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CHP 4

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4 views3 pages

CHP 4

Uploaded by

shayanfreelanceofficial
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chp# 2: Water

1. The Water Cycle

Question: What is the water cycle?


Answer:
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water on Earth. It includes these main steps:

1. Evaporation: Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes changes into water vapor due to the
sun's heat.
2. Condensation: Water vapor rises, cools, and forms clouds.
3. Precipitation: Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, or hail.
4. Collection: Water flows back into rivers, lakes, and oceans, restarting the cycle.

2. Water in Three States

Question: How can water exist in three states?


Answer:
Water can exist in these three states:

1. Solid (Ice):
o When water freezes at 0°C, it becomes ice.
o Found in glaciers, polar ice caps, and snow.
2. Liquid (Water):
o The most common form, used for drinking, cooking, and cleaning.
o Found in rivers, lakes, and oceans.
3. Gas (Water Vapor):
o Water evaporates into a gas when heated.
o Found in the air as humidity.

3. Forms of Precipitation

Question: How do different forms of precipitation occur?


Answer:
Precipitation occurs when water droplets in clouds become heavy and fall to the ground. The
form depends on temperature:

1. Rain: Happens when the air is warm, and water falls as liquid.
2. Snow: Occurs in cold weather when water freezes into ice crystals.
3. Hail: Forms in thunderstorms when water droplets freeze and get bigger before falling.
4. Sleet: A mix of rain and snow.

4. Water Purification

Question: How is water purified?


Answer:
Water purification removes dirt, germs, and harmful chemicals to make water safe to drink.
Common methods include:

1. Filtration: Removes large particles like sand and dirt.


2. Sedimentation: Allows heavy particles to settle at the bottom.
3. Chlorination: Adds chlorine to kill germs and bacteria.
4. Boiling: Kills germs by heating water to high temperatures.
5. Modern techniques: Include reverse osmosis and UV light treatment.

5. Water Supply in Pakistan

Question: How is water supplied to industries and settlements in Pakistan?


Answer:

1. Rivers and Canals:


o Rivers like the Indus and its tributaries provide water for agriculture and drinking.
o Canals distribute river water to cities and farms.
2. Dams and Reservoirs:
o Dams like Tarbela and Mangla store water for drinking, irrigation, and electricity
generation.
3. Groundwater:
o Water is pumped from underground wells and tube wells.
o Common in rural areas where rivers are not accessible.
4. Urban Water Supply Systems:
o Water is treated in plants and supplied through pipelines to homes and factories.

6. Wastewater Treatment in Pakistan

Question: How is wastewater treated in Pakistan?


Answer:
1. Untreated wastewater: Unfortunately, much wastewater from homes and industries is
dumped into rivers, causing pollution.
2. Sewage Treatment Plants:
o In large cities like Karachi and Lahore, some sewage is treated in plants to
remove harmful chemicals before being released.
3. Steps in Treatment:
o Primary treatment: Removes solid waste.
o Secondary treatment: Uses bacteria to break down organic matter.
o Tertiary treatment: Filters and purifies water further.

7. Managing Water Wastage

Question: How can water wastage be managed?


Answer:

1. Fixing Leaks: Repairing broken pipes and taps to prevent water loss.
2. Reusing Water: Using wastewater for gardening and cleaning instead of wasting it.
3. Efficient Irrigation: Farmers can use drip irrigation to save water in agriculture.
4. Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater for future use.
5. Awareness Campaigns: Educating people to use water carefully.

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