ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS

PROGRAM : M.SC MARINE GEOPHYSICS

REGULATION AND SYLLABUS
EFFECTIVE FROM 2021-2022 BATCH
 Annexure 2

ANDHRAUNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS

Effective for the Batch of students admitted from 2017-18 academic year

M.Sc. MARINE GEOPHYSICS:

Semester – I

Exam. Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
Code Subject
MGS 101 Elements of Geology 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 102 Numerical Analysis & Computer 4 4 80 20 100 4
Programming
MGS 103 Earth System Science 4 4 80 20 100 4

MGS 104 Seismology 4 4 80 20 100 4

Practicals
MGS 105 Elements of Geology 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 106 Numerical Analysis & Computer 3 3 50 50 2
Programming
MGS 107 Seismology 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 108 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 16 9 25 520 80 600 24

Semester – II

Exam. Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 201 Economic & Petroleum Geology & 4 4 80 20 100 4
Stratigraphy
MGS 202 Solid Earth Geophysics 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 203 Remote Sensing & GIS 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 204 Geophysical Signal Processing & 4 4 80 20 100 4
Inversion Theory
Practicals
MGS 205 Economic & Petroleum Geology & 50 50 2
3 3
Stratigraphy
MGS 206 Remote Sensing & GIS 3 3 50 50 2
Geophysical Signal Processing & 50 2
3 3
Inversion Theory 50
MGS 207 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 16 9 25 520 80 600 24

Contd...
Semester – III

Exam Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 301 Gravity Method 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 302 Petroleum Geology & Geophysics 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 303 Seismic Prospecting 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 304 Well Logging and Reservoir 4 4 80 20 100 4
Analysis
Practicals
MGS 305 Gravity Method 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 306 Seismic Prospecting 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 307 Well Logging and Reservoir 50 50 2
3 3
Analysis
MGS 308 Seminar 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 309 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 16 12 28 570 80 650 26

Semester – IV

Exam Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 401 Magnetic Method 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 402 Geodynamics 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 403 Seismic data processing and 4 4 80 20 100 4
Seismic Stratigraphy
MGS 404 Marine Geophysics 4 4 80 20 100 4
Practicals
MGS 405 Magnetic Method 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 406 Seismic data processing and 3 3 50 50 2
Seismic Stratigraphy
MGS 407 Marine Geophysics 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 408 Group Discussion 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 409 Project Dissertation 3 3 100 100 4
MGS 410 Comprehensive Viva 100 100 4
Total 16 15 31 720 80 800 32
 Elements Of Geology
Common syllabus for M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics- I semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-101
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives

1. To address the different branches of geology

2. To Provide basic understanding of geological work of rivers and concepts of Geomorphology
3. To create understanding on the rocks and minerals

M. Sc Marine Geophysics
I SEMESTER
MGS-101 ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY

UNIT – I

Introduction to Geology– Branches of Geology - Scope of Geology and its relation with
Geophysics. Weathering and erosion Phenomenon – Physical, chemical and Biological weathering -
products of weathering. Wind erosion and its features - Sediment transport by wind - various types of
Dunes. Geological work of Glaciers – Types – Movement - Erosional features. Glacial Transport –
Deposition and related features.

UNIT-II

Geological work of Rivers - Initial, Young and old stages of their development - Canyon, base
level of erosion, meandering point bors, oxbow lakes, flood plains and natural levees. Erosion,
denudation, peneplains, monad nocks, deltas and types. Volcanoes – Types, Products, Volcanic eruptions,
and distribution ofVolcanoes.

UNIT-III

Fundamental concepts of Geomorphology. Various near shore morphological features developed

due to geological work of sea. Waves and currents and transportation by sea. Features of Marine erosion
and deposition and related features. Evolution of major geomorphic processes in India, Field and
laboratory map scales, Topographic maps Thematicmaps.
UNIT-IV

Definition of Petrology –Bowen’s reaction series – Differentiation of Igneous, Sedimentary and

Metamorphic rocks. Origin and forms of Igneous rocks – textures – structures and classification of
Igneous rocks. Origin of sedimentary rocks, textures – structures and classification of sedimentary rocks.
Types of Metamorphism - Textures and structures of Metamorphic rocks.
 UNIT-V

Definition of a mineral – Physical properties of minerals: Mohs scale of hardness, colour, streak,
transparency, luster, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, - Isomorphism and Polymorphism –
Structure and chemistry of Quartz, Feldspars, Mica Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Garnet groups of minerals.
Clay minerals, Elements of Crystallography.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1) Physical Geology: G. Gorshkov, A. Yakushova.

2) Physical Geology: A.K.Datta

3) A text book of Geology: P.K.Mukherjee.
4) The Principle of petrology: G.W.Tprell.
5) Rutleys mineralogy: H. M.Read.
6) Physical Geology: Arthur Holmes.
7) Principle of Engineering Geology: K. M.Bangar.
8) A text book of Geology: G.B.Mahapatra.
9) A text book of Physical Geology: G. B.Mahapatra.
10) Engineering and general Geology: Parbinsingh.

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level

CO1 Students will understand the scope of geology in the field of Geophysics as it is Understanding
(Geological structures and processes) the ultimate objective of Geophysics.
CO2 The students will be acquainted with The knowledge on the morphological features Understanding
formed in different stages of river development.
CO3 The students will be familiar with identifying and understanding the symbols and Understanding
features in different thematic and topographical maps.
CO4 The students will be acquainted with the knowledge in differentiating the types of Analysing
rocks.

CO5 The students will learn about the formation and classification of minerals Analysing

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1 It gives a basic understanding on the elements of geology
CSO2 It gives an insight on geological work of river, sea, wind& volcanic eruptions
CSO3 The students will learn about the topographic maps and groups of minerals
Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: After the course, students will have broad understanding on the basic knowledge of geology in the evolution of
different geomorphological features developed by the work of wind and glaciers.

LO2: Students will learn the formation and distribution of Volcanoes.

LO3: They will also learn how to generate the topographical maps with elevation data.

LO4: They will identify the structures in different types of rocks

LO5: They also will be aware of the occurrence and distribution of economic minerals in India.
Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program
Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 MGS 102: Numerical Analysis & Computer programming
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- I semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-102
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives

1. To provide introduction of Numerical analysis

2. To create the knowledge on the usage of commuter programming for application of Numerical Analysis
3. To provide knowledge on the UNIX, FOTRAN, and C language.

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

I SEMESTER

MGS 102: Numerical Analysis & Computer programming

UnitI: Numerical Analysis; finding the roots by numerical methods- bisection method, False
position method, Newton-Raphson method. Interpolation: finite difference, symbolic
relations. Interpolation by Newton’s formula. Gauss's Central difference formula,
Bessel’s formula, Lagrangian formula and Richardson's extrapolation. Numerical
differentiation and Integration: Maximum and minimum of a tabulated function.
Numerical Integration-Trapezoidal rule, Simpson' s rule, Romberg integration, Weddle's
formula.

UnitII: Numerical solution of differential equations- Introduction, Solution by Taylor series,

Picard's method of successive approximation, Euler’s method, Runga-Kuttamethod. Finite
element methods: Basic concept of the finite element method. Boundary and Initial value
problems, Classical Optimization Techniques-The Ritz method, I-D and 2-D problems.
Linear and Non-linear Programming, One dimensional minimization, Fibonacci method,
Unconstrained optimization, Steepest descent method, gradient techniques and
Marquardt'smethod.

UnitIII: Introduction: General architecture of a computer. Types of computers, Structure of a

computer, programming languages Low level and High Level, object program, compilers
and assemblers. Algorithm, Flowchart, Different types of operating systems, MSDOS;
Multi-tasking operating system- MS WINDOWS, Multi-user and multi-tasking operating
systems- UNIX, File system in UNIX, File management, UNIX commands and Shell
programming.

Unit IV: Structure of FORTRAN-77, programming preliminaries, Constant and Variables,

expressions- Statements Library functions, Control statements - GOTO, Logical
expressions, DO statement & Nesting, STOP, END and PAUSE statements; subscripted
variables. Arrays and DIMENSION statement; Special statements - COMMON, DATA
statements. Input and Output statements; Subprograms –SAVE & EQUIVALANCE,
Function and Subroutines Double Precision. Programming Examples in Fortran to
handle GeophysicalProblems.

UnitV: C programming language: Basic concepts of C; Symbolic and arithmetic constants and
variables; Data types in C Decision control. Loop control and Case control structures in
C; Functions; Pointers and Arrays; Input and Output; Iteration with Hardware through C
and Operations on Bits; Some selected Geophysical problems and their Cprograms.
 Books:

1. Generalized inverse of matrices and its application, C.K.Rao&S.R.Mitra

2. An Introduction to Finite Element Method,J.N.Reddy
3. Introduction to Numerical analysis,S.S.Sastry
4. Introduction to Numerical analysis,F.B.Hiderbrand
5. Optimisation theory and application,S.S.Rao
6. Fortran programming. A.K. Jain &M.N.KesavaRao
7. Fortran 77 programming, V.Rajararnan,
8. Let us C, YashavantKanetkar
9. UNIX shell programming , YashavantKanetkar.

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1  To impart knowledge on the solution of transcendental equations. Understanding

CO2  To provide an insight in solving non-linear problems Understanding

.
CO3  To provide basic information on the history of computers, Types of computers, General Understanding
concepts related to software

CO4  To provide the knowledge on the usage of Fortran programming language in solving Analysing
various geophysical problems

CO5  To provide the knowledge on the usage of C programming in solving various Analysing
geophysical problems

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1
Students become familiar with interpolation and extrapolation techniques.
CSO2
Student will learn the classical optimization techniques.
CSO3
It provides insight on the algorithms, flowcharts, operating systems, and computer languages.

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: It provides how to solve various problems in Geophysics with numerical analysis

LO2: Students will learn about the usage of Numerical solution of differential equations in geophysics

LO3: Students will be acquainted the knowledge on Multi-user and multi-tasking operating systems

LO4: Student will learn the basic knowledge on the FOTRAN language and its applications in solving the

geophysical problems

LO5:Student will learn the basic knowledge on the C language and its applications in solving the geophysical problems

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 M EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE
. M.Sc Marine Geophysics- I semester
Course Category S
Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-103
c
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-0
Mthe Mathematics Internal Assessment 20
Basics of
Prerequisites a Semester End Examination 80
& Physics
r Total Marks 100
i
Marine Geophysics
I SEMESTER
MGS 103 - EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1. To educate the student in science of horizon of the earth , Geohydrology and geochronology
2. To provide knowledge on general meteorology including cyclones, air masses, fronts and also on climatic types
and global warming
3. To impart general knowledge on the physical Oceanography. Instrumentationinre fraction& reflection surveys.
Digital seismic data recording.

UnitI: Origin of the earth- the Universe and our galaxy, chemical evolution of galaxy formation
of the earth and planets, primary differentiation of the earth. Composition of the various
zones, abundance of elements in the earth, the rotation of the earth, the moon, salient
concepts of plate tectonics. The earth's gravity field, the force of gravity on the surface of
the earth, the figure of the earth, Clairaut's theorem, the geometric and gravitational
flattening, International gravity formula, geoid and spheroid, the gravitypotential

Unit II: Geochronology, Radioactive decay. Dating of rocks - potassium-argon – rubidium

strontium-uranium-lead-carbon 14 methods, age of the earth. The earth's thermal
properties, the basic thermal data, the measurement of terrestrial flow, calculation and
analysis of heat flow rate, heat flow over the ocean floor, flow over continents, sources of
heat in the earth, temperature distribution in earth. The equality of continental and oceanic
heat flows, regions of anomalous flow, hot spots, relationship of heat flow to the
radioactivity of theearth.

UnitIII: Geohydrology: Hydrological cycle, origin of ground water, subsurface distribution of

water, springs. Hydrological properties of water bearing materials: porosity, void ratio,
permeability, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield, specific retention, diffusivity,
laboratory methods of determination of perrmeability. Mode of occurrence of
Groundwater: Classification of rocks with respect to their water bearing characteristics
aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, classification of aquifers and ground water
province. Evaporation, evapotranspiration, seepage, infiltration and run
off. Hydrogeochemistry : Physical and chemical characteristics of ground water,
classification of ground water with respect to domestic irrigation and industrial use,
pollution of groundwater.

Unit IV: General Meteorology: surface, self recording and upper an meteorological instruments,
aneroid barometer, barograph, air thermometers, psychromoter, hair hydrograph, cup
anemamoter, ordinary and recording rainguages, sunshine recorder, pilot ballon,
theodolit, radiosonde, Rawin and Radar. The Atmosphere; composition and structure;
Air pressure & winds; general circulation of the atmosphere; monsoons, local winds,
Humidity, Fog & Clouds, precipitation, Air masses, fronts, atmospheric disturbances of
climate, cyclones, anticyclones and tornadoes, hurricanes, air masses and fronts, jet
streams, Koppers classification, Thornawite, classifications, Trewertha’s classification,
 Climatic types and their distribution climatic changes, applied climatology, Air pollution,
Global warming, Green houseeffect.

Unit V: Physical oceanography: Physical properties of sea water temperature of the oceans, water
masses, bottom relief of the oceans, the morphology of the ocean bottom. Chlorinity,
salinity, thermal properties, density, optical properties, water masses, T-S diagram, heat
budget of the ocean, Bowen reaction. Salinity Density measurement, Nansen bottle, light
in sea, reversing thermometers, battery thermograph, current meters, ocean currents of the
world, Eli-nano, upwelling & sinking waves, breakers, surf, internal waves, storm surges,
Tsunami tides, tide generating force, types of tides, prediction of tides, tide gauge, Air sea
interaction.
Books:
1. Introduction of Geophysics,Howell
2. Physics and Geology, Jacobs andRussel
3. Physics of the earth,Stacy
4. The interior of the earth, M.H.P.Bott
6. Fundamentals of Geophysics, WilliamLowrie
7. Groundwater Hydrology, D.K.Todd
8. General Climatology, HJ.Critchfield
9. Earth, Press &Siever
10. Climatology & Oceanography, D.S.Lal
11. The Ocean their physics, chemistry and General Biology by H.U. Sverdrup, MatrinW.
Johnson, Richard
H.Fleming

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level

CO1 To provide the basic concepts of the earth universe and galaxy. Understanding

CO2 To provide basic idea of radioactive decay. Understanding

CO3 To provide the over view of hydrological cycle. Understanding

To inculcate the basic knowledge on meteorological instruments,

CO4 Analysing
atmosphere and climate.

CO5 To educate on the physical properties of waves and tides. Analysing

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1 Students become familiar with earth system science by learning the origin of the earth and
heat transfer for the ocean floor..

The students can understand the classification of rocks physical and chemical properties of
CSO2 ground water.

CSO3 The student will gain knowledge on the climatic system and the physical features of
Oceanography.

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: After the completion of the course the student will have broad understanding on the earth gravity
field and abundance of elements of earth.
LO2: The student can understand the sources of hear in the earth and the heat flow relationship
with radioactivity of the earth
LO3: It gives an insight to the students on the origin of ground water, evaporation and
evapotranspiration.
LO4: The students will be educated on the basic concepts of air masses, climatic classification,
Global warming and the importance of green house effect.
LO5: The students will be acquainted with the knowledge on the TS diagram, head budget of ocean
unwilling and sinking and their importance.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO
O 2 0 1 2 1 2
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 SEISMOLOGY
Common syllabus for M.SC (Tech.) Geophysics and M.Sc. Marine Geophysics - I semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-104
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-4
Prerequisites Basic Mathematics and Internal Assessment 20
Physics (waves and Semester End Examination 80
oscillations) Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
1) To understand the composition and state of the planet's interior.
2) Understand types of seismic waves and how the earthquakes occur.
3) Various instruments used tin Recording the earthquake.
4) Determine the epicenter, magnitude of the earthquake and understand the focal mechanism of
earthquake.
5) To understand the most sensitive zones of seismicity and hazards of earth

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

I SEMESTER
MGS-104 SEISMOLOGY

Unit I:
Introduction to seismology. Elastic waves- Elastic, Anelastic and Plastic behavior of
materials. Stress, Strain, elastic constants. Seismic waves- Introduction, Body waves.
Surface Waves, Types and Phases of waves. Free oscillations of the Earth, the internal
Structure of the Earth- Refraction and Reflection in the earth's interior. Types of
Earthquakes.

Unit II:
Seismometry: Introduction, Principle of Seismometer, Vertical motion seismometer, and
Horizontal motion seismometer. Broad Band seismometer, Analog recorders. Digital
recorders, Seismogram- Identification of Phases on a seismogram. Selection of
seismograph stations. Global seismic network

Unit III:
Travel-Time curves, Seismogram Interpretation, locating earthquakes. Earthquake
intensity Magnitude, Frequency, Energy released in an earthquake. Epicenter
determination Seismic Sources - Faults, Introduction of earthquake focal mechanism,
Single- Couple and Double couple radiation patterns.

Unit IV:
Analysis of earthquake focal Mechanism, Mechanics of faulting, Fault-plane solutions.
Micro earthquakes- Analysis and interpretation of seismograms, Reservoir induced
earthquakes. Prediction of location of the earthquake. Earthquake control. Monitoring of
Nuclear explosions. Hydro seismicity, rain induced seismicity.

Unit V:
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics: Intra plate seismicity, earthquakes in oceans, tsunami,
inter plate seismicity, Continental earthquakes and tectonics. Faulting and Fracture,
Secondary effects of earthquakes: landslides, fires and fatalities, Seismicity of India and
Globe, Seismic zoning. Earthquake effects and hazards.
 Books:
1. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie
2. Modem Global Seismology, Thorne Lay
3. Earthquakes, Bolt, B.A.,
4. Introduction to Seismology, Perry Byrle
5. The Earth, Jeffreys.S.H.
6. Elementary Seismology, Charles.F. Richter
7. Earthquake Mechanics, Kasahara. K.
8. The Mechanics of Earthquakes-faulting, Scholtz.C.H.
9. An introduction to the theory of seismology, Bullen. K.E.
10. Quantitative seismology: theory & methods, Aki. K. and Richrds. P.G

COs Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to: Cognitive
level
CO1 Understand the types of seismic waves and principles involved in determining Understanding
the composition and state of the planet's interior
CO2 Recording of earthquakes with various seismometers, Knowledge
CO3 Determine the epicenter, magnitude of the earthquake and understand the focal Knowledge
mechanism of earthquake
CO4 Analysis and interpretation of seismogram Knowledge
CO5 Seismic active zones and Hazards caused by earthquakes Understanding

Course Outcomes (COS):

1. Will be able to understand the types of seismic waves and propagation within the earth.
2. How the seismology has been used to determine the internal composition and structure of the earth
3. How the record process is done to monitor the earthquake
4. Understand different types of instruments used to record low and high magnitude earthquakes.
5. What are the earthquake prone zones and how can they be handled
6. Hazards caused by earthquakes.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Upon successful completion, students will have the knowledge and skills to:
1. Understand the types of seismic waves and their propagation
2. How the elastic properties of materials influence the propagation of seismic waves.
3. How to determine the epicenter and focal point of earthquake
4. Recording, identifying and processing of seismic waves.
5. Understand the low and high seismic active zones and forecast the seriousness of earthquakes.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 2
 ECONOMIC AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- II semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-201
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:

1. The students will be acquainted knowledge on the economic mineral deposits and physiographic divisions
and important indian groups and systems.
2. The students will gain necessary knowledge on the structural features of rocks and their importance.
3. The students will be acquainted knowledge on the economic mineral deposits and physiographic divisions
and important indian groups and systems.

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

SEMESTER II
MGS-201 ECONOMIC AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY &
STRATIGRAPHY

UNIT-I

Stratigraphy: Introduction - principles of Correlation. Fossils - uses of fossils – their importance in

statigraphy Physiographic divisions of India - Peninsular India, Indogangitic plain and Extra peninsular
India. Geological time scale and Stratigraphic units of India.

UNIT-II

Important Indian groups and systems: Archean and Dharwar System – Introduction, distribution,
classification and economic importance. Study of Cuddapah – Vindhyan – Gondwana group – Deccan
traps – Siwaliks and Quaternary formations.

UNIT-III

Structural features of rocks. Stress and strain. Primary and secondary structures – dip and strike.
Folds: Introduction – classification and origin. Faults: Introduction – classification and recognition and
causes of faulting. Joints: Introduction – classification and origin. Unconformities: Definition – Origin
andtypes.

UNIT-IV

Economic mineral deposits: Origin of ore deposits – Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. –
Metallic and Non metallic types - Placer minerals. Classification of coals - Origin, migration and
entrapment of petroleum deposits with special reference to KG basin.

UNIT-V

Physiographic divisions of seas and world oceans, Seamounts and guyots – Properties of sea
water: Temperature, salinity and density –– Hotspot mechanism – turbidity currents – Mid oceanic ridge
system – Coral reefs and their formation – Island arcs – trenches – Deep sea sediments: placers on the
beach and shelves - Conditions for formation of polymettallic nodules.
 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1) Physical and engineering geology: S.K.Garg

2) A text book of geology: G.B.Mahapatra.

3) Principles of engineering geology: K.M.Bangar.
4) Submarine geology: P.H.Kunen.
5) Submarine geology: F.P.Sheppard.
6) Stratigraphy of India: M.S.Krishnan.
7) Structural geology: M.P.Billings.
8) Economic mineral deposits: A. M.Bateman.
9) Text book of Physical geology: G.B.Mahapatra.

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 To provide knowledge on the uses of fossils. Understanding
CO2 To educate the student on the important indian groups like cuddapah, vindhayan, Understanding
Deccan traps and Gondwana.
CO3 To educate the student in identifying faults, folds and joints in different rocks. Understanding
CO4 To impart knowledge on grading the coal and hydrocarbons. Analysing
CO5 To educate on the properties of sea water and deep sea sediments. Analysing

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1 The students become familiar in understanding the physiographic divisions of india and
importance of rocks.

CSO2 The students become familiar in the classification of joints and unconformities in rocks.

CSO3
The students become familiar in the classification of coals and can understand conditions for
formation of polymettallic nodules.

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: The students will have broad understanding on the demarcation of the physiographic divisions of
India.
LO2: The students can understand the rocks which are having economic importance in India.
LO3: The students will be familiar with Structural features of rocks and in identifying the faults, folds and
Joints.
LO4: They will gain knowledge on ore deposits, petroleum deposits and classification of coals.
LO5: The students will have knowledge on different Ocean floor structures and possibilities of existence
of natural gas and petroleum.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Solid Earth Geophysics
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- II semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-202
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-0
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1. To provide knowledge on basics of Geophysics, and Geothermics.
2. To inculcate knowledge on the seismic waves and earth geomagnetic field.
3. To inculcate the student on the basics on plaeomagnatism.
M.Sc Marine Geophysics
II SEMESTER
MGS 202: Solid Earth Geophysics

UNIT 1
Introduction to Geophysics: Geophysics and its importance among Earth Sciences. Geophysics: Scope of study of
various Geospheres, Interior of the earth, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Crust, SIAL, SiMA, Conrad discontinuity,
Mantle, Lehmann doscountinuity, Gutenburg discontinuity, Core, Earth’s internal divisions and PREM. Crustal
structure studies: Composition and structure of upper and lower continental crust, layering in oceanic crust, isostasy,
schems of isostasy, reduction procedures, isostatic anomalies, study of isostatic compensation, crustal structure
studies.
UNIT II
Geothermics: Basics of Geothermal History Evoluation of the earth as a member of solar system, major sources of
Heat inside the Earth since its accretion, role of radioactive heating, distribution of long-lived radioactive elemnts in
crustal rocks; thermal history of the Earth, its solidification from molten magma, sinking of iron and formatiom of
proto-core; Jacob’s hypothesis for liquid nature of the outer core. Geothermal gradient, adiabaic self-compression.
UNIT III
Variation of physical quantities and seismic wave velocity inside the earth, major sub-divisions, Seismic wave
propagation inside the earth, variations of density, gravity and pressure, elastic moduli K (bulk), μ (rigidity) and
quality factor Q. Petrophysics: Different physical and Engineering properties of rocks Laboratory measurements of
the physical properties of rocks namely Density, Seismic wave velocities, Magnetic susceptabililty, Electrical
resistivity, thermal conductivity, porosity and permeability.

Unit IV
Earth’s magnetic field, Geomagnetic elements, internal and external fields, main fields, and variational field,
magnetic and geomagnetic coordinates, measurement and recording of main field, measurement of horizontal,
vertical, declination, inclination and total field. Magnetometers and variographs. Theories of the earths main
magnetic field, secular variation, dynamo theory of the main field, geomagnetic indices, Ci, CR, Ks, Kp indices,
concepts of quite (Sq) and disturbed (Dst)days, geomagnetic observatories in India, functions, IGRF concept, its
role in magneticmethod.
Unit V
Plaeomagnetism: Natural remanantMagnetisation, Measurement of direction and Intensity of NRM. Continental drift
and polar wonder curves. Reversals of the magnetic field, polarity of the geomagnetic field, geomagnetic scale, and
projective method of presenting palaeomagnetic data, magnetic latitude and co - latitude, calculation of mean
direction of virtual geomagnetic poles, palaeomagnetic poles, reconstruction of palaeomagnetic poles, continental
drift, northward drift of India, results from differentcontinents.

Books
1. Debate about the Earth, H. takenchi, S. Uyeda and H.Kanamori
2. Fundamentals of Geophysics, WilliamLowrie
3. Geomagnetism, SydneyChapman
 4. Application of Palaeomagnetism, E.Erwing
5. Palaeomagnetism and Continents, J D APiper
6. Palaomagnetism and Plate tectonics, M WMcElhimy
7. Introduction of Geophysics,Howell
8 Physics and Geology, Jacobs andRussel
9 Physics of the earth,Stacy
10. The interior of the earth, M.H.P.Bott
11. Topics in Geophysics, P.J.Smith
12. General Climatology, HJ.Critchfield
13. Earth, Press & Siever

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 To provide the importance of Geophysics among earth sciences Understanding
CO2 To provide the basic knowledge on the geothermal history, evolution of the Understanding
earth.
CO3 To provide the basic physical properties of rocks for understanding the Sub- Understanding
surface of the earth
CO4 To provide the basic knowledge on the theory of the earths magnetic field. Analysing
CO5 To provide the basic knowledge on reconstruction of paleomaginetic poles. Analysing
Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)
CSO1 It provides the basic importance of geomagnetic studies.
.

CSO2 It provide the Sub-surface picture by making use of seismic waves

CSO3 To provide the application of paleomaginetic studies to understand the past climate

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: The students will have a broad understanding on internal structure of the earth..
LO2: The students will gain different theories on evolution of earth.
LO3: The students will be able to understand the various of physical properties for understanding the
dynamics of the earth.
LO4: To provide the good knowledge of magnetic elements of the earth and theories on the earth's
magnetic field
LO5: They will get knowledge on of paleomaginetic poles and their role in understanding plate tectonics.
.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Remote sensing & GIS
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- II semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-203
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1.To provide basic concepts like different wavelength bands in EM spectrum, active and passive remote
sensing system, interaction of EM energy with matter, and different types of scattering
2.To provide the overview of aerial photography, data collection methodology, and its applications. Apart
from they will acquire the concept of color theory, its applications
3.To provide the basic concept of thermal remote sensing system, and its applications. And also they will
learn about different types of orbits, weather forecasting satellites.

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

II SEMESTER
MGS 203: Remote sensing & GIS

UNIT-1 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: Introduction: basic principles of remote sensing;

electromagnetic spectrum; Planck’s law and wien's displacement law; concept of incoming short
wave and outgoing long wave radiation: passive and active remote sensing, interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with matter; interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere;
selective and non-selective scattering; impact of scattering on remotely sensed data; atmospheric
windows and absorptionbands

UNIT-2 Spectral reflectance properties and Sensors: interaction of electromagnetic radiation with solids
and liquids of the earth's surface; spectral reflectance curves of water, snow, clouds, and
vegetation. Soils/rocks/minerals. Sensors: imaging and non-imaging sensors: radiometers,
spectrometers. Spectroradiometers; Scanner dependent systems: line scan systems, array scanning
systems, multispectral scanner systems: whiskbroom and pushbroomimaging systems;
circular/conical/side scanning systems: sensor characteristics - spatial resolution, spectral
resolution, radiometric resolution and temporalresolution.

UNIT-3 Aerial photography: various types of aerial cameras and black and white films; scale, brightness,
contrast of photograph; resolution of photograph - resolving power of film and camera lens;
vertical and oblique aerial photographs; methods of aerial photographic surveys; parallax/relief
displacement, stereophotography, mirror arid pocket stereoscopes, Photomosaic, low and high sun
elevation angle photography. Color theory - primary and secondary colors; additive and
subtractive color mixtures to generate colors, color code, working principle of normal and infrared
color films and photographs; color composites - true, standard false color and false color
composites; application of normal and infra redphotographs.

UNIT-4 Satellite remote sensing: Various platforms used for remote sensing data acquisition; orbits of
satellites; geo-synchronous and sun-synchronous orbits; OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING
SATELLITES: environmental meteorological satellites (past and present) and their sensors -
GOES, Meteosat, INSAT, GMS, NOAA etc.; earth resources observation satellites (past, present
and future) and their sensors - NIMB US/coastal zone color scanner, Landsat, Spot, Mos, IRS-la,
Ib, Ic, Id, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 etc. Indian remote sensing activity; future remote sensing missions of
ISRO for earthobservation.
 UNIT-5 Thermal infrared remote sensing: Thermal processes and properties, radiant flux, heat transfer,
atmospheric transmission, thermal properties of materials, thermal infrared signatures of various
rocks and minerals, influence of water and vegetation on thermal inertia; thermal infrared sensors
like infrared radiometers, working principle of thermal infrared scanner; TIMS etc.; satellites and
sensors acquired and acquiring data under thermal infrared region - HCMM, NOAA-AVHRR,
EOS-TERRA, EOS-AQUA, Geostationery satellite sensors etc.; characteristics of thermal infrared
images, relative comparison of night and daytime thermal infrared imagery; advantage of thermal
infrared remotesensing

UNIT - 5 Geographical information systems (GIS): Introduction: functions of GIS, spatial

data bases - position, attributes; data base structures; data base management;
geographic data types - vector and raster; introduction to coordinate system and
map projections; application of GIS in Hydrology and other earthsciences.

Books :
1. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation, Floyd F. Sabins, IR..W.H.. Freeman & Co., San Francisco,
426p
2. Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing,CharlesElachi: Johnwiley& Sons p.413
3. Information Booklets form various satelliteagencies
4. Manual of Remote Sensing, Vol. I & Vol. Ed, American Society for photogrammetry and RemoteSensing

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 To provide basic concepts like different wavelength bands in EM spectrum, Understanding
active and passive remote sensing system, interaction of EM energy with
matter, and different types of scattering
CO2 To provide basic idea of spectral signatures, and its applications for Understanding
mapping of natural resources; different types of soils, minerals, etc. And
also to give an overview of scanning of data from satellites.
CO3 To provide the overview of aerial photography, data collection Understanding
methodology, and its applications. Apart from they will acquire the concept
of color theory, its applications
CO4 To provide the basic concept of thermal remote sensing system, and its Analysing
applications. And also they will learn about different types of orbits,
weather forecasting satellites.
CO5 To give general overview of GIS, its basic components, data models in GIS, Analysing
data generation, analysis and its applications

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1 Students become familiar with EM spectrum, and applications of Active and Passive remote sensing systems, and
also acquire knowledge on interaction of EM radiation with different boundaries and response of EM energy.

Student can understand the role of spectral reflection curves, and its applications in the field of earth sciences
CSO2
Students will understand how remote sensing and GIS will useful for generation of different thematic layers, data
collection from satellites, analysis and interpretation by making use of GIS.
CSO3

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: After the course, students will have broad understanding different wavelength bands in EM spectrum, and its each
characteristic (Atmospheric windows and absorption bands). And also they can understand the interaction of EM radiation
with matter.
LO2: Students will learn the data collection procedure from Aerial photography.
LO3: Students will learn about different satellites on board, and its applications
LO4: Student will learn the importance of remote sensing to collect data of inaccessible areas
LO5: Students will learn the data creation, analysis, and generation of thematic maps in GIS.
Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program
Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Geophysical Signal Processing and Inversion Theory
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- II semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-204
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1.To provide the basic knowledge on the signal and noise.
2.To provide knowledge on FFT and DFT
3.To provide knowledge on the band limited signals, digital faltering and inversion theory.

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

II SEMESTER
MGS 204: Geophysical Signal Processing and Inversion Theory

UnitI Introduction, Definition of signal and noise, various signal classes such as continuous,
piece wise continuous, absolute integrable, singularity, unit impulse, unit step, etc.
Fourier series and Fourier Transform: Time and frequency domain, relations between
various operations in both the domain, Fourier Transform and its properties, FFT,
Rectangular, exponential functions, singularity functions and periodic functions. Helbert
transform, Walshtransformation

UnitII Time-series analysis: Discrete time signals, Correlation and convolution functions,
impulse response and Transfer function spectrum of observational data: Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT), Z-Transforms, Delay properties ofwavelets.
UnitIII Band limited signals: Properties, Sampling Theorem, Nyquist frequency, Aliasing,
Sampling of band and time limited signals; Effect of sampling on spectrum and vice-
versa; reproduction of continuous function from sampled data. Importance and effects
of Windowing, Gibbs phenomenon, spectral leakage, various types of windows; hanning
windows, power spectrum; Estimation of power spectrum, use of various windows in
power spectrum computation, spectrum computation via Auto-correlation and
Periodogram. Moving average method, maximum entropy method, maximum likelihood
method, auto regressionmethod.
UnitIV Digital filtering: Design of digital filters, amplitude and phase response of various filters;
one-sided and two sided filters, low-pass, high pass and band-pass, optimum filters,
Butter worth filter, Recursive and non-recursive filters, optimal and Weiner filters,
Deconvolution and predictivedeconvolution.
Unit-V Inversion Theory: Introduction, Fundamentals of Inversion, Linear Inversion,Non-Linear
Inversion, Incorporating prior information, Parametric Inversion, Assessingthe
uncertainty in inverted models.

Books: 1. Spectral analysis in Geophysics, MarkusBath

2. Theory and application of digital signal processing, Rabiner,L.R and Gold,B.
3. Digital signal processing and time seriesanalysis,Enders A.Robinson
4. Statistical theory of communication,Y.W.Lee
5. Analysis of Geophysical Potential Fields, P.S.Naidu&M.P.Mathew
 6. Seismic Filtering, Nathan Rothenburg, SEGpublication
7. Time sequence analysis in Geophysics,E.R.Kanasewich
8. Signal Analysis,B.P.Lathy
9. Inverse problem theory,Tarantola.A,1987
10.Solutions of ill-posed problems, Tikhonov.A.V, and Arsenin.V.Y, 1977
11.Computational methods for Inverse problems, Vogel.C.R,2001

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 To educate the student on different types of signals Understanding
CO2 To educate the student on wavelets and discrete time signals Understanding
CO3 To educate the student on the sampling theorem various types of Understanding
windows and spectrum computation
CO4 To educate the student with the basic concepts of digital filtering. Analysing
CO5 To educate the student on fundamental of inversion Analysing

Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)

CSO1 The students can understand the geophysical signal processing and inversion theory.

CSO2 The students will be acquainted knowledge on the usage of FFT, Moving average methods
and MEM.

CSO3
The students can understand the optimum filters and uncertainty in inverted model's.

Learning Outcomes (LOs)

LO1: After the course the students will have a broad understand on the signal and noise and usage of FFT.
LO2: The students will have an understanding on time series analysis, DFT, wavelets and jet transforms.
LO3: The students will be acquainted with the band limited signals, Aliasing and sampling theorem and
various spectrum computation techniques.
LO4: The students can understand the Digital filtering and optimum filters.
LO5: The students can learn the fundamentals of linear and Non-linear inversions.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Gravity Method
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- III semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-301
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1. To provide the knowledge of the theories and concepts related to the gravity prospecting instruments
and their operation.
2. To provide the knowledge acquire, interpret gravity data.
3. To provide the Earth’s gravity concepts, figure of the earth, isostatic equilibrium,
Geoid, Spheroid. Etc.

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

III SEMESTER
MGS 301: Gravity Method
(Common paper with GS 301 Gravity method in M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

UnitI Earth’s Gravity field, Properties of Newtonian potential, Laplace’s and

Poissons’s equations, Green’s theorem, Gauss law, continuation integral,
equivalent stratum, spatial and temporal variations, Principle of gravity
prospecting, concept of gravity anomaly. Rock densities, factors controlling
rock densities, Bouguer density, Insitu determinations, Borehole methods.
Gravity prospecting instruments – Static gravimeters, Astatization, Zero-
length spring, Worden & Lacoste Romberg Gravimeters.

UnitII Plan of Gravity surveys – mineral exploration, oil prospecting and

Geological mapping, Establishment of gravity base net work, Reduction of
gravity data. Airborne and shipborne gravimetry, horizontal and vertical
accelerations, Eotvos correction. Regional and residual separation –
graphical, average, grid and curve fitting methods, reliability of different
types of residuals. Ambiguity in gravity interpretation

UnitIII Interpretation of gravity data – Qualitative interpretation, identification of

structural features and litho contacts, two-dimensional and three-dimensional
bodies - nature of anomalies. use of filters, vertical derivative calculations,
upward and downward continuation of anomalies, classical methods using
continuation integral, harmonic analysis and Fourier Transformation. Mass
estimation ingravity.

UnitIV Classical method of interpretation, gravity anomalies of point and line

masses, circular discs, vertical cylinders, sheets, faults and rectangular slabs,
Characterstics of anomalies, interpretation by simple thumb rules and
 characteristic curves. Forward modeling of gravity anomalies of two-
dimensional and three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape, Graticules,
computer models, anomalies of two-and-half-dimensionalbodies.

UnitV Inversion of gravity anomalies of 2-D polygonal bodies, Automatic gravity

modeling of sedimentary basins and density interfaces by Bott’s method.
Modeling of gravity anomalies using linear, exponential and quadratic
density contrast. Use of Fourier Transforms in Gravity interpretation,
Spectral depths, Application of gravity methods for regional geological
mapping, Oil exploration – salt domes, structural traps, mineral exploration –
sulphide ores, ferrous and non-ferrous ores, diamonds, placer deposits,
groundwater and Engineeringproblems.

Books: 1. The Earth and its gravity field, A.A.Heiskanen and F.AVening
2. Gravity and magnetics in oil prospecting,L.L.Nettleton
3. Gravity and magnetic methods, Rao, B.S.R and Murthy,I.V.R
4. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in
ExplorationGeophysics, I.V.Radhakrishna Murthy
5. Marine Gravity, PeterDenelinagar
6. Applied Geophysics, W.W.Telford et.al
7. Introduction to Geophysical prospecting,M.B.Dobrin
8. Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics, F.S.Grant andWest.

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 Students will learn the fundamental concepts of Earth’s gravity field.. Understanding
CO2 They acquire knowledge of the theories and concepts related to the Understanding
gravity prospecting instruments and their operation.
CO3 Students will acquire how to conduct field survey, data acquisition Understanding
and reduction.
CO4 Sound knowledge of interpretin gravity data using different curves & Analysing
software.
CO5 Will learn the application of gravity method in finding different Analysing
geological structures.

COURSE SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (CSOs)

CSO1 : Students will acquire sound knowledge of Earth’s gravity concepts, figure of the earth,
isostatic equilibrium, Geoid, Spheroid.
CSO2 : They will be able to analyze the different directions to acquire, interpret gravity data.
CSO3 : Students will learn how to apply these methods to different field data.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs)
LO1 : Students will be able to thoroughly understand the fundamental concepts of Earth’s
gravity field, potential and their formulae.
LO2 : Students will be able to learn different gravimeters and their calibration and their use.
LO3 : They will learn how to apply geophysical techniques to analyse the contours and profiles
and to apply for deleaniationof oil bearing structures and mineral exploration.
LO4 : Students will learn about modeling and inversion in space and frequency domain.
LO5 : Students will be able to apply the gravity method for finding the structure of a
sedimentary basin.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
PO PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
1 2 0 1 2 1
CO1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 3 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 3
CO3 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2
CO4 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 3
CO5 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 3
 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS
Common syllabus for M.Sc. (Tech) Geophysics - III semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS - 302
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-0
Prerequisites Basic knowledge of math and Internal Assessment 20
physics Semester End Examination 80
Total Marks 100

MGS 302: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS

(Common paper with GS 503 Petroleum Geology & Geophysics in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the student swill acquire an understanding of the following topics:
1. To provide the knowledge of Petroleum – occurrence – distribution- chemical and physical properties
2. To provide the knowledge on Reservoir – rocks – properties – Fluids, water – oil- Natural gas- properties
3. To provide the knowledge on Gravity and Magnetic methods in petroleum exploration

UnitI Petroleum – occurrence – distribution- chemical and physical properties –

Origin- various theories, source rock, organic matter – Maturation into
petroleum – P&T conditions, Migration – primary andsecondary.

UnitII Reservoir – rocks – properties – Fluids, water – oil- Natural gas- properties,
Traps- structural – stratigraphic – combination, seals, sedimentary basins –
cratonic – convergent and divergent margin basins – classification,
Category-1 basins ofIndia

UnitIII Gravity and Magnetic methods in petroleum exploration – surveys – Land

and ocean areas – differences – data processing operations, Gravity
anomalies – salt domes – stratigraphic traps. Magnetic methods – basement
mapping, computer oriented methods.

UnitIV Seismic data processing – outlines, preparation of seismic section,

Reflection character- structure, pitfalls – migration 2D & 3D significance –
velocity pull up, structure identification.

UnitV Seismic stratigraphy – Unconformities – seismic sequences – reflection

pattern – depositional environment – basin history – construction,
Modelling concept – Reservoir parameters – forward and inverse, direct
detection – Bright spots – flat spots Gas hydrates, Coal bedmethane.

Books:
1. Ravi Bastia: Geologic settings and petroleum system of India-East coast off shore
basins- Concepts andapplication.
2. A.I.Levorson: Geology ofPetroleum
3. R.C.Selly& David C.Morri:-Basic concepts of petroleumGeology
4. Jutshi P.L and Pawar M.S:Geology of Petroleum basins ofIndia
5. Weimer P &R.M.Slatt: Introduction to petroleum Geology of deep water settings,
AAPG studies in Geologyseries
6. Michael D.Max, Arthur H.Johnson& William P.Dillon: Economic geology of natural
gashydrates.
COs Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to: Cognitive level
CO1 Understand the origin of the hydrocarbon and physical and chemical properties of the Understanding
hydrocarbon generation,
CO2 Understanding the reservoir characteristics, and sedimentary basin of India Understanding
CO3 Understanding the role of Gravity and Magnetic survey for hydrocarbon Knowledge
CO4 The seismic data processing for hydrocarbon exploration. The student has Knowledge
demonstrated the hydrocarbon indicators, AVO analysis
CO5 Seismic stratigraphy information with seismic section, Seismic stratigraphy – Understanding
Unconformities – seismic sequences – reflection pattern – depositional environment –
basin history – construction

Course Outcomes (COS):

1. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the terminology of geology, geophysics, and others, with a
comprehensive understanding of the earth’s interior, surface, resources, climate, biosphere, and the
different methods used to study them.
2. The student is introduced to petroleum with a detailed study of its origin, kerogen and distribution of
petroleum in space and geological time.
3. The student is introduced to the different petrographic and geochemical methods of petroleum exploration
along with their applications and limitations.
4. The student is introduced to the descriptive study and different mechanisms of migration of oil and gas as
relevant to the petroleum industry.
5. The student is introduced to a detailed study of reservoir rocks; their characterization, blowout problems
along with a detailed description of petroleum traps
6. The student is introduced to a detailed study and application of oil field waters and cap rocks. The
petroleum geology of important Indian basins is discussed with an outline of oil and gas exploration with
reserve estimation. A short account of well logging techniques relevant to petroleum exploration is also
discussed.
7. Develop proficiency in understanding and conveying complex geological ideas and concepts with clarity in
written, online and oral communication and to develop positive values and aptitude necessary to obtain and
maintain employment as a professional geologist or to further their education.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Upon successful completion, students will have the knowledge and skills to:

1. Students will learn, where hydrocarbons come from and how they accumulate

2. Students also understand the requirements for the formation of hydrocarbons

3. Reservoir Properties

4. Reservoir types and Terminology

5. The student also learns to visualize, synthesize, apply and integrate field work observations with theory via

practical knowledge and skills acquired in the class room and laboratory in order to describe natural

geological processes.
Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program
Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 3
 Seismic Prospecting
Common syllabus for M.Sc. (Tech) Geophysics - III semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS - 303
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 3-1-3
Prerequisites Basics of the Physics and Internal Assessment 20
Mathematics and Geology Semester End Examination 80
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire an understanding of the following topics:
1) Basic seismic principles: Fermat’s Principle. Generalized Snell’s law. Reflection, refraction and
diffraction from multilayered media. Reflection and
transmissioncoefficients,Zoeppritz’sequation.Propagationmodelfor exploration seismology.
2) Seismic Methods/Analysis: Seismic energy sources, Seismic noises and Noise Profile Analysis,
Source and receiver arrays, Directional shooting, Shooting geometry.
Instrumentationinrefraction&reflectionsurveys.Digitalseismicdatarecording.
3) Seismic multichannel, seismic survey on land and offshore with 2D & 3D shooting procedure,
seismic reflection survey and refraction survey field procedures.

M. Sc. Marine Geophysics

MGS 303:Seismic Prospecting
(Common paper with GS 303 Seismic Prospecting in M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Unit –I Principles of elasticity: Normal strains, shearing strains, Hook’s law, Elastic moduli,
wave equations, Huygen’s& Fermat’s Principles, Zeoppritz equations, refraction,
reflection, critical refraction, diffraction, attenuation & absorption of seismic waves,
acoustic impedance, surface waves, dispersion multiples, reflection and transmission
coefficients.

Unit- II Elastic wave velocities of rocks: laboratory and field measurements, dynamic moduli, P
and S-wave velocities, anisotropy, attenuation, factors affecting velocity, different types
of velocities, geometry of ray paths, refraction and reflection, horizontal layers and
dipping layers, NMO and dip move out, discrete and continuous velocity changes,
velocity inversion, low velocity layer, blind zone, hidden layer.

Unit-III Electromagnetic geophone and its performance, damping coefficient, hydrophones,

detector arrays, array response, uniform arrays, amplitude weighted arrays, distance
tapered arrays, streamer, analog data acquisition, amplifiers, filters, gain control and
recording types. Seismic energy sources for land and marine surveys. Dynamite
thumper, dinosies, vibrosies, land air gun, pinger, boomer, sparker, airgun, water gun,
vaporchoc etc. Controlled explosions, shot control, source arrays, energy content,
frequency, pulse length and resolution, penetration, signatures of energy sources.
Unit-IV Digital data acquisition, digital field system, signal flow and recording. Constituent units
and modules. Telemetry systems, wireline and radio telemetry, telemetry system
configuration and specifications, dynamic range of signals noise: shot generation,
ambient and electrical noises, their nature and attenuation requirements. Noise survey,
noise analysis, fold back experiment, optimization of parameters.
Unit-V
Single channel and multi channel surveys, field layouts and shooting procedures for land
and marine 2D surveys, split spread and end-on spreads, CDP procedures for land and
marine surveys, stacking chart. 3D surveys, 3D layouts, swath, brick, odds & evens, zig
zag, button patch, full range 3D, loop survey. Marine 3D shooting: two streamer system,
alternate shooting, two boat operation, circles shooting, 3D bottom cable survey, quad
quad 3D, multiple streamers, static binning and dynamite binning. Refraction surveys:
Field procedures, fan shooting, broad side shooting, inline profiling, long refraction
profiles, reversed and unreversed profiles, marine refraction surveys, sonobuoy surveys.
(VSP, shear wave data acquisition and other special surveys procedures are included in
paper II along with processing and interpretation of seismic data)

Books: 1. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin.

2. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al.
3. Exploration seismology, Sheriff. R.E.
4. Seismic exploration fundamentals, J.A.Coffeen.
5. A hand book for seismic data acquisition, Brain J Evans
6. Designing seismic surveys in two and three dimensions, Dale G Stone

COs Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to: Cognitive
level
CO1 Understand the fundamentals of Fermat’s principle and Huygens principle and Understanding
the wave propagation.

CO2 Understanding of the wave theory and velocities of the subsurface Understanding
CO3 Knowledge imparts the seismic source, receiver and seismic recording on land Knowledge
and marine.
CO4 The student has demonstrated competence in scientific ethics and the ability to Knowledge
work independently and as part of a team
CO5 Reflection survey in 2D and 3D on land and marine Understanding

Course Specific Outcomes (CSOs)

1. The student can carry out basic operation in time series analysis and digital signal processing:
compute frequency, phase and time shift of a sinusoid; convolve and correlate two-time
signals; apply the sampling theorem
2. The student can compute ray paths, travel times and amplitudes of seismic waves propagating
in simple layered media, and assess the resolving power of these waves as a function of their
dominant frequency
3. The student can carry out velocity analysis on simple CMP gathers
4. The student is able to plan simple and efficient surveys combining various seismic techniques
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
The student is expected to understand and apply the follow concepts:

1. GeneralizedSnell’sanditsapplicationtoreflectionandrefractionstudies.
2. Reflectionsurveydesign,datacollection,dataprocessing,andanalysis.
3. Refraction survey design, data collection, data processing, and analysis.
4. Geologicalinterpretation of reflection and refraction seismic data.
5. Structural interpretation of seismic data
Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program
Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 3
 WELL LOGGING & RESERVOIR ANALYSIS
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- III semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-304
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1. To provide basic concepts of Reservoir rocks and their petro physical properties, Borehole
environment, and Classification of well
2. To provide different logs, and their importance in measuring the physical properties of lithology.
3. To provide the knowledge on reading of well logs, processing, and interpretation of well log data.

MGS 304: WELL LOGGING & RESERVOIR ANALYSIS

(Common paper with MGS 304 Well logging & reservoir analysis in M Sc (Tech)Geophysics)

Unit 1: Basic concepts and objectives of well logging. Reservoir rocks and their petro physical
properties, Reservoir Thickness, effective, pay and net thicknesses Permeability-
Porosity relations, Formation resistivity factor (FR); relation between FR and water
saturation. Need of drilling fluid and its properties. Borehole environment, invasion
effect and invasion profile. Classification of well logging tools, well logging unit and
logging setup. Reservoir geometry, temperature and pressure. Log header, depth scale,
depth of investigation and vertical resolution.

Unit II: Electrical logging: SP Log-Origin and occurrence of Self Potential.PSP &SSP,
Determination of water salinity and shale volume from Sp log; Resistvity in well
logging: factors affecting the resistivity of electrolyte bearing rocks, Unfocussed
Resistivity Devices- single-electrode, normal and lateral resistivity tools and their
limitations; Focused Resistivity Devices- principle of measurement, LL3, LL7 and
dual laterologs, factors influencing resistivity measurements.
Microresistivity measurements- Micro normal, micro lateral, Micro spherically
focussed logs applications and limitations; Induction Resistivity Measurements-
principle, two-coil induction tool and its geometric factor, focusing of two coil
sonde, skin effect.

UNIT III: Porosity Logs-Acoustic Log: Principles; factors affecting acoustic wave
velocity; single and double receiver type tools; borehole compensated
systems; cycle skipping; porosity evaluation; overpressure identification;
seismic applications. Density Log: Interaction of gamma rays with matter;
principle of density log; energy requirements of gamma ray sources for
density log; measurement tools- single and double detector type; litho-density
log; Neutron Log: Interaction of neutrons with matter, neutron sources and
neutron detectors, neutron logging tools, sidewall-neutron porosity probes.
Unit-IV: Radioactive logs- Radioactivity of shales and clays; simple and spectral gamma ray
tool including radiation detectors; calibration; factors affecting log response,
qualitative and quantitative uses of simple and spectral gamma ray log;
Miscellaneous tools: Logging While Drilling (LWD), Dipmeter, caliper log and its
variants, side wall coring tool, Casing Collar Locator/casing Inspection tools, Repeat
formation tester, Modular dynamic tester, CBL/VDL, NMR log, Micro Imaging
tools.

Unit-V: Formation Evaluation: Cross plots, M-N plots. Determination of water

saturation (SW )of clean formations, Quick look interpretation and detailed
interpretation of Clean sands and Shaly sands, Identification of Hydrocarbon
zones. Application of well logging in ground water, ore mineral and
Hydrocarbon exploration; Production logging: Flow in Vertical Pipes, Flow
Types, Reynolds Number, Perforations, Water Holdup, Water Cut,
Slippage Velocity, Production Logs: Temperature Log, Flow meters, different
types ofFlow meters, Gradiomanometer, Radioactive tracer logs. Noise
logging, Well problems- their diagnosis with different Production Logs,
Injection Wells, Interpretation of Flow meter & Temperature logs in
Injection/Production wells;Production logging in Horizontal Wells (in brief)

Books:
1. Formation Evaluation- E JLynch
2. Induction Logging-Plusynin.
3. Log Interpretation Principles and Charts-Schlumberger
4. Schlumberger Documents,
5. Development and Exploitation of Oils and Gas Fields -Murovyer andAndiasevrentnal
6. Handbook of Well Log Analysis -S JPeterson.
7. Fundamentals of Well Logging Interpretation-O-Serra-Elsevier1984
8. The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs-Malcolm Rder-Rider French Consulting
Ltd.2002.
9. Basic Well logging Analysis-By George Asquith &D.Krygowski-The American
Association of Petroleum Geologists,2004.

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 Provide the knowledge of Basic concepts and objectives of Understanding
well logging, Reservoir rocks and their petro physical
properties, and Classification of well logging tools, well
logging unit and logging setup.
CO2 Provide the over view of Electrical logging, factors Understanding
influencing resistivity measurements.
CO3 Proved the knowledge of Porosity Logs-Acoustic Log. Understanding
Density Log, and Neutron Log
CO4 Provide the knowledge of Radioactive logs, Miscellaneous Understanding
tools, Logging While Drilling (LWD), and Inspection tools.
CO5 Formation Evaluation, Determination of water saturation Understanding
(SW )of clean formations. Identification of Hydrocarbon
zones, and Production logging
 Course Specific Outcomes (CSOs)
1. To understand the basic concepts of Well logging method
2. To provide the knowledge of different logs that are used to measure the
response of subsurface lithodlogy.
3. To provide the knowledge of interpretation of Well-log data
4. To provide the application of different well-logs.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

1. Students will gain knowledge on the concepts of objectives of well-logging.
2. Students acquire knowledge on the sources and the reservoir rock characteristics
3. Students learn the about different logs, and their measurements.
4. Students will acquire knowledge of interpretation of Well log data .
5. Students can able to understand the responses of different well logs in different subsurface
lithologies.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO
O 2 0 1 2 1 2
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Magnetic Method
M.Sc Marine Geophysics- III semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS-401
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Internal Assessment 20
Basics of the Mathematics &
Prerequisites Semester End Examination 80
Physics
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire and understanding of the following topics:
1. To provide basic concepts of Earth’s main magnetic field, Coulombs law of magnetic force and
fields, magnetic moments, intensity of magnetization and induction, magnetic potential and its
relation to field.
2. To provide the knowledge of magnetic data collection using different types of Magnetometers,
and its working principles.
3. To provide the knowledge of processing of magnetic data, and interpretation techniques.

MGS 401: Magnetic Method

(Common paper with GS 401Magnetic Method in M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

UNIT I Earth’s main magnetic field, origin and temporal variations (outlines only),
Geomagnetic elements, Vectorial representation, spatial variation, Basic
concepts, Coulombs law of magnetic force and fields, magnetic moments,
intensity of magnetization and induction, magnetic potential and its relation
to field, units of measurement, origin of magnetic anomalies,
interrelationship between different component anomalies, Poisson’s relation,
Magnetic susceptibility, factors controlling susceptibility, magnetic
classification of minerals and rocks, Laboratory and in-situ methods of
determining susceptibility, Natural remanent magnetism, Astatic and Spinner
Magnetometers, demagnetizationeffects,

UNITII Principle of magnetic prospecting, Instruments - Nuclear, fluxgate, Squid’s

and optical pumping magnetometers, gradient measurements, Plan of
magnetic surveys in different mineral exploration programs, Magnetic data
reduction, diurnal and normal corrections, IGRF, Airborne magnetometry,
orientation mechanisms, survey techniques, data acquisition and reduction,
Advantages and disadvantages, brief principles of ship-borne and
satellitemagnetometry

UNIT III Interpretation of magnetic data, qualitative interpretation, nature of anomalies,

identification of different structural features. – Dependence of magnetic
anomalies on latitude and orientation. Isolation and enhancement of
anomalies using graphical, trend surface analysis, digital filtering, reduction
to pole filter, derivative and continuation filters (Brief descriptions),
Ambiguity in magnetic interpretation, generalized approach of interpretation.
UNIT IV Magnetic anomalies (vertical and total field) of single poles and sphere,
anomaly equations, profiles, properties and interpretation procedures.
Similarity of magnetic anomalies of two dimensional bodies in different
components – generalized equations for the magnetic anomalies of line
dipoles, dykes, sheets and faults, profile shapes and interpretation by thumb
rules and characteristic curves, ambiguity in interpretation of magnetized
dyke, Koloumzine method, Forward modelling of magnetic anomalies:
Gulatee’s rule, two dimensional and three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary
shape, use of graticules, Computer models, familiarization of
anomalyequations,

UNIT V Principles of inversion, Inversion of magnetic anomalies of 2D polygonal

bodies, magnetic anomalies of dykes and magnetic interfaces - Frequency
domain interpretation: Use of Fourier transforms in magnetic interpretation
with special reference to dykes and faults, end corrections, use of Hilbert
transforms, Relation figures, Spectral depth estimates; MAGSAT anomalies-
Application of magnetic method for regional geological mapping, oil
exploration, mineral exploration, ground water and Engineeringproblems.

Books: 1. Gravity and magnetics in oil prospecting,L.L.Nettleton

2. Gravity and magnetic methods, Rao, B.S.R and Murthy,I.V.R
3. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in
ExplorationGeophysics, I.V.Radhakrishna Murthy
4. Applied Geophysics, W.W.Telford et.al
5. Introduction to Geophysical prospecting,M.B.Dobrin
6. Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics, F.S.Grant andWest
7. Special issue on Geomagnetic methods and
Lithosphericstructure, Proc. Of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Indian Academy of
Sciences,Vol.99(4),1990

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 The course provides the knowledge of the Earth’s main magnetic Understanding
field, its variation.
CO2 The course gives immense knowledge about different magnetic Understanding
instruments and their operation.
CO3 The course provides insights into the Geomagnetism and Understanding
Palaeomagnetism and their application.
CO4 The course provides knowledge of deleanating the structures related Analysing
to oil bearing and mineral and regional geology.
CO5 The course provides knowledge on the principal's of inversion Analysing
 COURSE SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (CSOs)
CSO1 : The student will learn about the magnetic field of the Earth and upper atmosphere.
CSO2 : Students will learn about the magnetic elements and their relation, day to day and long
term variation of the Earth’s field.
CSO3 : Students will learn about the magnetic field survey, data acquisition and interpretation
techniques.
CSO4 : Students will learn about the application of magnetic method for modeling and
inversion of magnetic data.

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs)

LO1 : Students will be able to analyse the Earth’s magnetic field and its variation from place to
place.
LO2 : They will be able to understand and analyse the short term and long term variations of
Earth’s magnetic field
LO3 : They will be able to learn the magnetic survey procedures and interpretation of software
procedures including IGRF.
LO4 : The students will be able to comprehend the idea of present Earth’s magnetic field
and ancient magnetic field.
LO5 : The students will be able to understand the regional geological mapping, oil exploration
and mineral exploration

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
PO PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
1 2 0 1 2 1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 2 3 - - - - - - - - - 2 3
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 3
CO5 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 3
 GEODYNAMICS
Common syllabus for M.Sc. (Tech) Geophysics - V semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS - 402
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-0
Prerequisites Basic knowledge of math and Internal Assessment 20
physics Semester End Examination 80
Total Marks 100

MGS 402: Geodynamics

(Common paper with GS 602 Geodynamics in M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire an understanding of the following topics:
1. To educate the students on the basic concepts of continental drift, and plate tectonics .
2. To impart knowledge to the students on tectonic frame work of india.
3. To educate the students on the concepts of mantle convection models and evidences of sea level
changes

UNITI Continental drift: Super continents, Gondwana land and its break up,
Geophysical Evidences for continental drift and drift of India; Plate
Tectonics: The lithosphere, Distribution of Plates, Major and Minor plates,
Kinds of Plate Margins- Constructive, destructive and conservative plates,
Characteristics and processes at accreting and consuming plate boundaries,
Stability and stress distribution with in plates, active and passive continental
margins, marginal basins, transform faults.

UNITII Differences between plate tectonics and continental Drift,

magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetism, Plate tectonics and mountain
building, relative motion of the plates, Methods of measuring plate motions,
Causes of plate motions, Eulers pole of rotation, Forces acting on the
lithospheric plates, the Wilson cycle, Continental collisions, seismicity and
Intraplateearthquakes.

UNIT III Tectonic frame work of India- Cratons (Dharwar, Sinhbhum, Bundelkhand etc),
Mobile belts, Evolution of Himalayas, Purana basins, Paleozoic,
Gondawana super group, Mesozoic, Deccan Volcanic Province, Inter
trappeans, Cenozoics, Siwalic group; Offshor geology, morphology and
evolution of ECMI andWCMI.

UNIT IV Convection: Mantle viscosity, Concepts of mantle convection Models, Coupling

between plates and mantle convection, Hot spots and Mantle plumes, Plume
generation Mechanism, Evidence for mantle plumes from seismology and
Geoid, Deep Continental structure of India, Heat flow and seismicity
structure, models based on gravity, DSS data and seismicity (Brief
descriptiononly).
UNIT V Eustatic movements, Evidences of sealevel changes, Global sea level changes, sea
level changes during the Quaternary period and Pre-quaternary, Mechanism
& Impact of sea level changes; Structure and composition of the oceanic and
continental crusts, upper and lower mantle, inner and outer cores,
Rheological effects of lithosphere, Brittle and ductile deformation, creep
mechanism in the earth, Rigidity of Lithosphere, flexure of plates and
compensation models in lithospheric studies. Stresses in the Lithosphere and
their sources.

Books:
1. Plate tectonics and geomagnetic Reversals, Allan Cox, Free Man
andCompany,1973.
2. Developments in Geotectonics, Xavier Le Pichon, Jean Francheteau and
JeanBonnin, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1973.
3. The earths DybnamicSuirface, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Pub Pvt. Ltd.1999
4. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie, Cambridge Low Price
Edition,1997.
5. Geodynamics byTurcotte
6. Interior of Earth by M.H.P.Bott
7. The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics by David E.James
8. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution by Kent C.Condie
9. Deep Continental structure of India: Areview, T.M.Mahadevan, Memoir
28, Geological Society of India,1994.
10.Geodynamics ofthe Indian Peninsula and the Indian Plate Margin,
R.K.Verma, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd,1991.
11.Gravity field, seismicity and tectonics ofIndian peninsula and the
Himalayas by R.K. Verma

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 Incorporated the basic principles and components of Plate Understanding
Tectonics.
CO2 To import knowledge about the Principles, Characteristics of Understanding
plate margins and continental Drift theory..
CO3 : To develop the knowledge of the fundamentals of Indian Understanding
cratons
CO4 To develop the knowledge of modern concepts of mantle Analysing
convection models plume generation etc.,
CO5 To impart knowledge on various aspects of sea level changes, Analysing
Structure and composition of Oceanic & Continental crust,
different stresses in the Lithosphere
COURSE SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (CSOs):
CSO1 : The student will understand the basic principles of Sea floor spreading
concepts and their applications.
CSO2 : They will thoroughly understand the concepts of plate tectonics and
Continental Drift theories.
CSO3 : They will learn about various concepts related to Lithosphere and heat flow
studies.
CSO4 : They will learn more concepts related to Continents and Oceans
LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs):
LO1 : Students will be able to comprehend the importance of Geodynamic process related to
the earth.
LO2 : They acquired the knowledge about internal dynamic process of the Mantle.
LO3 : They will understand the needs to study the internal structure of the Earth from the
seismological studies.
LO4 : They will able to integrate the Geodynamic studies with the present concepts

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
PO P PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PSO
1 O2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O1 2
CO1 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 3
CO3 3 1 3 - - - - - - - - - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3
CO5 2 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 3
 Seismic Data Processing and Seismic Stratigraphy
Common syllabus for M.Sc. (Tech) Geophysics - IV semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS - 403
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Prerequisites Basic knowledge of math and Internal Assessment 20
physics Semester End Examination 80
Total Marks 100

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire an understanding of the following topics:
1. Basic interpretation method of seismic refraction data, delay time method and Plus-minus time
method, finally understanding the Generalized Reciprocal Method.
2. Seismic Reflection Method/Analysis: Basic seismic data processing and general flow of the
seismic data processing.
3. Seismic reflection method for oil & gas exploration, groundwater exploration and coal
exploration.
4. Hydrocarbon indicators and AVO analysis.
5. Seismic stratigraphic section for geological interpretation with seismic data

M.Sc. Marine Geophysics

MGS-403: Seismic data processing and Seismic Stratigraphy
(Common paper with GS 403 Seismic data processing and Seismic Stratigraphy in M Sc(Tech) Geophysics)

Unit –I Reduction of refraction data, interpretation of refraction data, analysis of refraction records,
interpretation of reversed and unreversed profiles, delay time methods, forward modeling, masked
layers and hidden layers, reduction and interpretation of sonobuoy data, crustal seismology,
engineering surveys, exploration for ground water, application in mining industry.

Unit- II Reflection data processing, static and dynamic corrections, velocity determination. Preparation of
seismic sections migration, analysis of analog records, automatic processing of digital seismic
data, demultiplexing, TAR, velocity analysis, velocity spectra and velocity scan, automatic statics,
picking, stacking, spiking deconvolution, dereverberation, whitening, time variant frequency
filtering, apparent velocity filtering. AVO analysis, different methods of migration, automatic
migration, wavelet processing.

Unit-III Seismic section plotting, display types, picking of events, marking-isochron & isopach maps,
geological interpretation, application of reflection methodl exploration for oil and gas,
groundwater, coal, mineral deposits, gas hydrates, etc., engineering applications, crustal studies,
structural and stratigraphic traps, identification of geological structures like anticlines, faults, salt
domes etc; fit falls in interpretation.

Unit-IV Hydrocarbon indicators, bright spot, seismic attributes, AVO analysis, vertical seismic profiling,
equipment, configurations like deviated well, walk away, offset VSP etc., applications, 3D data
processing and interpretation, visualization in an animated interactive environment.

Unit-V
Seismic stratigraphy, geological sea level change model, depositional patterns, seismic sequence,
seismic facies, reflection character, synthetic seismogram, modeling concepts, high resolution
seismic surveys, shallow engineering surveys and suitable energy sources, 4C, 4D recording,
 seismic tomography, reservoir applications of petrophysics concepts, generation and recording of
shear waves, energy sources, geophones, recording, processing, section plotting, interpretation
Vp/Vs as lighology indicator, hydrocarbons, engineering applications.
Books:
1. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin.
2. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al.
3. Exploration seismology, Sheriff. R.E.
4. An introduction to seismic interpretation, R. Mcquillin et.al.
5. Seismic stratigraphy-application to hydrocarbon exploration Ed. By Charles Payton.
6. Shear wave exploration, SH Danbom and SN Domenico
7. Multicomponent seismology in petroleum exploration, RH Tathamzand MD McCormack
8. Fundamentals of seismic tomography, Lo and Inderweisen
9. Reservoir studies, SEG publication.
COs Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to: Cognitive
level
CO1 Understand the seismic refraction data processing and different interpretation Understanding
techniques for land data and marine data. Example Delay time method and
Generalised Reciprocal Method.

CO2 Understanding the robust data processing flow and the reflection data Understanding
processing section
CO3 Understanding the seismic method for oil & gas exploration, groundwater Knowledge
exploration and coal exploration.
CO4 The student has demonstrated the hydrocarbon indicators, AVO analysis Knowledge
CO5 Seismic stratigraphy information with seismic section Understanding
Course Outcomes (COS):
1) Develop simple seismic data interpretation programe and seismic refraction data interpretation.
2) Able to do data processing in the computer-based software for reflection seismic data
3) Understanding the role of seismic method in oil & gas exploration and also groundwater, coal
explorations.
4) Visualize clearly the seismic sections of hydrocarbon zones with different indicators.
5) Apply the concepts of development of surfaces while designing/analyzing any product.
6) Recognize the significance of seismic stratigraphic studies in oil industry.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Upon successful completion, students will have the knowledge and skills to:
1) Demonstrate the seismic refraction data interpretation techniques at lab
2) Critically evaluate seismic reflection techniques, acquisition procedures, and survey designs for various
subsurface targets.
3) Demonstrate an advanced understanding of the seismic data processing methods and flow chart.
4) Employ appropriate modeling methodologies, and evaluate strengths, weaknesses, and limitations.
5) Infer physical properties at depth and formulate geological interpretations from those properties.
6) Demonstrate effective team-work and communication skills
Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program
Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 3
 MARINE GEOPHYSICS
Common syllabus for M.Sc. (Tech) Geophysics - IV semester
Course Category Basic Science core course Course Code MGS - 404
Course Type Theory Lectures-Training-Practical 4-0-3
Prerequisites Basic knowledge of math and Internal Assessment 20
physics Semester End Examination 80
Total Marks 100

MGS 404: MARINE GEOPHYSICS

(Common paper with GS404 Marine Geophysics in M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, the students will acquire an understanding of the following topics:
1.To educate the students on the origin of oceans and continents.
2.To educate the students on the importance of bathymetry, marine geophysical instrumentation and
surveys.
3. To Impart the knowledge to the students on sea floor's spreading and objectives of marine geophysical
surveys

Unit I: Oceans and Seas, origin of continents and oceans, salinity, temperature and density of sea
water, physiography and divisions of the sea floor, continental shelves, slopes and
aprons, submarine canyons and deep sea channels, sea mounts and abyssal plains,
turbidity currents and submarine sedimentation, the mid oceanic ridge systems and its
structure, aseismic ridges, various types of ridges in the Indian ocean region, the
continental fracture system and island arcs, occurrence of offshore mineral deposits
and hydrocarbons, hotspots, lithospheric deformation of central Indian ocean region,
mineral resources of the sea: surficial deposits of the shelf and deep sea, heavy mineral
placers, calcareous shells, pearl oysters, phosphorites, glauconite, barium sulfate
carcretions, sand and gravel, extensions of ore deposits, hydrocarbon potential of the
shelf and offshore sedimentarybasins.

Unit II: Marine Geophysical instrumentation and surveys: Adaptation of geophysical

instruments for marine surveys, for measurements at the sea surface and under water,
geophysical equipment currently in use and board research vessel(Gravity, magnetic
and seismics), complement of equipment on board the survey ship and layout of
equipment, towing logistics, survey procedures and planning of survey lines, marine
magnetometers, marine gravimeters, surface and under water gravimeters, Graf
Askanian, Lacoste Romberg and vibrating string gravimeters, calculation of
gravityanomalies.

Unit III:Bathymetry; echosounding, bathymetric charts, bathymetry as an adjunct to

geophysical surveys, submersibles, seabed mapping by side scan sonar,
multibeam, liderand other surveys, seabed sampling, dredging and coring,
marine geophysical surveys for sealed resources, site selection for production
platforms, tunneling, waste disposal etc. CRZ, its concept, Integrated Coastal
Zone Development. Law of Seas, Legal Continental Shelf (LCS), Geophysical
 studies for identifying LCS. Other International Conventions for exploration of
deep-sea-resources.

Unit IV: Oceanic magnetic anomalies, sea floorspreading, the Vine-Mathews hypothesis,
geomagnetic time scale and dating the ocean floor, linear magnetic anomalies. Heat
flow: Earth's internal sources of heat, transfer of heat within the earth, measurements
at the ocean bottom, heat flow probes and measurements. Oceanic heat flow, ocean
ridges and ocean basins, marginal basins, riftvalleys.

Unit V: Objectives of marine geophysical surveys, marine geophysical surveys for seabedresources,
engineering investigations, deep sea geological mapping, delineation of continent-
oceanic boundary, geological mapping in the coastal zone. Results of some rare
studies. Geophysical anomalies of trenches, active and passive margins, ridges, island
arcs, lithospheric deformation in the Indian Ocean region etc. Large scale and small-
scale structural features of the oceanic crust from seismicsurveys.

Books:
1. Marine geophysics by EJWJones
2. Physics and geology by Jacobs, Russel andWilson
3. Introduction to geophysical prospecting by MBDobrin
4. Applied geophysics by WM Telford, et.al.
5. GeodynamicTurcuttoe
6. The interior of the Earth by MHPBott.
7. The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone by
DonatPharand – 1993-404 page.
8. Law of Seas: UN Convention on the Law of the Seawww.en.wikipedia.org/wiki
and www.guestia.com/library
9. The legal continental shelfwww.springer.com
10. International Environmental Law and Economic by P.K. Rao,
2002.books.google.co.in
11. 7.M.S. Swaminathan Report on CRZ (website)

Upon the successful completion of the course will provide Cognitive Level
CO1 To provide the basic knowledge on ocean's and seas and the origin of Understanding
continents and oceans.
CO2 To educate the students on the marine surveys. Understanding
CO3 To educate the students on the sea bed maping and concept of CRZ. Understanding
CO4 To educate the student on the oceanic magnetic anomalies and oceanic Analysing
heat flow.
CO5 To educate the student on the deep sea geological mapping and seismic Analysing
surveys.
 Course Specific Outcome ( CSOs)
CSO1 The students become familiar with heavy mineral placers and extensions of ore deposits

The students become familiar with procedures of marine surveys and laws of seas, Integrated
CSO2 coastal zone development.

The students will be acquainted with Measurements of the ocean bottom and marine
CSO3
geophysical surveys
Learning Outcomes (LOs)
LO1: After the course completion the students will have broad understanding on the importance of
oceans and seas.
LO2: The students will learn on the adaptation of geophysical instruments
LO3: The students will learn the importance of bathymetric and international conventions for exploration
of deep-sea resources
LO4: The students will get knowledge on the basic of ocean magnetic anomalies, ocean ridges and ocean
basins
LO5: The students will have knowledge on the marine geophysical surveys deep-sea geological mapping
and trenches.

Contribution of Course Outcomes towards achievement of Program

Outcomes (1 – Low, 2 - Medium, 3 – High)
P PO PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO2
O 2 0 1 2 1
1
CO1 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO2 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 1 2 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1
 Annexure 2

ANDHRAUNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS

Effective for the Batch of students admitted from 2021-22 academic year

M.Sc. MARINE GEOPHYSICS:

Semester – I

Exam. Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
Code Subject
MGS 101 Elements of Geology 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 102 Numerical Analysis & Computer 4 4 80 20 100 4
Programming
MGS 103 Earth System Science 4 4 80 20 100 4

MGS 104 Seismology 4 4 80 20 100 4

Practicals
MGS 105 Elements of Geology 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 106 Numerical Analysis & 3 3 50 50 2
Computer Programming
MGS 107 Seismology 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 108 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 16 9 25 520 80 600 24

Semester – II

Exam. Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 201 Economic & Petroleum 4 4 80 20 100 4
Geology & Stratigraphy
MGS 202 Solid Earth Geophysics 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 203 Remote Sensing & GIS 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 204 Geophysical Signal Processing 4 4 80 20 100 4
& Inversion Theory
Practicals
MGS 205 Economic & Petroleum 50 50 2
3 3
Geology & Stratigraphy
MGS 206 Remote Sensing & GIS 3 3 50 50 2
Geophysical Signal Processing 50 2
3 3
& Inversion Theory 50
MGS 207 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 16 9 25 520 80 600 24

Contd...
Semester – III

Exam Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 301 Gravity Method 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 302 Petroleum Geology & 4 4 80 20 100 4
Geophysics
MGS 303 Seismic Prospecting 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 304 Well Logging and Reservoir 4 4 80 20 100 4
Analysis
VAC 1 Value Added Course1 4 4 50 50 2
MOOC 1 MOOC 1 4 4 100 100 4
Practicals
MGS 305 Gravity Method 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 306 Seismic Prospecting 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 307 Well Logging and Reservoir 50 50 2
3 3
Analysis
MGS 308 Seminar 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 309 Viva-Voce 50 50 2
Total 24 12 36 720 80 800 32

Semester – IV

Exam Mid Sem. Total

L P Total Credits
Marks Marks Marks
Theory
MGS 401 Magnetic Method 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 402 Geodynamics 4 4 80 20 100 4
MGS 403 Seismic data processing and 4 4 80 20 100 4
Seismic Stratigraphy
MGS 404 Marine Geophysics 4 4 80 20 100 4
VAC 2 Value Added Course 2 4 4 50 50 2
MOOC 2 MOOC 2 4 4 100 100 4
Practicals
MGS 405 Magnetic Method 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 406 Seismic data processing and 3 3 50 50 2
Seismic Stratigraphy
MGS 407 Marine Geophysics 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 408 Group Discussion 3 3 50 50 2
MGS 409 Project Dissertation 3 3 100 100 4
MGS 410 Comprehensive Viva 100 100 4
Total 24 15 39 870 80 950 38
 ANNEXURE 4

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

I SEMESTER

MGS-101 ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY

UNIT – I

Introduction to Geology– Branches of Geology - Scope of Geology and its relation with
Geophysics. Weathering and erosion Phenomenon – Physical, chemical and Biological weathering -
products of weathering. Wind erosion and its features - Sediment transport by wind - various types of
Dunes. Geological work of Glaciers – Types – Movement - Erosional features. Glacial Transport –
Deposition and related features.
UNIT-II

Geological work of Rivers - Initial, Young and old stages of their development - Canyon, base
level of erosion, meandering point bors, oxbow lakes, flood plains and natural levees. Erosion,
denudation, peneplains, monad nocks, deltas and types. Volcanoes – Types, Products, Volcanic eruptions,
and distribution of Volcanoes.
UNIT-III

Fundamental concepts of Geomorphology. Various near shore morphological features developed

due to geological work of sea. Waves and currents and transportation by sea. Features of Marine erosion
and deposition and related features. Evolution of major geomorphic processes in India, Field and
laboratory map scales, Topographic maps Thematic maps.
UNIT-IV

Definition of Petrology –Bowen’s reaction series – Differentiation of Igneous, Sedimentary and

Metamorphic rocks. Origin and forms of Igneous rocks – textures – structures and classification of
Igneous rocks. Origin of sedimentary rocks, textures – structures and classification of sedimentary rocks.
Types of Metamorphism - Textures and structures of Metamorphic rocks.

UNIT-V

Definition of a mineral – Physical properties of minerals: Mohs scale of hardness, colour, streak,
transparency, luster, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, - Isomorphism and Polymorphism –
Structure and chemistry of Quartz, Feldspars, Mica Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Garnet groups of minerals.
Clay minerals, Elements of Crystallography.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1) Physical Geology: G. Gorshkov, A. Yakushova.

2) Physical Geology: A.K. Datta
3) A text book of Geology: P.K. Mukherjee.
4) The Principle of petrology: G.W. Tprell.
5) Rutleys mineralogy: H. M. Read.
6) Physical Geology: Arthur Holmes.
7) Principle of Engineering Geology: K. M. Bangar.
8) A text book of Geology: G.B. Mahapatra.
9) A text book of Physical Geology: G. B. Mahapatra.
10) Engineering and general Geology: Parbin singh.

Contd...
 M.Sc Marine Geophysics
I SEMESTER
MGS 102: Numerical Analysis & Computer programming

Unit I: Numerical Analysis; finding the roots by numerical methods- bisection method, False
position method, Newton-Raphson method. Interpolation: finite difference, symbolic
relations. Interpolation by Newton’s formula. Gauss's Central difference formula,
Bessel’s formula, Lagrangian formula and Richardson's extrapolation. Numerical
differentiation and Integration: Maximum and minimum of a tabulated function.
Numerical Integration-Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, Romberg integration, Weddle's
formula.

Unit II: Numerical solution of differential equations- Introduction, Solution by Taylor series,
Picard's method of successive approximation, Euler’s method, Runga-Kutta method.
Finite element methods: Basic concept of the finite element method. Boundary and Initial
value problems, Classical Optimization Techniques-The Ritz method, I-D and 2-D
problems. Linear and Non-linear Programming, One dimensional minimization,
Fibonacci method, Unconstrained optimization, Steepest descent method, gradient
techniques and Marquardt's method.

Unit III: Introduction: General architecture of a computer. Types of computers, Structure of a

computer, programming languages Low level and High Level, object program, compilers
and assemblers. Algorithm, Flowchart, Different types of operating systems, MSDOS;
Multi-tasking operating system- MS WINDOWS, Multi-user and multi-tasking operating
systems- UNIX, File system in UNIX, File management, UNIX commands and Shell
programming.

Unit IV: Structure of FORTRAN-77, programming preliminaries, Constant and Variables,

expressions- Statements Library functions, Control statements - GOTO, Logical
expressions, DO statement & Nesting, STOP, END and PAUSE statements; subscripted
variables. Arrays and DIMENSION statement; Special statements - COMMON, DATA
statements. Input and Output statements; Subprograms –SAVE & EQUIVALANCE,
Function and Subroutines Double Precision. Programming Examples in Fortran to
handle Geophysical Problems.

Unit-V
C programming language: Basic concepts of C; Symbolic and arithmetic constants and
variables; Data types in C Decision control. Loop control and Case control structures in
C; Functions; Pointers and Arrays; Input and Output; Iteration with Hardware through C
and Operations on Bits; Some selected Geophysical problems and their C programs.

Books:

1. Generalized inverse of matrices and its application, C.K.Rao & S.R.Mitra

2. An Introduction to Finite Element Method, J.N.Reddy
3. Introduction to Numerical analysis, S.S.Sastry
4. Introduction to Numerical analysis, F.B.Hiderbrand
5. Optimisation theory and application, S.S.Rao
6. Fortran programming. A.K. Jain & M.N.Kesava Rao
7. Fortran 77 programming, V.Rajararnan ,
8. Let us C, Yashavant Kanetkar
9. UNIX shell programming , Yashavant Kanetkar
Contd...
 M.Sc Marine Geophysics
I SEMESTER GS 103 - EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE

Unit I: Origin of the earth- the Universe and our galaxy, chemical evolution of galaxy formation
of the earth and planets, primary differentiation of the earth. Composition of the various
zones, abundance of elements in the earth, the rotation of the earth, the moon, salient
concepts of plate tectonics. The earth's gravity field, the force of gravity on the surface of
the earth, the figure of the earth, Clairaut's theorem, the geometric and gravitational
flattening, International gravity formula, geoid and spheroid, the gravity potential

Unit II: Geochronology, Radioactive decay. Dating of rocks - potassium-argon – rubidium

strontium-uranium-lead-carbon 14 methods, age of the earth. The earth's thermal
properties, the basic thermal data, the measurement of terrestrial flow, calculation and
analysis of heat flow rate, heat flow over the ocean floor, flow over continents, sources of
heat in the earth, temperature distribution in earth. The equality of continental and oceanic
heat flows, regions of anomalous flow, hot spots, relationship of heat flow to the
radioactivity of the earth.

Unit III: Geohydrology: Hydrological cycle, origin of ground water, subsurface distribution of
water, springs. Hydrological properties of water bearing materials: porosity, void ratio,
permeability, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield, specific retention, diffusivity,
laboratory methods of determination of perrmeability. Mode of occurrence of
Groundwater: Classification of rocks with respect to their water bearing characteristics
aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, classification of aquifers and ground water province.
Evaporation, evapotranspiration, seepage, infiltration and run off. Hydrogeochemistry :
Physical and chemical characteristics of ground water, classification of ground water with
respect to domestic irrigation and industrial use, pollution of ground water.

Unit IV: General Meteorology: surface, self recording and upper an meteorological instruments,
aneroid barometer, barograph, air thermometers, psychromoter, hair hydrograph, cup
anemamoter, ordinary and recording rainguages, sunshine recorder, pilot ballon,
theodolit, radiosonde, Rawin and Radar. The Atmosphere; composition and structure;
Air pressure & winds; general circulation of the atmosphere; monsoons, local winds,
Humidity, Fog & Clouds, precipitation, Air masses, fronts, atmospheric disturbances of
climate, cyclones, anticyclones and tornadoes, hurricanes, air masses and fronts, jet
streams, Koppers classification, Thornawite, classifications, Trewertha’s classification,
Climatic types and their distribution climatic changes, applied climatology, Air pollution,
Global warming, Green house effect.

Unit-V
Physical oceanography: Physical properties of sea water, bottom relief of the oceans,
the morphology of the ocean bottom. Chlorinity, salinity, thermal properties, temperature
of the oceans density, optical properties, T-S diagram, water masses, heat budget of the
ocean, Bowen’s ratio. Salinity and Density measurement, light in sea, reversing
thermometers, Nansen bottle, battery thermograph, current meters, ocean currents of the
world, El-Nino, Indian Ocean Dipole, upwelling & sinking, breakers, surfzones, internal
waves, storm surges, Tsunami tides, tide generating forces, types of tides, prediction of
tides, tide gauge, Air sea interaction.
Books:
1. Introduction of Geophysics, Howell
2. Physics and Geology, Jacobs and Russel
3. Physics of the earth, Stacy
4. The interior of the earth, M.H.P. Bott
6. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie
7. Groundwater Hydrology, D.K. Todd
8. General Climatology, HJ. Critchfield
9. Earth, Press & Siever
 10. Climatology & Oceanography, D.S. Lal
11. The Ocean their physics, chemistry and General Biology by H.U. Sverdrup, Matrin W. Johnson, Richard H. Fleming

M.Sc Marine Geophysics

I SEMESTER

MGS-104 SEISMOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction to seismology. Elastic waves- Elastic, Anelastic and Plastic behavior of
materials. Stress, Strain, elastic constants. Seismic waves- Introduction, Body waves.
Surface Waves, Types and Phases of waves. Free oscillations of the Earth, the internal
Structure of the Earth- Refraction and Reflection in the earth's interior. Types of
Earthquakes.

Unit II: Seismometry: Introduction, Principle of Seismometer, Vertical motion seismometer, and
Horizontal motion seismometer. Broad Band seismometer, Analog recorders. Digital
recorders, Seismogram- Identification of Phases on a seismogram. Selection of
seismograph stations. Global seismic network

Unit III: Travel-Time curves, Seismogram Interpretation, locating earthquakes. Earthquake

intensity Magnitude, Frequency, Energy released in an earthquake. Epicenter
determination Seismic Sources - Faults, Introduction of earthquake focal mechanism,
Single- Couple and Double couple radiation patterns.

Unit IV: Analysis of earthquake focal Mechanism, Mechanics of faulting, Fault-plane solutions.
Micro earthquakes- Analysis and interpretation of seismograms, Reservoir induced
earthquakes. Prediction of location of the earthquake. Earthquake control. Monitoring of
Nuclear explosions. Hydro seismicity, rain induced seismicity.

Unit-V Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics: Intra plate seismicity, earthquakes in oceans,
tsunami, inter plate seismicity, Continental earthquakes and tectonics. Faulting and Fracture,
Secondary effects of earthquakes: landslides, fires and fatalities, Seismicity of India and Globe,
Seismic zoning. Earthquake effects and hazards.
Books:

1. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie

2. Modem Global Seismology, Thorne Lay
3. Earthquakes, Bolt, B.A.,
4. Introduction to Seismology, Perry Byrle
5. The Earth, Jeffreys.S.H.
6. Elementary Seismology, Charles.F. Richter
7. Earthquake Mechanics, Kasahara. K.
8. The Mechanics of Earthquakes-faulting, Scholtz.C.H.
9. An introduction to the theory of seismology, Bullen. K.E.
10. Quantitative seismology: theory & methods, Aki. K. and Richrds. P.G
Contd...
 M.Sc Marine Geophysics
II SEMESTER

MGS-201 ECONOMIC AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY

UNIT-I

Stratigraphy: Introduction - principles of Correlation. Fossils - uses of fossils - their importance in

statigraphy Physiographic divisions of India - Peninsular India, Indogangitic plain and Extra peninsular
India. Geological time scale and Stratigraphic units of India.

UNIT-II

Important Indian groups and systems: Archean and Dharwar System – Introduction, distribution,
classification and economic importance. Study of Cuddapah – Vindhyan – Gondwana group – Deccan
traps – Siwaliks and Quaternary formations.

UNIT-III

Structural features of rocks. Stress and strain. Primary and secondary structures – dip and strike.
Folds: Introduction – classification and origin. Faults: Introduction – classification and recognition and
causes of faulting. Joints: Introduction – classification and origin. Unconformities: Definition – Origin
and types.

UNIT-IV

Economic mineral deposits: Origin of ore deposits – Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. –
Metallic and Non metallic types - Placer minerals. Classification of coals - Origin, migration and
entrapment of petroleum deposits with special reference to KG basin.

UNIT-V

Physiographic divisions of seas and world oceans, Seamounts and guyots – Properties of sea
water: Temperature, salinity and density –– Hotspot mechanism – turbidity currents – Mid oceanic ridge
system – Coral reefs and their formation – Island arcs – trenches – Deep sea sediments: placers on the
beach and shelves - Conditions for formation of polymettallic nodules.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1) Physical and engineering geology: S.K. Garg

2) A text book of geology: G.B. Mahapatra.

3) Principles of engineering geology: K.M. Bangar.

4) Submarine geology: P.H. Kunen.

5) Submarine geology: F.P. Sheppard.

6) Stratigraphy of India: M.S. Krishnan.

7) Structural geology: M.P. Billings.

8) Economic mineral deposits: A. M. Bateman.

9) Text book of Physical geology: G.B. Mahapatra.

Contd..
 M.Sc Marine Geophysics
II SEMESTER
MGS 202: Solid Earth Geophysics
UNIT 1
Introduction to Geophysics: Geophysics and its importance among Earth Sciences. Geophysics: Scope of
study of various Geospheres, Interior of the earth, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Crust, SIAL, SiMA,
Conrad discontinuity, Mantle, Lehmann doscountinuity, Gutenburg discontinuity, Core, Earth’s internal
divisions and PREM. Crustal structure studies: Composition and structure of upper and lower continental
crust, layering in oceanic crust, isostasy, schems of isostasy, reduction procedures, isostatic anomalies,
study of isostatic compensation, crustal structure studies.
UNIT II
Geothermics: Basics of Geothermal History Evoluation of the earth as a member of solar system, major
sources of Heat inside the Earth since its accretion, role of radioactive heating, distribution of long-lived
radioactive elemnts in crustal rocks; thermal history of the Earth, its solidification from molten magma,
sinking of iron and formatiom of proto-core; Jacob’s hypothesis for liquid nature of the outer core.
Geothermal gradient, adiabaic self-compression.
UNIT III
Variation of physical quantities and seismic wave velocity inside the earth, major sub-divisions, Seismic
wave propagation inside the earth, variations of density, gravity and pressure, elastic moduli K (bulk), μ
(rigidity) and quality factor Q. Petrophysics: Different physical and Engineering properties of rocks
Laboratory measurements of the physical properties of rocks namely Density, Seismic wave velocities,
Magnetic susceptabililty, Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, porosity and permeability.

Unit IV
Earth’s magnetic field, Geomagnetic elements, internal and external fields, main fields, and
variational field, magnetic and geomagnetic coordinates, measurement and recording of main
field, measurement of horizontal, vertical, declination, inclination and total field.
Magnetometers and variographs. Theories of the earths main magnetic field, secular variation,
dynamo theory of the main field, geomagnetic indices, Ci, CR, Ks, Kp indices, concepts of quite
(Sq) and disturbed (Dst)days, geomagnetic observatories in India, functions, IGRF concept, its
role in magnetic method.
UNIT-V
Plaeomagnetism: Natural remanant Magnetisation, Measurement of direction and Intensity of NRM.
Continental drift and polar wonder curves. Reversals of the magnetic field, polarity of the geomagnetic
field, geomagnetic scale, and projective method of presenting palaeomagnetic data, magnetic latitude and
co - latitude, calculation of mean direction of virtual geomagnetic poles, palaeomagnetic poles,
reconstruction of palaeomagnetic poles, continental drift, northward drift of India, results from different
continents.

Books
1. Debate about the Earth, H. takenchi, S. Uyeda and H. Kanamori
2. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie
3. Geomagnetism, Sydney Chapman
4. Application of Palaeomagnetism, E. Erwing
5. Palaeomagnetism and Continents, J D A Piper
6. Palaomagnetism and Plate tectonics, M W McElhimy
7. Introduction of Geophysics, Howell
8 Physics and Geology, Jacobs and Russel
9 Physics of the earth, Stacy
10. The interior of the earth, M.H.P. Bott
11. Topics in Geophysics, P.J. Smith
12. General Climatology, HJ. Critchfield
13. Earth, Press & Siever

MGS-203 Remote sensing & GIS

UNIT-1 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: Introduction: basic principles of remote

sensing; electromagnetic spectrum; Planck’s law and wien's displacement law;
concept of incoming short wave and outgoing long wave radiation: passive and
active remote sensing, interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter;
interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere; selective and non-
selective scattering; impact of scattering on remotely sensed data; atmospheric
windows and absorption bands

UNIT-2 Spectral reflectance properties and Sensors: interaction of electromagnetic

radiation with solids and liquids of the earth's surface; spectral reflectance curves
of water, snow, clouds, and vegetation. Soils/rocks/minerals. Sensors: imaging
and non-imaging sensors: radiometers, spectrometers. Spectroradiometers;
Scanner dependent systems: line scan systems, array scanning systems,
multispectral scanner systems: whiskbroom and pushbroom imaging systems;
circular/conical/side scanning systems: sensor characteristics - spatial resolution,
spectral resolution, radiometric resolution and temporal resolution.

UNIT -3 Aerial photography: various types of aerial cameras and black and white films;
scale, brightness, contrast of photograph; resolution of photograph - resolving
power of film and camera lens; vertical and oblique aerial photographs; methods
of aerial photographic surveys; parallax/relief displacement, stereophotography,
mirror arid pocket stereoscopes, Photomosaic, low and high sun elevation angle
photography. Color theory - primary and secondary colors; additive and
subtractive color mixtures to generate colors, color code, working principle of
normal and infrared color films and photographs; color composites - true,
standard false color and false color composites; application of normal and infra
red photographs.

UNIT - 4 Satellite remote sensing: Various platforms used for remote sensing data
acquisition; orbits of satellites; geo-synchronous and sun-synchronous orbits;
OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES: environmental meteorological
satellites (past and present) and their sensors - GOES, Meteosat, INSAT, GMS,
NOAA etc.; earth resources observation satellites (past, present and future) and
their sensors - NIMB US/coastal zone color scanner, Landsat, Spot, Mos, IRS-la,
Ib, Ic, Id, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 etc. Indian remote sensing activity; future remote
sensing missions of ISRO for earth observation.
 UNIT-V
Thermal infrared remote sensing: Thermal processes and properties, radiant flux,
heat transfer, atmospheric transmission, thermal properties of materials, thermal
infrared signatures of various rocks and minerals, influence of water and
vegetation on thermal inertia; thermal infrared sensors like infrared radiometers,
thermal infrared scanner; TIMS etc.; satellites and sensors acquired and acquiring
data under thermal infrared region - HCMM, NOAA-AVHRR, EOS-TERRA,
EOS-AQUA, Geostationery satellite sensors etc.; characteristics of thermal
infrared images, relative comparison of night and daytime thermal infrared
imagery; advantage of thermal infrared remote sensing Geographical information
systems (GIS): Introduction: functions of GIS, spatial data bases - position,
attributes; data base structures; data base management; geographic data types -
vector and raster; introduction to coordinate system and map projections;
application of GIS in Hydrology and other earth sciences. Digital image
processing: image structure, Digiizaion procedure, image restoration, Filtering of
random noise, correction for atmospheric scattering and geometric distortions,
image enhancement, contrast enhancement, linear and non-linear contrast stretch,
density slicing edge enhancement, directional filters, Digital mosaics, information
extraction, supervised and unsupervised classification.

Books :
1. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation , Floyd F. Sabins, JR., \V.H..
Freeman & Co.; San Francisco, 426 p
2. Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing ,y Charles Elachi,
Johnwiley & Sons p.413
3. Manual of Remote Sensing, Vol. I & Vol. 11, by American Society for
photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
4. Information Booklets from Various Satellite Agencies
5. Remote Sensing in Sub-surface Exploration, Ed. K.R. Rao and S.K. Bhan, AEG
Publication, p. 152
6. Digital Image Processing by R..C. Gonzalez and R.E. Woods , Pearson Education
(Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., 716 p
7. Remote Sensing in Hydrology , E.T. Engman and R.J. Gumey, Chapman and
Hall, 222 p.
8. Geographic Information Systems , P. A. Burrough, 193 p
9. Introduction to the Use of Geographic Information systems for practical
Hydrology , A.M.J. Meijerink, H.A.M. de Brower, Chris Mannaerts and Carlos R.
Valenzeela, ITC Publication No. 23, 243 p
 M.Sc Marine Geophysics
II SEMESTER
MGS 204: Geophysical Signal Processing and Inversion Theory

Unit I Introduction, Definition of signal and noise, various signal classes such as continuous,
piece wise continuous, absolute integrable, singularity, unit impulse, unit step, etc.
Fourier series and Fourier Transform: Time and frequency domain, relations between
various operations in both the domain, Fourier Transform and its properties, FFT,
Rectangular, exponential functions, singularity functions and periodic functions. Helbert
transform, Walsh transformation

Unit II Time-series analysis: Discrete time signals, Correlation and convolution functions,
impulse response and Transfer function spectrum of observational data: Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT), Z-Transforms, Delay properties of wavelets.

Unit III Band limited signals: Properties, Sampling Theorem, Nyquist frequency, Aliasing,
Sampling of band and time limited signals; Effect of sampling on spectrum and vice-
versa; reproduction of continuous function from sampled data. Importance and effects
of Windowing, Gibbs phenomenon, spectral leakage, various types of windows; hanning
windows, power spectrum; Estimation of power spectrum, use of various windows in
power spectrum computation, spectrum computation via Auto-correlation and
Periodogram. Moving average method, maximum entropy method, maximum likelihood
method, auto regression method.

Unit IV Digital filtering: Design of digital filters, amplitude and phase response of various filters;
one-sided and two sided filters, low-pass, high pass and band-pass, optimum filters,
Butter worth filter, Recursive and non-recursive filters, optimal and Weiner filters,
Deconvolution and predictive deconvolution.

UNIT-V
Inversion Theory: Introduction, Fundamentals of Inversion, Linear Inversion, Non-Linear
Inversion, Incorporating prior information, Parametric Inversion, Assessing the
uncertainty in inverted models.

Books: 1. Spectral analysis in Geophysics, Markus Bath

2. Theory and application of digital signal processing, Rabiner,L.R and Gold, B.
3. Digital signal processing and time series analysis, Enders A.Robinson
4. Statistical theory of communication, Y.W.Lee
5. Analysis of Geophysical Potential Fields, P.S.Naidu & M.P.Mathew
6. Seismic Filtering, Nathan Rothenburg, SEG publication
7. Time sequence analysis in Geophysics, E.R.Kanasewich
8. Signal Analysis, B.P.Lathy
9. Inverse problem theory, Tarantola.A,1987
10.Solutions of ill-posed problems, Tikhonov.A.V, and Arsenin.V.Y, 1977
11.Computational methods for Inverse problems, Vogel.C.R, 2001
 MGS 301: Gravity Method

(Common paper with GS 301 Gravity method in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Unit I Earth’s Gravity field, Properties of Newtonian potential, Laplace’s and Poissons’s
equations, Green’s theorem, Gauss law, continuation integral, equivalent stratum, spatial
and temporal variations, Principle of gravity prospecting, concept of gravity anomaly.
Rock densities, factors controlling rock densities, Bouguer density, Insitu determinations,
Borehole methods. Gravity prospecting instruments – Static gravimeters, Astatization,
Zero-length spring, Worden & Lacoste Romberg Gravimeters.

Unit II Plan of Gravity surveys – mineral exploration, oil prospecting and Geological mapping,
Establishment of gravity base net work, Reduction of gravity data. Airborne and
shipborne gravimetry, horizontal and vertical accelerations, Eotvos correction. Regional
and residual separation – graphical, average, grid and curve fitting methods, reliability of
different types of residuals. Ambiguity in gravity interpretation

Unit III Interpretation of gravity data – Qualitative interpretation, identification of structural

features and litho contacts, two-dimensional and three-dimensional bodies - nature of
anomalies. use of filters, vertical derivative calculations, upward and downward
continuation of anomalies, classical methods using continuation integral, harmonic
analysis and Fourier Transformation. Mass estimation in gravity.

Unit IV Classical method of interpretation, gravity anomalies of point and line masses, circular
discs, vertical cylinders, sheets, faults and rectangular slabs, Characterstics of anomalies,
interpretation by simple thumb rules and characteristic curves. Forward modeling of
gravity anomalies of two-dimensional and three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape,
Graticules, computer models, anomalies of two-and-half-dimensional bodies.

UNIT-V
Inversion of gravity anomalies of 2-D polygonal bodies, Automatic gravity modeling of
sedimentary basins and density interfaces by Bott’s method. Modeling of gravity
anomalies using linear, exponential and quadratic density contrast. Use of Fourier
Transforms in Gravity interpretation, Spectral depths, Application of gravity methods for
regional geological mapping, Oil exploration – salt domes, structural traps, mineral
exploration – sulphide ores, ferrous and non-ferrous ores, diamonds, placer deposits,
groundwater and Engineering problems.

Books: 1. The Earth and its gravity field, A.A.Heiskanen and F.A Vening
2. Gravity and magnetics in oil prospecting, L.L.Nettleton
3. Gravity and magnetic methods, Rao, B.S.R and Murthy, I.V.R
4. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in Exploration Geophysics,
I.V.Radhakrishna Murthy
5. Marine Gravity, Peter Denelinagar
6. Applied Geophysics, W.W.Telford et. al
7. Introduction to Geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin
8. Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics, F.S.Grant and West.
 MGS 302 : PETROLEUM GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS
(Common paper with GS 503 Petroleum Geology & Geophysics in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Unit I Petroleum – occurrence – distribution- chemical and physical properties – Origin- various
theories, source rock, organic matter – Maturation into petroleum – P&T conditions,
Migration – primary and secondary.

Unit II Reservoir – rocks – properties – Fluids, water – oil- Natural gas- properties, Traps-
structural – stratigraphic – combination, seals, sedimentary basins – cratonic –
convergent and divergent margin basins – classification, Category-1 basins of India

Unit III Gravity and Magnetic methods in petroleum exploration – surveys – Land and ocean
areas – differences – data processing operations, Gravity anomalies – salt domes –
stratigraphic traps. Magnetic methods – basement mapping, computer oriented
methods.

Unit IV Seismic data processing – outlines, preparation of seismic section, Reflection character-
structure, pitfalls – migration 2D & 3D significance – velocity pull up, structure
identification.

UNIT-V

Seismic stratigraphy – Unconformities – seismic sequences – reflection pattern –

depositional environment – basin history – construction, Modelling concept – Reservoir
parameters – forward and inverse, direct detection – Bright spots – flat spots Gas
hydrates, Coal bed methane.

Books:

1. Ravi Bastia: Geologic settings and petroleum system of India-East coast off shore basins-
Concepts and application.
2. A.I.Levorson: Geology of Petroleum
3. R.C.Selly & David C.Morri:-Basic concepts of petroleum Geology
4. Jutshi P.L and Pawar M.S:Geology of Petroleum basins of India
5. Weimer P & R.M.Slatt: Introduction to petroleum Geology of deep water settings, AAPG studies
in Geology series
6. Michael D.Max, Arthur H.Johnson & William P.Dillon: Economic geology of natural gas hydrates.
 MGS 303: Seismic Prospecting
(Common paper with GS 303 Seismic Prospecting in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Unit –I Principles of elasticity: Normal strains, shearing strains, Hook’s law, Elastic moduli,
wave equations, Huygen’s & Fermat’s Principles, Zeoppritz equations, refraction,
reflection, critical refraction, diffraction, attenuation & absorption of seismic waves,
acoustic impedance, surface waves, dispersion multiples, reflection and transmission
coefficients.

Unit- II Elastic wave velocities of rocks: laboratory and field measurements, dynamic moduli, P
and S-wave velocities, anisotropy, attenuation, factors affecting velocity, different types
of velocities, geometry of ray paths, refraction and reflection, horizontal layers and
dipping layers, NMO and dip move out, discrete and continuous velocity changes,
velocity inversion, low velocity layer, blind zone, hidden layer.

Unit-III Electromagnetic geophone and its performance, damping coefficient, hydrophones,

detector arrays, array response, uniform arrays, amplitude weighted arrays, distance
tapered arrays, streamer, analog data acquisition, amplifiers, filters, gain control and
recording types. Seismic energy sources for land and marine surveys. Dynamite
thumper, dinosies, vibrosies, land air gun, pinger, boomer, sparker, airgun, water gun,
vaporchoc etc. Controlled explosions, shot control, source arrays, energy content,
frequency, pulse length and resolution, penetration, signatures of energy sources.

Unit-IV Digital data acquisition, digital field system, signal flow and recording. Constituent units
and modules. Telemetry systems, wireline and radio telemetry, telemetry system
configuration and specifications, dynamic range of signals noise: shot generation,
ambient and electrical noises, their nature and attenuation requirements. Noise survey,
noise analysis, fold back experiment, optimization of parameters.

UNIT-V

Single channel and multi channel surveys, field layouts and shooting procedures for land
and marine 2D surveys, split spread and end-on spreads, CDP procedures for land and
marine surveys, stacking chart. 3D surveys, 3D layouts, swath, brick, odds & evens, zig
zag, button patch, full range 3D, loop survey. Marine 3D shooting: two streamer system,
alternate shooting, two boat operation, circles shooting, 3D bottom cable survey, quad
quad 3D, multiple streamers, static binning and dynamite binning. Refraction surveys:
Field procedures, fan shooting, broad side shooting, inline profiling, long refraction
profiles, reversed and unreversed profiles, marine refraction surveys, sonobuoy surveys.

(VSP, shear wave data acquisition and other special surveys procedures are included in
paper II along with processing and interpretation of seismic data)

Books: 1. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin.

2. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al.

3. Exploration seismology, Sheriff. R.E.

4. Seismic exploration fundamentals, J.A.Coffeen.

5. A hand book for seismic data acquisition, Brain J Evans

6. Designing seismic surveys in two and three dimensions, Dale G Stone

 MGS 304: WELL LOGGING & RESERVOIR ANALYSIS
(Common paper with GS 304 Well logging & reservoir analysis in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)
Unit 1: Basic concepts and objectives of well logging. Reservoir rocks and their petro physical properties,
Reservoir Thickness, effective, pay and net thicknesses Permeability-Porosity relations, Formation
resistivity factor (FR); relation between FR and water saturation. Need of drilling fluid and its
properties. Borehole environment, invasion effect and invasion profile. Classification of well
logging tools, well logging unit and logging setup. Reservoir geometry, temperature and pressure.
Log header, depth scale, depth of investigation and vertical resolution.

Unit II: Electrical logging: SP Log-Origin and occurrence of Self Potential.PSP &SSP, Determination of
water salinity and shale volume from Sp log; Resistvity in well logging: factors affecting the
resistivity of electrolyte bearing rocks, Unfocussed Resistivity Devices- single-electrode, normal
and lateral resistivity tools and their limitations; Focused Resistivity Devices- principle of
measurement, LL3, LL7 and dual laterologs, factors influencing resistivity measurements.
Microresistivity measurements- Micro normal, micro lateral, Micro spherically focussed logs
applications and limitations; Induction Resistivity Measurements-principle, two-coil induction
tool and its geometric factor, focusing of two coil sonde, skin effect.

UNIT III: Porosity Logs-Acoustic Log: Principles; factors affecting acoustic wave velocity; single
and double receiver type tools; borehole compensated systems; cycle skipping; porosity
evaluation; overpressure identification; seismic applications. Density Log: Interaction of
gamma rays with matter; principle of density log; energy requirements of gamma ray
sources for density log; measurement tools- single and double detector type; litho-density
log; Neutron Log: Interaction of neutrons with matter, neutron sources and neutron
detectors, neutron logging tools, sidewall-neutron porosity probes.

Unit-IV: Radioactive logs- Radioactivity of shales and clays; simple and spectral gamma ray tool including
radiation detectors; calibration; factors affecting log response, qualitative and quantitative uses of
simple and spectral gamma ray log; Miscellaneous tools: Logging While Drilling (LWD),
Dipmeter, caliper log and its variants, side wall coring tool, Casing Collar Locator/casing
Inspection tools, Repeat formation tester, Modular dynamic tester, CBL/VDL, NMR log, Micro
Imaging tools.

UNIT-V
Formation Evaluation: Cross plots, M-N plots. Determination of water saturation (SW ) of
clean formations, Quick look interpretation and detailed interpretation of Clean sands and
Shaly sands, Identification of Hydrocarbon zones. Application of well logging in ground
water, ore mineral and Hydrocarbon exploration; Production logging: Flow in Vertical
Pipes, Flow Types, Reynolds Number, Perforations, Water Holdup, Water Cut,
Slippage Velocity, Production Logs: Temperature Log, Flow meters, different types of
Flow meters, Gradiomanometer, Radioactive tracer logs. Noise logging, Well problems- their
diagnosis with different Production Logs, Injection Wells, Interpretation of Flow meter &
Temperature logs in Injection/Production wells;Production logging in Horizontal Wells (in
brief)

Books:
1. Formation Evaluation- E J Lynch
2. Induction Logging- Plusynin.
3. Log Interpretation Principles and Charts -Schlumberger
4. Schlumberger Documents,
5. Development and Exploitation of Oils and Gas Fields -Murovyer and Andiasevrentnal
6. Handbook of Well Log Analysis -S J Peterson.
7. Fundamentals of Well Logging Interpretation-O-Serra-Elsevier 1984
8. The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs-Malcolm Rder-Rider French Consulting Ltd. 2002.
9. Basic Well logging Analysis-By George Asquith & D.Krygowski-The American Association of
Petroleum Geologists, 2004.
 MGS 401: Magnetic Method
(Common paper with GS 401Magnetic Method in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

UNIT I Earth’s main magnetic field, origin and temporal variations (outlines only), Geomagnetic
elements, Vectorial representation, spatial variation, Basic concepts, Coulombs law of
magnetic force and fields, magnetic moments, intensity of magnetization and induction,
magnetic potential and its relation to field, units of measurement, origin of magnetic
anomalies, interrelationship between different component anomalies, Poisson’s relation,
Magnetic susceptibility, factors controlling susceptibility, magnetic classification of
minerals and rocks, Laboratory and in-situ methods of determining susceptibility, Natural
remanent magnetism, Astatic and Spinner Magnetometers, demagnetization effects,

UNIT II Principle of magnetic prospecting, Instruments - Nuclear, fluxgate, Squid’s and optical
pumping magnetometers, gradient measurements, Plan of magnetic surveys in different
mineral exploration programs, Magnetic data reduction, diurnal and normal corrections,
IGRF, Airborne magnetometry, orientation mechanisms, survey techniques, data
acquisition and reduction, Advantages and disadvantages, brief principles of ship-borne
and satellite magnetometry

UNIT III Interpretation of magnetic data, qualitative interpretation, nature of anomalies,

identification of different structural features. – Dependence of magnetic anomalies on
latitude and orientation. Isolation and enhancement of anomalies using graphical, trend
surface analysis, digital filtering, reduction to pole filter, derivative and continuation
filters (Brief descriptions), Ambiguity in magnetic interpretation, generalized approach of
interpretation.

UNIT IV Magnetic anomalies (vertical and total field) of single poles and sphere, anomaly
equations, profiles, properties and interpretation procedures. Similarity of magnetic
anomalies of two dimensional bodies in different components – generalized equations for
the magnetic anomalies of line dipoles, dykes, sheets and faults, profile shapes and
interpretation by thumb rules and characteristic curves, ambiguity in interpretation of
magnetized dyke, Koloumzine method, Forward modelling of magnetic anomalies:
Gulatee’s rule, two dimensional and three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape, use of
graticules, Computer models, familiarization of anomaly equations,

UNIT-V Principles of inversion, Inversion of magnetic anomalies of 2D polygonal bodies,

magnetic anomalies of dykes and magnetic interfaces - Frequency domain interpretation:
Use of Fourier transforms in magnetic interpretation with special reference to dykes and
faults, end corrections, use of Hilbert transforms, Relation figures, Spectral depth
estimates; MAGSAT anomalies- Application of magnetic method for regional geological
mapping, oil exploration, mineral exploration, ground water and Engineering problems.

Books: 1. Gravity and magnetics in oil prospecting, L.L.Nettleton

2. Gravity and magnetic methods, Rao, B.S.R and Murthy, I.V.R
3. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in Exploration Geophysics,
I.V.Radhakrishna Murthy
4. Applied Geophysics, W.W.Telford et. al
5. Introduction to Geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin
6. Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics, F.S.Grant and West
7. Special issue on Geomagnetic methods and Lithospheric structure,
Proc. Of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Indian Academy of
Sciences,Vol.99 (4),1990
 MGS 402: Geodynamics
(Common paper with GS 602 Geodynamics in M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

UNIT I Continental drift: Super continents, Gondwana land and its break up, Geophysical
Evidences for continental drift and drift of India; Plate Tectonics: The lithosphere,
Distribution of Plates, Major and Minor plates, Kinds of Plate Margins- Constructive,
destructive and conservative plates, Characteristics and processes at accreting and
consuming plate boundaries, Stability and stress distribution with in plates, active and
passive continental margins, marginal basins, transform faults.

UNIT II Differences between plate tectonics and continental Drift, magnetostratigraphy,

paleomagnetism, Plate tectonics and mountain building, relative motion of the plates,
Methods of measuring plate motions, Causes of plate motions, Eulers pole of rotation,
Forces acting on the lithospheric plates, the Wilson cycle, Continental collisions,
seismicity and Intraplate earthquakes.

UNIT III Tectonic frame work of India- Cratons (Dharwar, Sinhbhum, Bundelkhand etc), Mobile
belts, Evolution of Himalayas, Purana basins, Paleozoic, Gondawana super group,
Mesozoic, Deccan Volcanic Province, Inter trappeans, Cenozoics, Siwalic group;
Offshor geology, morphology and evolution of ECMI and WCMI.

UNIT IV Convection: Mantle viscosity, Concepts of mantle convection Models, Coupling between
plates and mantle convection, Hot spots and Mantle plumes, Plume generation
Mechanism, Evidence for mantle plumes from seismology and Geoid, Deep Continental
structure of India, Heat flow and seismicity structure, models based on gravity, DSS data
and seismicity (Brief description only).
UNIT-V
Eustatic movements, Evidences of sealevel changes, Global sea level changes, sea level
changes during the Quaternary period and Pre-quaternary, Mechanism & Impact of sea
level changes; Structure and composition of the oceanic and continental crusts, upper and
lower mantle, inner and outer cores, Rheological effects of lithosphere, Brittle and ductile
deformation, creep mechanism in the earth, Rigidity of Lithosphere, flexure of plates and
compensation models in lithospheric studies. Stresses in the Lithosphere and their
sources.

l changes, sea level changes during the Quaternary period and Pre-quaternary, Mechanism & Impact
ofBooks:
1. Plate tectonics and geomagnetic Reversals, Allan Cox, Free Man and Company,1973.
2. Developments in Geotectonics, Xavier Le Pichon, Jean Francheteau and Jean Bonnin,
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1973.
3. The earths Dybnamic Suirface, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Pub Pvt. Ltd. 1999
4. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie, Cambridge Low Price Edition, 1997.
5. Geodynamics by Turcotte
6. Interior of Earth by M.H.P. Bott
7. The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics by David E. James
8. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution by Kent C. Condie
9. Deep Continental structure of India: A review, T.M.Mahadevan, Memoir 28, Geological
Society of India, 1994.
10. Geodynamics of the Indian Peninsula and the Indian Plate Margin, R.K.Verma, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, 1991.
 11. Gravity field, seismicity and tectonics of Indian peninsula and the Himalayas by R.K.
Verma

MGS-403: Seismic data processing and Seismic Stratigraphy

(Common paper with GS 403 Seismic data processing and Seismic Stratigraphy in
M Sc (Tech) Geophysics)

Unit –I Reduction of refraction data, interpretation of refraction data, analysis of refraction

records, interpretation of reversed and unreversed profiles, delay time methods, forward
modeling, masked layers and hidden layers, reduction and interpretation of sonobuoy
data, crustal seismology, engineering surveys, exploration for ground water, application
in mining industry.

Unit- II Reflection data processing, static and dynamic corrections, velocity determination.
Preparation of seismic sections migration, analysis of analog records, automatic
processing of digital seismic data, demultiplexing, TAR, velocity analysis, velocity
spectra and velocity scan, automatic statics, picking, stacking, spiking deconvolution,
dereverberation, whitening, time variant frequency filtering, apparent velocity filtering.
AVO analysis, different methods of migration, automatic migration, wavelet processing.

Unit-III Seismic section plotting, display types, picking of events, marking-isochron & isopach
maps, geological interpretation, application of reflection methodl exploration for oil and
gas, groundwater, coal, mineral deposits, gas hydrates, etc., engineering applications,
crustal studies, structural and stratigraphic traps, identification of geological structures
like anticlines, faults, salt domes etc; fit falls in interpretation.

Unit-IV Hydrocarbon indicators, bright spot, seismic attributes, AVO analysis, vertical seismic
profiling, equipment, configurations like deviated well, walk away, offset VSP etc.,
applications, 3D data processing and interpretation, visualization in an animated
interactive environment.

Unit-V Seismic stratigraphy, geological sea level change model, depositional patterns, seismic
sequence, seismic facies, reflection character, synthetic seismogram, modeling concepts,
high resolution seismic surveys, shallow engineering surveys and suitable energy sources,
4C, 4D recording, seismic tomography, reservoir applications of petrophysics concepts,
generation and recording of shear waves, energy sources, geophones, recording,
processing, section plotting, interpretation Vp/Vs as lighology indicator, hydrocarbons,
engineering applications.bons, engineering applications.

Books:

1. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin.

2. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al.
3. Exploration seismology, Sheriff. R.E.
4. An introduction to seismic interpretation, R. Mcquillin et.al.
5. Seismic stratigraphy-application to hydrocarbon exploration Ed. By Charles Payton.
6. Shear wave exploration, SH Danbom and SN Domenico

7. Multicomponent seismology in petroleum exploration, RH Tathamz and MD McCormack

8. Fundamentals of seismic tomography, Lo and Inderweisen

9. Reservoir studies, SEG publication.

 GS 404: MARINE GEOPHYSICS
(Common paper with MGS404 Marine Geophysics in M Sc Marine Geophysics)

Unit I: Oceans and Seas, origin of continents and oceans, salinity, temperature and density of sea water,
physiography and divisions of the sea floor, continental shelves, slopes and aprons, submarine
canyons and deep sea channels, sea mounts and abyssal plains, turbidity currents and submarine
sedimentation, the mid oceanic ridge systems and its structure, aseismic ridges, various types of
ridges in the Indian ocean region, the continental fracture system and island arcs, occurrence of
offshore mineral deposits and hydrocarbons, hotspots, lithospheric deformation of central Indian
ocean region, mineral resources of the sea: surficial deposits of the shelf and deep sea, heavy
mineral placers, calcareous shells, pearl oysters, phosphorites, glauconite, barium sulfate
carcretions, sand and gravel, extensions of ore deposits, hydrocarbon potential of the shelf and
offshore sedimentary basins.

Unit II: Marine Geophysical instrumentation and surveys: Adaptation of geophysical instruments for
marine surveys, for measurements at the sea surface and under water, geophysical equipment
currently in use and board research vessel(Gravity, magnetic and seismics), complement of
equipment on board the survey ship and layout of equipment, towing logistics, survey procedures
and planning of survey lines, marine magnetometers, marine gravimeters, surface and under water
gravimeters, Graf Askanian, Lacoste Romberg and vibrating string gravimeters, calculation of
gravity anomalies.

Unit III: Bathymetry; echosounding, bathymetric charts, bathymetry as an adjunct to geophysical

surveys, submersibles, seabed mapping by side scan sonar, multibeam, lider and other
surveys, seabed sampling, dredging and coring, marine geophysical surveys for sealed
resources, site selection for production platforms, tunneling, waste disposal etc. CRZ, its
concept, Integrated Coastal Zone Development. Law of Seas, Legal Continental Shelf
(LCS), Geophysical studies for identifying LCS. Other International Conventions for
exploration of deep-sea-resources.

Unit IV: Oceanic magnetic anomalies, sea floor spreading, the Vine-Mathews hypothesis, geomagnetic time
scale and dating the ocean floor, linear magnetic anomalies. Heat flow: Earth's internal sources of
heat, transfer of heat within the earth, measurements at the ocean bottom, heat flow probes and
measurements. Oceanic heat flow, ocean ridges and ocean basins, marginal basins, rift valleys.

UNIT-V
Objectives of marine geophysical surveys, marine geophysical surveys for sea bed resources,
engineering investigations, deep sea geological mapping, delineation of continent-oceanic
boundary, geological mapping in the coastal zone. Results of some rare studies. Geophysical
anomalies of trenches, active and passive margins, ridges, island arcs, lithospheric deformation in
the Indian Ocean region etc. Large scale and small-scale structural features of the oceanic crust
from seismic surveys.

Books:
1. Marine geophysics by EJW Jones
2. Physics and geology by Jacobs, Russel and Wilson
3. Introduction to geophysical prospecting by MB Dobrin
4. Applied geophysics by WM Telford, et. al.
5. Geodynamic Turcuttoe
6. The interior of the Earth by MHP Bott.
2. The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone by Donat Pharand – 1993-404
page.
3. Law of Seas: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki
and www.guestia.com/library
4. The legal continental shelf www.springer.com
5. International Environmental Law and Economic by P.K. Rao, 2002. books.google.co.in
6. 7.M.S. Swaminathan Report on CRZ (website)