrical
energy. Additionally, environmental and structural factors are considered to
ensure that the system can integrate effectively with existing infrastructure and is
adaptable to different geographical and environmental conditions.

In the Process phase, the system begins with data collection and
measurement, gathering information on vibration frequency and voltage output
under various rain intensities. The collected data is then used for energy
conversion and analysis, where the vibrations are converted into electrical energy
through piezoelectric devices. The efficiency of this conversion is assessed based
on the voltage captured per unit of vibration. Comparison and testing follow,
where different configurations, materials, and setups are tested to optimize energy
capture. The system’s feasibility and suitability are then evaluated to determine if
it can reliably power devices and what its environmental and economic impacts
would be.

The Output phase consists of several key results. The efficiency results
indicate the voltage output under various conditions, offering a quantifiable
measure of the system’s performance. Device suitability is determined by
comparing the voltage generated with the energy requirements of different
devices, ensuring that the energy produced is usable. A comparative analysis is
conducted to identify how varying rain intensities influence energy generation.
Finally, a comprehensive feasibility report is produced, consolidating all the
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technical, economic, and environmental insights to help stakeholders assess the

system’s viability as a renewable energy solution. This entire process ensures that
Project AQUADROP is designed to optimize energy capture from water
vibrations and contribute meaningfully to the renewable energy sector.

Significance of the Study

This section captures the notable significance of the study that also
provides market trends and opportunities that were learned through the research
study concerning a new concept of producing renewable energy by harnessing
vibrations in water. It has been discussed below the critical market trends and
opportunities resulted from the study:

a. Taking Renewable Energy Demand to New Heights: The demand for

renewable energy is rapidly gaining momentum due to increasing
concerns about climate change and the necessity for alternative energy
sources. Hydroelectric power is anticipated to grow exponentially, along
with innovative technologies such as Vibro-Hydro Power (VHP), which
harnesses energy from vibrations in various bodies of water, including
rivers, lakes, urban watercourses, and even rainwater. This adaptability
makes VHP particularly relevant in regions characterized by two primary
climatic conditions—rainy and sunny. Recent advancements in material
science have significantly enhanced the feasibility of VHP. In particular,
the utilization of piezoelectric materials, which efficiently convert
mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, has emerged as a critical
factor in improving the effectiveness of VHP systems.
b. Transition to Decentralized Energy Systems: A notable trend is the shift
toward decentralized energy production, emphasizing localized energy
generation within communities. VHP has the potential to enhance energy
 17

security by tapping into nearby water resources, including those generated

during rainfall, thereby reducing transmission losses and providing
sustainable energy solutions tailored to community needs.
c. Supportive Government Policies and Incentives: Numerous
governmental entities have established policies and incentives aimed at
promoting the uptake of renewable energy technologies. This support
includes financial grants, tax benefits, and subsidies for initiatives that
integrate pioneering energy solutions like VHP, thereby facilitating market
expansion.
d. Rising Investments in Clean Energy: The deployment of clean energy
technologies is experiencing significant growth, with increasing
investments from venture capital and private equity firms focused on
renewable energy projects. Innovative solutions such as VHP are gaining
traction amid a broader trend of investment aimed at advancing
sustainable energy initiatives.
e. Localized Energy Solutions: Vibro-Hydro Power provides opportunities
for energy generation from secondary aquatic environments, irrigation
channels, urban waterways, and rainwater harvesting systems— areas
generally unsuitable for large-scale hydroelectric projects. Thus, VHP
benefits from a niche market focused on localized energy generation.
f. Integration with Existing Water Infrastructure: The integration of
VHP systems into current water infrastructures, such as dams and water
treatment facilities, can be achieved with relatively minimal financial
investment, enhancing the overall energy efficiency and productivity of
these establishments.
g. Research and Development (R&D) Prospects: The potential for R&D
in Vibro-Hydro Power technology indicates prospects for improved
designs and novel applications, establishing VHP as a competitive
alternative within the renewable energy landscape. Continued focus on
 18

R&D is pivotal for enhancing the commercial viability of this emerging

technology.
h. Environmental Sustainability: VHP systems exhibit a reduced
ecological footprint compared to conventional hydroelectric facilities, as
they do not require extensive water diversion or dam construction. This
characteristic makes VHP an appealing option for investors and
stakeholders who prioritize environmental considerations.
i. Cooperative Partnerships: Collaborations among governmental
agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private sector
firms are crucial for advancing VHP. Such partnerships can facilitate the
development of pilot projects, secure funding, and scale up successful
initiatives.
j. Development of Awareness and Educational Programs: Increasing
awareness of the potential benefits and viability of vibro-hydro power is
likely to generate greater interest and investment in this technology.
Educational training programs aimed at stakeholders and the general
public could catalyze the faster adoption and application of VHP.
 19

Methodology
This section outlines the materials and methodologies employed in the
development and testing of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system under
Project AQUADROP. Detailed descriptions of the materials, Prototype design,
circuit diagram, experimental setups, and procedures are provided to ensure
reproducibility and to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the
processes involved in harnessing energy from water vibrations and rainwater.
Through this systematic approach, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and
efficiency of the proposed energy generation system.

A. Prototype Design

Figure 2. Main Frame Figure 3. Storage Hardware

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Figure 4: Top View

Figure 6: Side View Figure 7: Bottom View

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B. Circuit Diagram

Figure 8: Circuit Diagram of Project AQUADROP

Legend:

Piezoelectric transducer

Rectifier diode

Capacitor

Battery Management System

Battery

Switch

LED Light Indicator

USB Charging Module

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C. Actual Product
I. Main Frame

Main Frame Main Frame with Vibrating

Plate

Top view Top view with vibrating

plate
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Side view (Left) Side view (Right)

II. Storage Hardware

Top view Top view of the

circuit

Side view (Left) Side view (Right)

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With Vibrating Plate Without Vibrating Plate

III. Final Product

D. Materials
Quantity Size Materials
3 12x24 inches Sintra Board
2 7V and 12V Lithium-ion Battery
10 3-12V Piezoelectric Transducer
1 12V Dual USB 2.4A Micro/Type-C USB Mobile
Power Bank 18650 Charging Module
Lithium Battery Charger Board Circuit
4 5V Rectifier diode
2 50V Capacitor
2 0.22 mm² 3m (each) Copper wire
1 30.48 cm Ruler
1 1m Solder core wire
1 50x50cm Flat Aluminum sheet
1 91.44 cm Plastic cover
1 6x6 mm Micro tact Push button switch 0.5A/ 50V
2 225x275mm Sandpaper no. 60 grit
1 15x13x2cm Glue gun
 25

5 20cmx12mm Glue stick

1 - Scissor for paper
1 - Cutter
1 - Electrical tape
1 - Cobbler glue
1 - Blow dryer
1 - Scissor for metal
1 - Multimeter

E. Procedures
Gather Materials: Collect all necessary components, including Sintra
board, piezoelectric transducers, cobbler glue, stranded wires, a soldering
iron, rectifier diodes, a capacitor, a lithium battery charger board circuit, a
lithium battery, and a USB port.
I. Creating the Frames:
1. Cut Sintra Board for Box 1(Main Frame): Cut the Sintra board
into parts to create a rectangular box with dimensions of 32 cm
(length) × 20 cm (width) × 10 cm (height).
2. Cut Sintra Board for Box 2 (Storage Hardware): For the second
box, cut the board into parts with dimensions of 30 cm (length) ×
20 cm (width) × 15 cm (height).
3. Assemble the Boxes: Use cobbler glue to securely join the cut
parts of the Sintra board, forming the two rectangular boxes.
4. Putting Drainage System: Cut small holes on each side of box 2
to be used for drainage once the product becomes operational.

II. Create the Circuit:

 26

1. Place the Piezoelectric Transducers: Position 10 piezoelectric

transducers evenly on the top surface of the main frame box.
2. Attach the Transducers: Use a glue gun to affix each transducer
to the board, applying glue to the side of each transducer.
3. Prepare for Wiring: Create a hole next to each transducer using a
multimeter tip. Insert two stranded wires into each hole, one for
each terminal.
4. Solder the Wires: Use a soldering iron to attach the wires to the
terminals of the piezoelectric transducers, ensuring secure
connections.
5. Organize the Wires: Neatly arrange the wires on the back of the
Sintra board, using glue to secure them. Trim any excess wire.
6. Combine the Wires: Solder the wires from each transducer
together, merging them into a single output wire.
7. Insulate the Connections: Wrap the soldered connections with
electrical tape to insulate and protect the wires.
8. Build the Rectifier Circuit: Construct a rectifier bridge using four
rectifier diodes to convert AC to DC. Solder the diodes in place.
9. Add Capacitor and Charging Module: Solder a capacitor to
stabilize the output voltage, then connect the lithium battery
charging module to the circuit.
10. Connect the Battery: Solder the lithium battery to the charging
board, ensuring proper polarity.
11. Complete the Wiring: Attach a switch to the circuit for easy
operation.

III. Creating the Tapper:

1. Cutting the Aluminum Plate: Cut the aluminum flat sheet to
dimensions of 38 cm in height and 25 cm in width.
 27

2. Cutting the Strips: From the remaining aluminum sheet, cut 10

strips, each measuring 3.3 cm in length and 1.0 cm in width.
3. Forming the Tappers: Fold each aluminum strip into a “W”
shape, ensuring that the fold has a height of 1.0 cm.
4. Attaching the Tappers: Secure the tappers to the aluminum plate,
positioning each tapper so that it aligns with the center of a piezo
element when the aluminum plate is placed over it.

IV. Assembly of the Final Product:

1. Waterproofing: Cover the main frame box with a plastic cover.
Heat the cover with a blow dryer to stretch it, then use cobbler
glue to attach it securely to the frame.
2. Assembling the Unit: Position the vibrating aluminum plate on
top of the main frame.
3. Testing: Verify that the tappers make contact with the piezo
elements when the vibrating plate interacts with water

Data Analysis
The data analysis for Project AQUADROP, a vibro-hydropower system designed
to capture water vibrations and convert them into energy, will focus on evaluating
the system's efficiency and its potential to generate voltage under varying
conditions. The analysis will address the following specific research questions:
1. Efficiency Analysis of Project AQUADROP
To quantify the efficiency of the vibro-hydropower system, the following
steps will be taken:
a. Data Collection: Measure the output voltage (V) generated at different
vibration frequencies (Hz), ranging from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, using a
piezoelectric sensor. Conduct a minimum of 5 trials per frequency to
ensure statistical significance
 28

b. Efficiency Formula: Calculate efficiency (%) using the formula:

 Efficiency= (Voltage / Maximum voltage) ×100

2. Voltage Generation under Different Rainfall Conditions

The system's ability to harness energy from rainfall will be quantified by
measuring the voltage output during light, moderate, and heavy rain
conditions:
a. Data Collection: Use a standardized setup to measure voltage output
during:
Light rain: 0.1-2.5 mm/hour
Moderate rain: 2.6-7.6 mm/hour
Heavy rain: >7.6 mm/hour
b. Measurement Process: Record each condition's voltage input (V) every
15 minutes to ensure consistency.
c. Average Output Calculation: Calculate the Average Output using the
formula:
Outputave= Voltage output/ minutes of exposure

3. Analysis of Variance Between the Correlation among Different Rain

Intensities
The one-way ANOVA test will used to compare the average voltage output
for light, moderate, and heavy rain using ANOVA to determine if differences
between the rainfall intensities are statistically significant.
Decision Rule: If test statistic > critical value then reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that the means of at least two groups are statistically
significant.
Critical Value: 0.05
 29

where:
f = Anova Coefficient
MSB = Mean sum of squares between the groups
MSW = Mean sum of squares within the groups
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error
SST = total Sum of squares
p = Total number of populations
n = The total number of samples in a population
SSW = Sum of squares within the groups
SSB = Sum of squares between the groups
SSE = Sum of squares due to error
s = Standard deviation of the samples
N = Total number of observation

The steps to perform the one-way ANOVA test are given below:
1. Calculate the mean for each group.
2. Calculate the total mean. This is done by adding all the means and
dividing it by the total number of means.
3. Calculate the SSB.
4. Calculate the between groups’ degrees of freedom.
5. Calculate the SSE.
6. Calculate the degrees of freedom of errors.
7. Determine the MSB and the MSE.
8. Find the f-test statistic.
9. Using the f table for the specified level of significance, αα, find
the critical value. This is given by F(αα, df1. df2).
 30

4. Analysis of Compatible Devices

To determine which devices can be powered by the system, the following
quantitative analysis will be performed:
a. Power Calculation: Based on the measured voltage, calculate the power
output (P) using the formula:
 P=V2/R
where V is the output voltage and R is the resistance (Ω) of the
load.

b. Device Matching: Compare the calculated power output against the

power requirements of various low-power devices:
 LED lights (3W, 5V)
 Mobile phone charger (5W, 5V)
 Small fan (10W, 12V)

c. Duration of Power Supply: Estimate how long each device can be

powered under different rainfall conditions using the formula:
 Duration=Energy/ Power requirement
where Energy is the total energy generated over a time period during a
given rainfall condition.

Ethical Considerations
The researchers are responsible for following research ethics to construct
an ethical research study. Moreover, the researchers obtained consent letters
before the conduct of the study. The study also followed and reviewed the ISEF
rules and guidelines. The researchers informed the parents and adviser of the
researchers for the conduct of the study to guide the process of creation and
investigation of the study. The proponents assessed the potential hazards that the
 31

participants might encounter during the conduct of the study. The researchers
ensured the safety of the investigators and assistants throughout the study. It
minimized and mitigated the harm to the people involved in the project. The
researchers conducted the study with integrity and transparency of the findings
which reflected the actual results of the investigation. Results were validated by
the experts and the adviser of the study to secure the trustworthiness of the paper.
Researchers also avoided personal and financial conflicts of interest that can
compromise the objectivity and integrity of the study. All of the cited literature
and references used for the study were properly acknowledged and cited to avoid
plagiarism and maintain the originality of the project.

Results and Discussion

This section presents the findings of Project AQUADROP’s performance,
focusing on its efficiency in terms of vibration frequency and voltage generation.
It also explores the voltage output harnessed under varying rain conditions—light,
moderate, and heavy. Additionally, the analysis identifies the range of devices that
can be powered using the energy generated by Project AQUADROP, highlighting
the system's practical applications and potential for sustainable energy solutions.

Part I: Efficiency of Project AQUADROP in terms of Vibration Frequency

and Voltage

Table 1: Efficiency of Project AQUADROP

Table 1 summarizes the output voltage (V) measured at various vibration
frequencies (Hz), along with the calculated average output voltage. Each
frequency was tested with a minimum of 5 trials to ensure statistical significance.
Vibration Frequency (Hz) Average Output Voltage Efficiency (%)
(V)
10 0.66 12.27
 32

20 1.21 22.49
30 1.36 25.28
40 1.63 30.30
50 2.13 39.59
60 2.67 49.63
70 2.76 51.30
80 3.70 68.77
90 4.47 83.09
100 5.38 100.00

Correlation between Frequency and Voltage Output: The output voltage generally
increased with higher vibration frequencies. At 10 Hz, the average voltage was
0.66V, while at 100 Hz, it peaked at 5.38V. This indicates that Project AQUADROP
is more effective at converting higher-frequency vibrations into electrical energy.

Low Efficiency at Lower Frequencies: At lower frequencies (10 Hz to 40 Hz), the

efficiency was notably lower, possibly due to inadequate mechanical energy input
from insufficient water vibrations. This emphasizes the importance of selecting the
appropriate frequency range for maximum energy capture.

Part II: Voltage Output OF Project AQUADROP under Different Rainfall

Conditions
To evaluate Project AQUADROP’s performance under varying rainfall
conditions, voltage output was measured during light, moderate, and heavy rain
events.

Table 2: Voltage Measurement During Light Rain Exposure

Trials Voltage input Average Output Voltage (V)/ minute
 33

0 minutes 0.00 0.00

15 minutes 1.25 0.08
30 minutes 13.31 0.44
45 minutes 19.07 0.42
60 minutes 24.90 0.46

Table 2 outlines the voltage measurements recorded during exposure to light

rain over 60 minutes. At the start of the trial, with 0 minutes of exposure, both the
voltage input and average output voltage were recorded at 0.00 V, indicating no
energy generation. After 15 minutes, the input voltage increased to 1.25 V, yielding a
low average output voltage of 0.08 V, reflecting minimal energy conversion
efficiency. As the exposure continued, the input voltage significantly rose to 13.31 V
at 30 minutes, resulting in an average output voltage of 0.44 V, suggesting improved
energy capture. However, at the 45-minute mark, the input voltage was 19.07 V, and
the average output voltage slightly decreased to 0.42 V, which may indicate
fluctuations in efficiency. By the end of the 60-minute trial, the input voltage reached
24.90 V, with the average output voltage increasing to 0.46 V, demonstrating the
system's capability to stabilize and enhance energy conversion over time.

Table 3: Voltage Measurement During Moderate Rain Exposure

Trials Voltage input Average Output Voltage (V)
0 minutes 0 0.00
15 minutes 1.12 0.07
30 minutes 16.8 0.56
45 minutes 30.47 0.68
60 minutes 40.54 0.68

Table 3 presents the voltage measurements obtained during moderate rain

exposure, again over 60 minutes. Similar to the previous table, the trial began with an
 34

input voltage of 0, resulting in an average output voltage of 0.00 V. After 15 minutes,

the input voltage increased to 1.12 V, leading to a minimal average output voltage of
0.07 V. At the 30-minute interval, the input voltage rose to 16.8 V, which
corresponded to a significant increase in average output voltage to 0.56 V, indicating
a more effective energy conversion process than observed in light rain conditions. By
45 minutes, the input voltage had further increased to 30.47 V, and the average
output voltage reached 0.68 V, suggesting improved efficiency with prolonged
exposure. Finally, at the 60-minute mark, the input voltage peaked at 40.54 V, while
the average output voltage stabilized at 0.68 V, highlighting the system's consistent
performance under moderate rainfall conditions.

Table 4: Voltage Measurement During Heavy Rain Exposure

Trials Voltage input Average Output Voltage (V)
0 minutes 0.00 0.00
15 minutes 2.23 0.15
30 minutes 20.67 0.69
45 minutes 38.05 0.85
60 minutes 50.98 0.85

Table 4 summarizes the voltage measurements during heavy rain exposure,

again spanning a 60-minute duration. As with the previous tables, the initial
measurement at 0 minutes revealed both the input and output voltages at 0.00 V.
After 15 minutes, the input 23 | P a g e voltage rose to 2.23 V, resulting in an average
output voltage of 0.15 V. At the 30-minute mark, the input voltage significantly
increased to 20.67 V, leading to a much higher average output voltage of 0.69 V,
indicating enhanced performance under heavy rainfall. The input voltage continued
to rise, reaching 38.05 V at 45 minutes, with the average output voltage further
increasing to 0.85 V, showcasing the system's effectiveness in harnessing energy
from strong water vibrations. By the end of the 60-minute trial, the input voltage
 35

peaked at 50.98 V, and the average output voltage remained stable at 0.85 V,
reflecting a consistent energy conversion efficiency even at high input voltages.

Table 5: Average Voltage Output under Different Rainfall Conditions

Rainfall Condition Average Output Voltage (V) per minute
Light rain 0.35
Moderate rain 0.50
Heavy 0.64

Table 5 provides a summary of the average output voltage generated by the

system under varying rainfall conditions. The data reveals that the average output
voltage during light rain is 0.35 V, indicating relatively low efficiency in energy
capture compared to other conditions. As the intensity of rainfall increases to
moderate, the average output voltage rises to 0.50 V, demonstrating better
performance in energy conversion. The most significant improvement is observed
under heavy rain conditions, where the average output voltage reaches 0.64 V,
indicating optimal performance and efficiency during intense rainfall. This summary
emphasizes the direct relationship between rainfall intensity and the system's energy
generation capabilities, highlighting its effectiveness in harnessing energy from
water vibrations under varying environmental conditions.
 36

Part III: Significant Difference among Voltages of Project AQUADROP Based

on Rain Intensity

Table 6: ANOVA Analysis Between the Correlation among Different Rain

Intensities

The ANOVA results presented indicate an analysis conducted to explore

differences in average output voltage across varying rainfall conditions (light,
moderate, and heavy rain).
1. Sum of Squares:
a. Between Groups (286.981): This value reflects the variation in average
output voltage attributable to differences in rainfall conditions. It
suggests that there is some variation between the groups, highlighting
the potential for the system to respond differently to varying rainfall
intensities.
b. Within Groups (3724.259): This value indicates the variability among
individual observations within each rainfall condition. The considerable
within-group variance shows that there are consistent performance
levels across trials, offering insights into the reliability of the system
under controlled conditions.
c. Total (4011.240): This figure represents the overall variance,
incorporating both between-group and within-group variances. A high
total variance indicates a rich dataset that can be analyzed for further
insights.
 37

2. Degrees of Freedom (df):

a. Between Groups (2): This indicates the number of conditions being
compared. The inclusion of three distinct rainfall conditions allows for a
comprehensive analysis of the system’s performance.
b. Within Groups (12): The degrees of freedom within groups suggest a
robust sample size, which adds to the reliability of the results.
c. Total (14): This total reflects a well-structured study design with multiple
observations for each condition.
3. Mean Square:
a. Between Groups (143.491): This mean square value illustrates the
average variance between the group means. It indicates that there is some
difference in output voltage performance that could be further
investigated.
b. Within Groups (310.355): This mean square represents the average
variance within groups, highlighting consistency in individual
measurements, which is promising for the reliability of the system.
c. F-value (0.462): The F-statistic of 0.462 provides an opportunity to
explore the interaction between the different rainfall conditions and their
effects on output voltage. While this value suggests that the differences
may not be significant, it also indicates room for further exploration of
other factors that could enhance the performance.
4. Significance (p-value = 0.641): Although the p-value of 0.641 indicates that
the differences among the rainfall conditions are not statistically significant
at this time, it is important to recognize that this does not diminish the value
of the findings. Instead, it highlights the need for ongoing research and
experimentation to better understand how the system operates under various
conditions.
5. In summary, while the ANOVA results indicate that the differences in
average output voltage across light, moderate, and heavy rainfall conditions
are not statistically significant at this time, this analysis serves as a
 38

foundation for future exploration. The findings suggest potential variability

in performance based on rainfall intensity and emphasize the reliability of
the system's measurements. These insights pave the way for further
investigations that could enhance the system’s energy capture capabilities,
leading to more effective design and optimization strategies. By continuing
to refine the study and explore additional factors, there is great potential for
discovering ways to improve the system’s efficiency and effectiveness under
different environmental conditions.

Part IV: Devices Powered by Project AQUADROP

Table 7: Devices Powered by Project AQUADROP

Based on the measured output voltages, Project AQUADROP can power various
small electronic devices. The following devices were successfully powered during
testing:
Device Voltage Usage
Earbuds 4.0 Fully charged
Mini fan 3.0 56%
Smartphone 3.5 73%
Tablet 4.5 85%
Wireless speaker 4.0 Fully charged

a. Earbuds (4 V, Fully Charged): With a 4 V output, the system fully charged the
earbuds, showing that it is well-suited for devices that have lower power
requirements. This demonstrates its efficiency in completely charging devices
with minimal energy needs.
b. Mini Fan (3 V, 56%): Project AQUADROP was capable of powering a mini
fan with a 3 V output, resulting in a 56% charge. This suggests that the system
 39

can maintain the operation of small cooling devices, making it suitable for use
in portable and low-power settings.
c. Smartphone (3.5 V, 73%): The system generated sufficient voltage to power a
smartphone, delivering a 3.5 V output, which was able to charge the device up
to 73% capacity. This indicates that while the output is effective for partial
charging, it might need a longer duration or a higher voltage to fully charge the
smartphone.
d. Tablet (4.5 V, 85%): The system was able to charge a tablet up to 85% with a
3.5 V output, which reflects a strong performance but suggests that a slightly
higher voltage may be required for achieving a full charge. It shows potential
for supporting larger portable devices, though with certain limitations on the
charge capacity.
e. Wireless Speaker (4 V, Fully Charged): Similar to the earbuds, the system's 4
V output was sufficient to fully charge a wireless speaker, emphasizing its
capability to power audio devices. This suggests that Project AQUADROP can
effectively serve as an energy source for leisure and entertainment devices.

Overall, the results demonstrate that Project AQUADROP can effectively

charge and power a range of small electronic devices, making it a practical and
sustainable energy solution for everyday use. The system’s ability to reach high
charge levels for earbuds and speakers and provide substantial power to
smartphones and tablets highlights its versatility and potential for off-grid or
backup power solutions.
 40

Conclusions
The findings from Project AQUADROP demonstrate the system's promising
capabilities in converting water vibrations into electrical energy, highlighting its
potential as a sustainable energy solution. The performance analysis focused on the
efficiency of the system in terms of vibration frequency and voltage output, as well
as its adaptability under varying rainfall conditions.
1. The data presented illustrates a clear correlation between vibration frequency
and average output voltage. As vibration frequency increased from 10 Hz to
100 Hz, the average output voltage correspondingly rose from 0.66 V to 5.38
V, with the efficiency peaking at 100% at 100 Hz. This indicates that higher-
frequency vibrations are significantly more effective for energy conversion,
suggesting that optimizing operational frequencies could enhance the overall
efficiency of Project AQUADROP.
2. In terms of rainfall performance, the voltage output measurements during
light, moderate, and heavy rain conditions, reveal a direct relationship
between rainfall intensity and energy generation. The average output voltage
increased from 0.35 V during light rain to 0.64 V under heavy rain,
demonstrating the system's capacity to harness energy from varying
 41

environmental conditions. This adaptability is critical for practical

applications, underscoring Project AQUADROP's potential as a reliable
energy source.
3. The ANOVA analysis results further enrich these findings, although they
indicate that the differences in average output voltage across different rainfall
conditions were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.641). This suggests
that while variability exists, additional research and experimentation are
necessary to fully understand the factors influencing energy capture under
varying conditions. The high total variance indicates a rich dataset, providing
a solid foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing the system's design
and performance.
4. Additionally, the output voltage data suggests that Project AQUADROP can
successfully power various small electronic devices. This practical
application emphasizes the viability of the system in real-world scenarios,
promoting the use of renewable energy technologies in everyday life.
5. In conclusion, Project AQUADROP shows substantial promise in harnessing
energy from water vibrations, particularly under conditions of higher
frequency and intense rainfall. Continued research and development are
essential to maximize its efficiency and explore additional applications.
 42

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 45

Appendices
 46

Appendix 1: Research Plan

Project AQUADROP: Advancing Quality Utilization of Aquatic Droplets

Vibration for Renewable Optimization of Power

A Science Research Innovation Expo (Group Category)

Presented to Faculty of Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

Researchers:
Jeynird Iriz M. Aritmetica
 47

Allyza Dominique M. Asnan

Ralph Vincent T. Guerrero

Research Adviser:
Ms. Melanie E. Balmes, LPT

February 2024
Rationale
Increasing reliance on renewable sources has thus become a need in
the world to decrease the burning of fossil fuels and change the repercussions of
climate change. Renewable sources have substantial economic and environmental
benefits, including lower levels of carbon emissions, reduced air pollution, and
increased possibilities of lower energy costs. It has been established that using
such power sources greatly impacts the comfort, safety, and robustness of electric
grids while harnessing natural energy in a sustainable but environmentally savvy
way (Zakariazadeh et al., 2024). For instance, solar, wind, and hydropower have
been at the forefront of this renewed struggle towards a renewable energy shift.
Diversification and optimization of these renewable energy sources will be
achieved more through continuous research and innovation.
A notable advancement in this field is Vibro-Hydro Power (VHP), a
technology that captures kinetic energy from water vibrations and transforms it
into usable electrical energy. This method offers a unique strategy for harnessing
previously unexploited energy generated by minor water movements, including
waves, currents, or vibrations resulting from the interplay between infrastructure
and water. In light of the ubiquitous presence of water bodies throughout the
 48

world, VHP could potentially become a significant player in the renewable energy
space across various environmental landscapes.
It is founded on the principle that vibration energy can be transformed into
electrical energy using complex mechanical and electromechanical construction
systems. These vibration-generating technologies for energy are intended to detect
and take advantage even of slight, periodic vibrations available in water, either in
natural water bodies or regulated environments. The integration of VHP systems
with existing structures of water management and energy generation could be a
way of generating electricity sustainably, reducing environmental impacts.
Research by Doria (2019) highlights advancements in vibration-based
energy harvesting, particularly focusing on the design and efficiency of
piezoelectric devices in raindrop harvesting systems. These studies have explored
such devices' structural and electrical configurations, often using prototypes to test
various layouts, with piezoelectric cantilevers as a common design standard. In
addition, Palomba (2022) also explores the energy dynamics arising when
raindrops hit a sufficiently thick layer of water that would generate the appearance
of crown formation and surface ripples, where energy could be captured. Such
research aspects point towards as-yet-unexploited potential in the transformation
of water-induced vibrations into a sustainable source of energy.
This study, Project AQUADROP will investigate the feasibility,
technological requirements, and potential uses of vibro-hydro power as a new
renewable energy source. This will also investigate the scientific bases that
underpin the conversion of water oscillations into electricity, acknowledge the
technical advancements necessary to achieve efficient energy harvesting, and
assess the environmental and economic impacts tied to this approach.
Additionally, this research methodically reviews the potential input of VHP to
future international efforts focused on attaining a greener and cleaner energy
future.
 49

Research Questions
The search for renewable energy has been in demand in the market for years
due to the urgent need for the reduction of usage of fossil fuels and mitigation for
climate change. Sources of energy and electricity can be found in renewable
resources including hydroelectric power. This can be an efficient way of
producing and storing energy that is both convenient and eco-friendly. However,
the surge of power created by hydroelectric energy can be limited through the
reliance on kinetic energy in flowing water. Thus, this study will instead focus on
the energy produced by water vibrations.
This study will focus on developing an alternative renewable energy system
through Project AQUADROP, vibro-hydro power that will capture water
vibrations and convert them to energy. This research will address the following
specific problems:
1. What is the efficiency of Project AQUADROP in terms of:
1.1. Vibration Frequency
1.2. Voltage
2. How many voltages will Project AQUADROP harness through water
vibrations in terms of:
1.4 Light rain
1.5 Moderate rain
1.6 Heavy rain
3. What is the significant difference among voltages of Project AQUADROP
based on rain intensity?
4. What are the devices that can be powered by Project AQUADROP?

Hypothesis
Primary Hypothesis: Water vibrations caused by rainfall or pour will produce
sufficient energy through vibration frequency and voltage.
 50

Secondary Hypothesis: There will be enough voltages that can be harnessed from
water vibrations through light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain.
Tertiary Hypothesis: The voltage output of Project AQUADROP will increase
significantly with the intensity of the rainfall.
Quaternary Hypothesis: Project AQUADROP will be a functional power device
that can power cellphones, laptops, electronic devices, and other electronic
appliances.

Procedures

This section outlines the materials and methodologies employed in the

development and testing of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system under
Project AQUADROP. Detailed descriptions of the materials, Prototype design,
circuit diagram, experimental setups, and procedures are provided to ensure
reproducibility and to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the processes
involved in harnessing energy from water vibrations and rainwater. Through this
systematic approach, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the
proposed energy generation system.

A. Circuit Diagram

Legend:
 51

Piezoelectric transducer

Rectifier diode

Capacitor

Battery Management System

Battery

Switch

LED Light Indicator

USB Charging Module

B. Prototype Design

Main Frame Storage Hardware

Top View
 52

Side View Bottom View

C. Materials
Quantity Size Materials
3 12x24 inches Sintra Board
2 7V and 12V Lithium-ion Battery
10 3-12V Piezoelectric Transducer
1 12V Dual USB 2.4A Micro/Type-C USB Mobile
Power Bank 18650 Charging Module
 53

Lithium Battery Charger Board Circuit

4 5V Rectifier diode
2 50V Capacitor
2 0.22 mm² 3m (each) Copper wire
1 30.48 cm Ruler
1 1m Solder core wire
1 50x50cm Flat Aluminum sheet
1 91.44 cm Plastic cover
1 6x6 mm Micro tact Push button switch 0.5A/ 50V
2 225x275mm Sandpaper no. 60 grit
1 15x13x2cm Glue gun
5 20cmx12mm Glue stick
1 - Scissor for paper
1 - Cutter
1 - Electrical tape
1 - Cobbler glue
1 - Blow dryer
1 - Scissor for metal
1 - Multimeter

D. Procedures
Gather Materials: Collect all necessary components, including Sintra
board, piezoelectric transducers, cobbler glue, stranded wires, a soldering
iron, rectifier diodes, a capacitor, a lithium battery charger board circuit, a
lithium battery, and a USB port.
I. Creating the Frames:
1. Cut Sintra Board for Box 1(Main Frame): Cut the Sintra board
into parts to create a rectangular box with dimensions of 32 cm
(length) × 20 cm (width) × 10 cm (height).
 54

2. Cut Sintra Board for Box 2 (Storage Hardware): For the second
box, cut the board into parts with dimensions of 30 cm (length) ×
20 cm (width) × 15 cm (height).
3. Assemble the Boxes: Use cobbler glue to securely join the cut
parts of the Sintra board, forming the two rectangular boxes.
4. Putting Drainage System: Cut small holes on each side of box 2
to be used for drainage once the product becomes operational.

a. Create the Circuit:

1. Place the Piezoelectric Transducers: Position 10 piezoelectric
transducers evenly on the top surface of the main frame box.
2. Attach the Transducers: Use a glue gun to affix each transducer
to the board, applying glue to the side of each transducer.
3. Prepare for Wiring: Create a hole next to each transducer using a
multimeter tip. Insert two stranded wires into each hole, one for
each terminal.
4. Solder the Wires: Use a soldering iron to attach the wires to the
terminals of the piezoelectric transducers, ensuring secure
connections.
5. Organize the Wires: Neatly arrange the wires on the back of the
Sintra board, using glue to secure them. Trim any excess wire.
6. Combine the Wires: Solder the wires from each transducer
together, merging them into a single output wire.
7. Insulate the Connections: Wrap the soldered connections with
electrical tape to insulate and protect the wires.
8. Build the Rectifier Circuit: Construct a rectifier bridge using four
rectifier diodes to convert AC to DC. Solder the diodes in place.
9. Add Capacitor and Charging Module: Solder a capacitor to
stabilize the output voltage, then connect the lithium battery
charging module to the circuit.
 55

10. Connect the Battery: Solder the lithium battery to the charging
board, ensuring proper polarity.
11. Complete the Wiring: Attach a switch to the circuit for easy
operation.

b. Creating the Tapper:

1. Cutting the Aluminum Plate: Cut the aluminum flat sheet to
dimensions of 38 cm in height and 25 cm in width.
2. Cutting the Strips: From the remaining aluminum sheet, cut 10
strips, each measuring 3.3 cm in length and 1.0 cm in width.
3. Forming the Tappers: Fold each aluminum strip into a “W”
shape, ensuring that the fold has a height of 1.0 cm.
4. Attaching the Tappers: Secure the tappers to the aluminum plate,
positioning each tapper so that it aligns with the center of a piezo
element when the aluminum plate is placed over it.

c. Assembly of the Final Product:

1. Waterproofing: Cover the main frame box with a plastic cover.
Heat the cover with a blow dryer to stretch it, then use cobbler
glue to attach it securely to the frame.
2. Assembling the Unit: Position the vibrating aluminum plate on
top of the main frame.
3. Testing: Verify that the tappers make contact with the piezo
elements when the vibrating plate interacts with water

E. Procedures for Product Testing

I. Testing the Efficiency of Project AQUADROP in Terms of Vibration

Frequency and Voltage Output
Materials Needed:
 56

 Project AQUADROP prototype

 Frequency generator or controlled vibration source
 A multimeter or voltage meter
 Data logging device or software for recording output
Procedures:
1. Setup the Testing Environment:
 Place the AQUADROP prototype in a controlled environment
where the vibration source can be adjusted to simulate various
water movement conditions.
 Connect the output terminals of the AQUADROP system to a
multimeter or data-logging device to monitor voltage.
2. Simulate Different Vibration Frequencies:
 Adjust the vibration source to generate varying frequencies,
ranging from low to high (e.g., 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 50 Hz, up to 100 Hz).
 For each frequency, maintain a consistent vibration for 5 minutes to
stabilize readings.
3. Record Voltage Output:
 Monitor and record the voltage produced by the AQUADROP
system for each vibration frequency.
 Take at least five readings for each frequency and calculate the
average voltage output.
4. Data Analysis:
 Analyze the relationship between vibration frequency and the
voltage output to assess the efficiency of the AQUADROP system.
 Compare the results to determine which vibration frequencies yield
the highest energy conversion.

II. Measuring Voltage Output under Different Rain Conditions (Light,

Moderate, and Heavy Rain)
Materials Needed:
 57

 Project AQUADROP prototype

 Simulated rainfall setup (e.g., adjustable water sprinkler system)
 Rain gauge
 A multimeter or voltage meter
 Data recording device
Procedures:
1. Simulate Rainfall Conditions:
 Set up the AQUADROP prototype beneath an adjustable water
sprinkler system to simulate different rain intensities.
 Use a rain gauge to calibrate the sprinkler to simulate light (0-2
mm/hr), moderate (2-5 mm/hr), and heavy rain (5+ mm/hr).
2. Conduct Tests for Each Rain Intensity:
 Run the sprinkler for 10 minutes at each intensity level, ensuring
uniform water distribution over the AQUADROP system.
 Record the voltage output from the AQUADROP system using the
multimeter during each rainfall condition.
3. Data Collection:
 Record voltage readings at 1-minute intervals during each test and
calculate the average voltage output for each rain condition.
 Repeat the test three times for each intensity level to ensure
consistency and accuracy.
4. Data Analysis:
 Compare the average voltage outputs under light, moderate, and
heavy rain conditions.
 Analyze how the variation in water volume affects the energy
harvested by the AQUADROP system.

III. Identifying Devices that Can Be Powered by Project AQUADROP

Materials Needed:
 Project AQUADROP prototype
 58

 Various low-power electronic devices (e.g., LED lights, mobile

phones, small fans)
 Voltage regulator (if required)
 A multimeter or power meter
 Data recording device
Procedure:
1. Set Up the Test Environment:
 Connect the output terminals of the AQUADROP prototype to a
power meter and a voltage regulator if needed to stabilize the
output.
 Prepare the low-power devices that will be tested for compatibility
with the energy output of the AQUADROP system.
2. Test Compatibility with Low-Power Devices:
 Connect each device (e.g., LED light, small fan) to the
AQUADROP system one at a time.
 Record the voltage and power requirements of each device and
observe whether the AQUADROP system can provide sufficient
energy for operation.
3. Measure Operational Time:
 Record how long each device can operate continuously using the
power from the AQUADROP system.
 Repeat the test multiple times to ensure consistent results.
4. Data Analysis:
 Compare the power requirements of the tested devices with the
output generated by the AQUADROP system.
 Identify which devices can be reliably powered based on the
available voltage and energy output, and specify the conditions
under which they operate best.
 59

Risk and Safety

During the procedures, testing, and assembly of Project AQUADROP, several
safety precautions must be followed to minimize potential risks to researchers and
ensure the safe development of the device. These precautions encompass
understanding the materials, handling equipment correctly, and maintaining an
awareness of potential hazards throughout the process. Below are specific safety
considerations and potential risks identified for this project:
1. Training and Knowledge Acquisition
a. Proper Equipment Handling: Before beginning the experiment,
researchers should receive thorough training in using materials and
equipment needed for the construction of Project AQUADROP. This
includes familiarization with piezoelectric sensors, wiring, and coding
requirements.
b. Expert Guidance: Researchers should consult advisors or IT specialists
in electronics and coding, as well as mechanical experts, to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the system’s components. This will
help ensure proper assembly and functionality of the device.
2. Water Resistance and System Integrity
a. Waterproofing: A key risk is the exposure of electrical components to
water. It is crucial to ensure that all electrical parts, such as
piezoelectric sensors and circuit boards, are housed in waterproof
casings to prevent water ingress. This reduces the risk of short circuits,
corrosion, and overall system failure.
b. Environmental Testing: Conduct tests in controlled environments to
verify the waterproof capabilities of the device. Any water leakage
detected during these tests must be addressed before deploying the
system in outdoor settings.
3. Electrical Safety and Voltage Management
a. Battery Safety: Managing the voltage stored in the system’s battery is
essential. Researchers must use voltage regulators and monitoring
 60

systems to avoid overcharging, which could lead to overheating or

explosion of the battery. Safety fuses and circuit breakers should also
be included in the design to provide an added layer of protection.
b. Safe Handling of Wiring: During the assembly process, handle all
electrical wiring carefully, ensuring that connections are secure and
insulated. Improperly connected or frayed wires could lead to short
circuits or electrical shocks during testing or operation.
4. Component Quality and Assembly Precision
a. Quality Assurance: Use only high-quality, tested components to reduce
the risk of equipment malfunction during assembly or operation.
Researchers should inspect all parts before use to ensure they meet
safety standards and are free of defects.
b. Assembly Procedures: Follow a well-documented procedure when
assembling the device to minimize errors that could lead to system
malfunctions. This should include double-checking connections,
calibrating sensors, and testing components individually before full
integration.
5. Risk Identification and Mitigation
a. Potential Hazards in Experimentation: Researchers should identify all
potential hazards before starting the experiment. For example,
understanding the risks of working with piezoelectric materials under
different environmental conditions will help in mitigating any issues
that may arise.
b. Emergency Protocols: Establish emergency protocols for dealing with
potential equipment malfunctions or electrical fires. This includes
having fire extinguishers rated for electrical fires and emergency
shutdown procedures to prevent accidents.

Data Analysis
 61

The data analysis for Project AQUADROP, a vibro-hydropower system designed

to capture water vibrations and convert them into energy, will focus on evaluating
the system's efficiency and its potential to generate voltage under varying
conditions. The analysis will address the following specific research questions:
1. Efficiency Analysis of Project AQUADROP
To quantify the efficiency of the vibro-hydropower system, the following
steps will be taken:
c. Data Collection: Measure the output voltage (V) generated at different
vibration frequencies (Hz), ranging from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, using a
piezoelectric sensor. Conduct a minimum of 5 trials per frequency to
ensure statistical significance
d. Efficiency Formula: Calculate efficiency (%) using the formula:
 Efficiency= (Voltage / Maximum voltage) ×100
2. Voltage Generation under Different Rainfall Conditions
The system's ability to harness energy from rainfall will be quantified by
measuring the voltage output during light, moderate, and heavy rain
conditions:
a. Data Collection: Use a standardized setup to measure voltage output
during:
Light rain: 0.1-2.5 mm/hour
Moderate rain: 2.6-7.6 mm/hour
Heavy rain: >7.6 mm/hour
b. Measurement Process: Record each condition's voltage input (V)
every 15 minutes to ensure consistency.
c. Average Output Calculation: Calculate the Average Output using the
formula:
Outputave= Voltage output/ minutes of exposure

3. Analysis of Variance Between the Correlation among Different Rain

Intensities
 62

The one-way ANOVA test will used to compare the average voltage output
for light, moderate, and heavy rain using ANOVA to determine if differences
between the rainfall intensities are statistically significant.
Decision Rule: If test statistic > critical value then reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that the means of at least two groups are statistically
significant.
Critical Value: 0.05

where:
f = Anova Coefficient
MSB = Mean sum of squares between the groups
MSW = Mean sum of squares within the groups
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error
SST = total Sum of squares
p = Total number of populations
n = The total number of samples in a population
SSW = Sum of squares within the groups
SSB = Sum of squares between the groups
SSE = Sum of squares due to error
s = Standard deviation of the samples
N = Total number of observation

The steps to perform the one-way ANOVA test are given below:
1. Calculate the mean for each group.
 63

2. Calculate the total mean. This is done by adding all the means and
dividing it by the total number of means.
3. Calculate the SSB.
4. Calculate the between groups’ degrees of freedom.
5. Calculate the SSE.
6. Calculate the degrees of freedom of errors.
7. Determine the MSB and the MSE.
8. Find the f-test statistic.
9. Using the f table for the specified level of significance, αα, find
the critical value. This is given by F(αα, df1. df2).

4. Analysis of Compatible Devices

To determine which devices can be powered by the system, the following
quantitative analysis will be performed:
a. Power Calculation: Based on the measured voltage, calculate the
power output (P) using the formula:
 P=V2/R
where V is the output voltage and R is the resistance (Ω) of the
load.

b. Device Matching: Compare the calculated power output against the

power requirements of various low-power devices:
 LED lights (3W, 5V)
 Mobile phone charger (5W, 5V)
 Small fan (10W, 12V)

c. Duration of Power Supply: Estimate how long each device can be

powered under different rainfall conditions using the formula:
 Duration=Energy/ Power requirement
 64

where Energy is the total energy generated over a time period during a
given rainfall condition.

References
Ang, T. et al. (2022). A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources:
Classifications, challenges and suggestions, Energy Strategy Reviews,
Volume 43, 2022, 100939, ISSN 2211-467X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100939.
Doria A., Fanti G., & Moro, F. (2019). Development of a Novel Piezoelectric
Harvester Excited by Raindrops. Sensors. 2019; 19(17):3653.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173653
Palomba, I. et al., (2022). Vibration Energy Harvesting from Raindrops Impacts:
Experimental Tests and Interpretative Models. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 3249.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073249.
Yanto, D. et al., (2024). A green energy from a vibration energy harvesting a
water turbine plant using piezoelectric generator. AIP Conference
Proceedings, Volume 3140, Issue 1, 2024, 020015,
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221315.
Zakariazadeh, A. et al., (2024). Renewable energy integration in sustainable water
systems: A review, Cleaner Engineering and Technology, Volume 18, 2024,
100722, ISSN 2666-7908, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100722.
Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration. (n.d.). Weather terminologies.
https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/weather-terminologies
 65

Appendix 2: Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1)

 66

Appendix 3: Approval Form (1B)

67
68
 69

Appendix 4: Revised- Regulated Research Institutional/ Industrial Setting

Form Institution (1C)

70
 71

Appendix 5: Qualified Scientist (2)

 72

Appendix 6: Risk Assessment Form (3)

 73

Risk and Safety

During the procedures, testing, and assembly of Project AQUADROP, several

safety precautions must be followed to minimize potential risks to researchers and

ensure the safe development of the device. These precautions encompass

understanding the materials, handling equipment correctly, and maintaining an

awareness of potential hazards throughout the process. Below are specific safety

considerations and potential risks identified for this project:

1. Training and Knowledge Acquisition

a. Proper Equipment Handling: Before beginning the experiment,

researchers should receive thorough training in using materials and

equipment needed for the construction of Project AQUADROP.

This includes familiarization with piezoelectric sensors, wiring, and

coding requirements.

b. Expert Guidance: Researchers should consult advisors or IT

specialists in electronics and coding, as well as mechanical experts,

to gain a comprehensive understanding of the system’s

components. This will help ensure proper assembly and

functionality of the device.

2. Water Resistance and System Integrity

a. Waterproofing: A key risk is the exposure of electrical components to

water. It is crucial to ensure that all electrical parts, such as

piezoelectric sensors and circuit boards, are housed in waterproof

 74

casings to prevent water ingress. This reduces the risk of short circuits,

corrosion, and overall system failure.

b. Environmental Testing: Conduct tests in controlled environments to

verify the waterproof capabilities of the device. Any water leakage

detected during these tests must be addressed before deploying the

system in outdoor settings.

3. Electrical Safety and Voltage Management

a. Battery Safety: Managing the voltage stored in the system’s battery is

essential. Researchers must use voltage regulators and monitoring

systems to avoid overcharging, which could lead to overheating or

explosion of the battery. Safety fuses and circuit breakers should also

be included in the design to provide an added layer of protection.

b. Safe Handling of Wiring: During the assembly process, handle all

electrical wiring carefully, ensuring that connections are secure and

insulated. Improperly connected or frayed wires could lead to short

circuits or electrical shocks during testing or operation.

4. Component Quality and Assembly Precision

a. Quality Assurance: Use only high-quality, tested components to reduce

the risk of equipment malfunction during assembly or operation.

Researchers should inspect all parts before use to ensure they meet

safety standards and are free of defects.

 75

b. Assembly Procedures: Follow a well-documented procedure when

assembling the device to minimize errors that could lead to system

malfunctions. This should include double-checking connections,

calibrating sensors, and testing components individually before full

integration.

5. Risk Identification and Mitigation

a. Potential Hazards in Experimentation: Researchers should identify all

potential hazards before starting the experiment. For example,

understanding the risks of working with piezoelectric materials under

different environmental conditions will help in mitigating any issues

that may arise.

b. Emergency Protocols: Establish emergency protocols for dealing with

potential equipment malfunctions or electrical fires. This includes

having fire extinguishers rated for electrical fires and emergency

shutdown procedures to prevent accidents.