08-08-2024

Computer Graphics and Product Modeling Outline

 Picture Generation Process

 Object Modeling and Data Structure
Basics of Computer Graphics  Viewing Pipeline Transformations
 Projection
Prof. S. S. Pande  Windowing and Clipping
 Mapping to Device
Computer Aided Manufacturing Laboratory
Indian Institute of Technology,
Bombay

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Viewing Pipeline Transformations Viewing Pipeline

 Object Space
Monitor
 3D World Coordinate System (WCS) Real
Y Viewing Pipeline
 Image Space
 2D Device Coordinate System (DCS) Integer
Projection Windowing Window to
Transformations and Clipping View port  Viewing Pipeline
X mapping  3D object 2D Image
Z Object Projection, Window and Clipping, Device
Image 

Mapping

Modeling a Tetrahedron
V1
3D Object Modeling
E1  Object Topology
E3
E2  Faces – Edge – Vertex
V2
E6 F3
 Object Geometry
E4 V4
 Vertex Coordinates
E5
P (x, y, z)
V3
F4
 Data Structure
F2
Faces : 4  Vertices Pi (x, y, z), i = 1, N
F1
Edges : 6  Connectivity Relation
Vertices : 4 F E V

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Topology of a Tetrahedron
Data Structure
Object
Vertex Edge
V1
4
1 2 3 No X Y Z No Vi Vj
Faces
E3 1 X1 Y1 Z1 1 1 2
1 2 3 5 6
2 X2 Y2 Z2 2 - -
E2 4 Edges
3 X3 Y3 Z3 3 - -
V2 V4
V1
Vertices 4 X4 Y4 Z4 4 - -
E1
V2 V3 V4 5 - -
V3
X Y Z 6 2 4

Faces : 4 Edges : 6 Vertices : 4

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Projection using Virtual Camera

Projection Transformation
View Plane

Xv
 Virtual Camera kept in 3D World Yv

Rays Zv
Camera (view plane) Looks at the object
N
 P0
Yw
 Rays Intersect with View plane - Projection P
 Type of Projection
 Parallel
 Perspective Xw
Zw
3 D World

Parallel and Perspective Projections

Point Coordinate Transformation

Point on Object P (x, y, z)

Point on Projection Plane Pp (xp , yp)

Point on NDC Pn (xn , yn)

Point on Device PD (xD , yD)

Parallel Perspective
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Windowing and Clipping Transformations

Window and Clipping

 Window – Portion on View plane containing

Picture of interest in WCS
 Size of Window
 Zoom In/ Out
 User Defined
 Clipping – Crops Picture using Window size

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Window to NDC Transformations Window to NDC Transformation

Yp (xw2 yw2) YN

(1, 1)

Pp(xp yp) Pn(xn yn)

Yp (xw2 yw2) YN

(1, 1) (xw1 yw1)

Window Xp (0, 0) NDC XN

Pp(xp yp) Pn(xn yn)

Window : (𝑥 , 𝑥 ) (𝑦 , 𝑦 )
(xw1 yw1)

Window Xp (0, 0) NDC XN 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦

𝑥 = , 𝑦 =
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦

Pn (xn , yn )
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NDC to Device Transformation NDC to Device Mapping

 Monitor Pixel Resolution

YN Origin XD
(xv1 yv1)  M x N Integer XD
(1, 1)
Viewport  NDC to Device Mapping PD
Pn(xn yn) MxN
(xv2 yv2) Pn PD (xD , yD)
YD
(m, n) xD = xn . M
YD
(0, 0) NDC XN Device Coordinate System yD = (1- yn) . N

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In Retrospect Display Technology

During Picture Generation

 Object Topology is Unchanged

 Object Vertex Coordinates are Transformed

Pp (xp , yp) Pn (xn , yn)

Vector Raster

P (x, y, z) PD (xD , yD)

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Vector Display Technology Raster Display Technology

Features Features
 A Line Drawing Device
 A Point Plotting Device
 Excellent Picture Quality
 Individual Pixel addressability
 Monochromatic – Calligraphic
 Color, Realistic Shading Possible
Types of Display  Relatively Low Picture Quality
 DVST – Direct View Storage Tube  Stair step effect – jaggies in shapes
 Calligraphic Display  Color bands at edges/ boundaries
 Display Buffer
 Display Controller

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Raster Technology

• Core Display technology used today

• Both CRT and LCD available

• Display is driven by a Raster Frame buffer

• Part of Computer memory – similar to Array / Matrix

• Individual Pixel Addressability – Color, Shading

• Dynamic Picture Update possible.

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