Filters

Filter is a frequency selective circuit that is capable of passion specific range of

frequency while reject signal of all other frequency. This property of filter is called
as frequency selectivity. Filters may be classified on various categories like:

 Analog or Digital Filters

 Audio or Radio frequency Filters
 Active or Passive Filters

The filters are basically classified as active filters and passive filters. The passive
filter networks use only passive elements such as resistors, inductors and
capacitors. On the other hand, active filter circuits use the active elements such as
op-amps, transistors along with the resistors, inductors and capacitors. Modern
active filters do not use inductors as the inductors are bulky, heavy and nonlinear.

Advantage of Active Filters over Passive Filters

Overall the active filter using resistors, capacitors and op-amps has following
advantages over the passive filters:

1. Flexibility in Gain and Frequency Adjustment: The op-amp gain can be easily
controlled by circuit components, hence active filter input signal is not
attenuated. The passive filters need the attenuation. The active filters can
be edgily tuned.

2. No Loading Effect: The op-amp has high input impedance and low output
impedance. Hence active filter using op-amp does not cause loading of the
source or load.

3. No Insertion Loss: The inductors are absent from the filter. Hence there is no
insertion loss.

4. Small Components Size: Because inductors are absent from filter and active
device is easily in the form of IC. Hence size of components is small.

5. Cost: Due to availability of modern ICs, a variety of cheaper op-amps are

available & also inductors is not used, the cast of active very low.
The most commonly used filters are :

1. Low Pass Filter (LPF)

2. High Pass Filter (HPF)
3. Band Pass Filter (BPF)
4. Band Reject Filter(BRF) or Band Stop Filter (BSF)
5. All Pass Filter(APF)

The ideal frequency response is difficult to achieve but by using precious

valued components, high performance op-amp and special designed
techniques we can actives ideal characteristics.
Butterworth, Chebyshev and Bessel’s are some practical filters that give
approximately ideal frequency response.
 First Order Low Pass and High Pass Filter
Butterworth filter is a type of filter whose frequency response is flat over the pass
band region.

First order Low-pass filter (LPF) use op- First order High-pass filter (HPF) use op-
amp as active device and RC network as amp as active device and RC network as
a frequency selective circuit. The 1st a frequency selective circuit. The 1st
order low pas filter pass frequency order high pas filter attenuate or reject
with less than -3db while rejects or all frequency below the frequency and
attenuate all signals above frequency. pass all those frequency greater than
The circuit diagram of 1st Order LPF is: frequency.
The 1st Order HPF is obtained from 1st
order LPF when we interchange the
position of R and C as:

The output voltage The output voltage

= 1+ . = 1+ . 1
Where Where
= . = .
+ +
and and
1 1
= =
1⁄
= 1+ . . = 1+ . .
+ 1⁄ + 1⁄
1 = 1+ . .
= 1+ . . +1
+1
( ) 1 ( )
= ( )= 1+ = ( )= 1+
( ) +1 ( ) +1
Put = Put =
 1
( )= 1+ ( )= 1+
+1 +1
1 2
( )= 1+ ( )= 1+
2 +1 2 +1
Where Where
= 1+ =Pass band gain = 1+ =Pass band gain
=frequency of input signal =frequency of input signal
= =High cut-off freq. of filter = =Lowest cut-off freq. of filter

1
( )= ( )=
+1 +1
Or Or
( )= = ( )= =
+ + + +
The gain magnitude and phase angle of
the low-pass filter into its equivalent The gain magnitude and phase angle of
polar form: the low-pass filter into its equivalent
( ) polar form:
| ( )| = =
( ) 1+( ⁄ ) ( ) ( ⁄ )
| ( )| = =
( ) 1+( ⁄ )
∅( ) = − tan
Where ∅ is the phase angle in degrees. ∅( )=
2 − tan
Frequency Gain phase Where ∅ is the phase angle in degrees.
S.
of input Magnitude angle Frequency Gain phase
No. S.
Signal( ) | ( )| ∅( ) of input Magnitude angle
No.
1 ≪ 0 Signal( ) | ( )| ∅( )
1 ≪ 0
2 = − 2
√2 4
2 = − =
3 ≫ ≪ − √2 2 4 4
2
3 ≫ − =0
2 2
 Sallen Key Filter
The Sallen–Key topology is an electronic filter topology used to implement second
order active filters that is particularly valued for its simplicity. A general structure
of Sallen-Key model is:

Voltage at node A is and voltage at node B is and operational amplifier

working in Non-inverting mode hence the output voltage of the circuit is

= + .

= +
= . ( )
From Figure

=
Apply KCL at node B
= +
For ideal op-amp is very small. So, we neglect

= = =
+
= ( + ) ( )
Apply KCL at node A
= +
− −
= +
+
Put the value of from equation (2) in above equation
− ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) −
= +
+
Again put the value of from equation (1) in above equation
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
− ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) −
= +
+

[ ( + )] [ ( + )] [ ( + )] −
= + +
( + )

( + ) ( + ) ( + )−
= . + +
( + )

( + ) + ( + )+ ( + ) − ( + )
= .
( + )

( + ) + ( + )+ ( + ) − ( + )
= .
( + )

( + )
=
( + ) + ( + )+ ( + ) − ( + )

=
( + )+ + ( + )−

=
+ + + + −

=
+ + ++ + ( − )

The above equation gives the transfer function of the Sallen-Key model. This
generalized transfer function used to design second order LPF and HPF.
 Second Order Low-Pass Filter
The second low pass filter is obtained from the Sallen-Key model, if we set
=
=
= ⁄
= ⁄
The circuit diagram of second order low pass filter is

Transfer function of Sallen-Key model is

=
+ + + + ( − )

Put = , = , = ⁄ and = ⁄ in above equation

⁄ .
=
+ + + + ( − )

⁄ .
=
[ + + + + ( − )]⁄ .

=
[ + + + + ( − )]
Dividing the numerator and denominator by
⁄
=
+ + ( − )
+ +
 ⁄
=
+ + ( − )
+ +
The above equation show the transfer function of second order low pass filter. But
the prototype transfer function second order low pass filter is

=
+ +
Where
= Pass Band Gain
= Critical Frequency
= Damping
Damping coefficient =

=
+ +

The value of set the filter types i.e Butterworth, Chebyshev or Bessel.
Frequency Correction Factor
Filter Types
Damping coefficient ( ) =

Butterworth 1.414 1 1
Bessal 1.73 0.785 1.27
Chebyshev(1dB) 1.054 1.24 0.806
Chebyshev(2dB) 0.886 1.33 0.752
Comparing actual transfer function of second order low pass filter with the
prototype transfer function, we get
= =

+ + ( − )
=
+ + ( − )
=

If we chosen = = and = = and filter is Butterworth i.e. = ,

the pass band gain is
+ + ( − )
= = − = .
√
= − . = .
Since it is convenient to work with a normalized frequency axis put = . The
system transfer function become
=
[ + + ]
Where
= + + ( − )
In order to find out the gain and phase response put =
( )
( )= =
( ) [( − ) + ]
The gain magnitude
( )
| ( )| = =
( ) ( − ) +
Phase
∅( )=−
( − )
Designing Steps:
Step-1: Choose standard value of capacitor between . 1 to 1 .
Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance R

=
Step-3: Determine the value of and By using following expression
= + = . , = .
Step-4: For Offset minimization put || =
Ex-1: Design a second order low pass filter for a cut-off frequency of 1kHz and pass
band gain of 1.586.

Sol- Given = and = .

Step-1: let’s choose
= = = .
Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance
= =
= = = . Ω
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗

Step-3: Determine the value of and By using following expression

= + = .

= .
= .
Step-4: For Offset minimization put
|| =
. || = = ∗ . Ω=
= . Ω
= . = . Ω
Ex-2: Design a second order low pass filter for a cut-off frequency of 2 kHz.

Sol- Given =
Step-1: let’s choose
= = = .
Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance
= =
= = = . Ω
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗

Step-3: Determine the value of and By using following expression

= + = . ( )

= .
= .
Step-4: For Offset minimization put
|| = = .
. || = = .
= . Ω
= . = . Ω
 Unity Gain Second Order Low Pass Filter
The unity second low pass filter is obtained from the 2nd Order LPF, when we
either = ∞ or ∗ = . The circuit diagram of unity gain second order low-pass
filter is

To design unity gain low pass filter we also set = and the purpose of
simplification we choose = = , then

= =

+ + ( − )
= =

For Butterworth filter

= =

Designing Steps:
Step-1: Assume the value of capacitor <1 and calculate the value of
capacitor by using expression.

=
Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance R

Step-3: For Offset minimization put

∗
= + =
Ex-3: Design a 2nd order Butterworth filter using salllen-key unity gain low pass
filter of critical frequency 3kHz and Pass band gain is 4.

Solution: Because filter is Butterworth = . and = , then

= = =

Step-1: Assume the value of capacitor = . and calculate the value of

capacitor by using expression.
( . ) ∗ . ∗
= = = .
Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance R

= = = . Ω
∗ . ∗ ∗ √ . ∗ . ∗
Step-3: For Offset minimization put
∗
= + = = ∗ . Ω= . Ω
Step-4: To provide required pass band gain =

= + =

+ =
= ∗
Let = Ω and = Ω
 Second Order High-Pass Filter
The second high pass filter is obtained from the Sallen-Key model, if we set
= ⁄
= ⁄
=
=
In other word, high pass filter is formed by inter changing the position of
resistance and capacitor in the low pass filter. The resulting circuit of second order
high pass filter is shown in following figure.

Recalling the transfer function of Sallen-Key model is

=
+ + + + ( − )

Put = ⁄ , = ⁄ , = and = in above equation

=
+ + + + ( − )

=
[ + + + + ( − )]⁄

=
[ + + + + ( − )]

=
+ + ( − )
+ +
The above equation show the transfer function of second order high pass filter.
But the prototype transfer function second order low pass filter is

=
+ +
Comparing actual transfer function of second order high pass filter with the
prototype transfer function, we get

= =

+ + ( − )
=

+ + ( − )
=

Since it is convenient to work with a normalized frequency axis put = . The

system transfer function become

=
[ + + ]
Where
= + + ( − )
In order to find out the gain and phase response put =
( )
( )= =
( ) [( − )+ ]
The gain magnitude
( )
| ( )| = =
( ) ( − ) +
Phase
∅( )=−
( − )
 Unity Gain Second Order High Pass Filter
The unity second high pass filter is obtained from the 2nd Order HPF, when we
either = ∞ or ∗ = . The circuit diagram of unity gain second order high-pass
filter is

To design unity gain low pass filter we also set = and the purpose of
simplification we choose = = , then

= =

+ + ( − ) +
= =

For Butterworth filter

= =

Designing Steps:
Step-1: Assume the value of capacitor <1 and calculate the value of
capacitor by using expression.
+
=

Step-2: By using following expression calculate the value of resistance R

Step-3: For Offset minimization put

∗
= + =
 Band Pass Filter
A band-pass filter or bandpass filter (BPF) is a device that passes frequency within
a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

The defference between and is the bandwidth of a band pass filter. The
quality factor of any filter is measure of selectivity of that filter it means higher the
value of Quality Factor, narrow the bandwidth of filter or in other word are more
selective.

The Quality Factor of BPF is the ratio of centre frequency to the bandwidth i.e.

− =
Where = − & Centre Frequency( ) = ∗
On the behalf of Q-factor Band Pass filter is classified as-

1) Wide band pass filter(Q<12)

2) Narrow band pass filter(Q>12)

The Q factor can also be expressed in terms of damping co-efficient of the filter i.e.

( )=
 Wide band pass filter(Q<12)
The band pass filter is set to be wide band pass filter when its quality factor is less
than 12. A WBPF can be designed by cascading high pass and low pass filter
respectively.

High Pass Low Pass

Filter( ) Filter( )

Wide Band Pass Filter

It means to design ±20dB/decade band pass with Q< 12, first order high pass and
first order low pass filter are cascaded.
Question-2: Design a BPF filter with = & = and Pass band
gain is 4.
∗ √ ∗ .
First check Quality factor (Q) = = = = = = .

= ∗ = ∗
To design High Pass Filter give value To design Low Pass Filter give value
= and = = and =
Step-1: Let = . μ Step-1: Let = . μ
Step-2: Calculate the value of Resistance Step-2: Calculate the value of
R, by using equation Resistance , by using equation
= = . Ω = = . Ω
Step-3: Find the relation between and Step-3: Find the relation between
by using equation and by using equation
= + = = + =
= =
Step-4: To minimize offset , put Step-4: To minimize offset , put
= || = ||
= = = . Ω = = = . Ω
 Multiple Feedback Band Pass filter
Wide band pass filter can also designed by using single op-amp which is working in
inverting mode and use multiple feedback technique.

The multiple feedback band pass filer utilizes two feedback paths through and
through respectively. In this circuit pair provides low pass response and
provides the high pass response. For proper operation and simplicity we
set = = . The prototype transfer function of second order band pass filter
is:
=
+ +
The output voltage is nothing but voltage across resistance and because
Node B is virtual ground, then
=−
=−
The voltage at Node A ( ) is nothing but voltage across capacitor , then
=

=−
.
= =− . =−
. . .
− . ( + . )
=− =( − ). =− − . =−
⁄ .
− −
= = − = − = +
. . . .
Apply KCL at node A
= + +
Put the value of , , and
( + . )
+ =− − −
. . . .
( + . )
=− − − −
. . . .
( + . )
=− + + +
. . . .
+ + + + ( . )
=−
+ + + +
=−

=−
+ + +

.
=−
( + )
+ +
Comparing the above equation with prototypes transfer function
( + )
=

( + )
=

( + )
=

=
Quality Factor
= =
But
⁄
= = = =

= =
It means Bandwidth (BW) is set by value of and only. It means tuning of &
will not alter the Bandwidth (BW).
After comparing numerator
=−
.
=− =− =−

| |=
It means pass band gain is depends on the value of and . And the
Resistance is used to manipulate the centre frequency without altering gain
or BW. The value resistance can be obtained by using following equation:
( + )
=

( + )
=

=
−
Multiple feedback band pass filter have two limitations:
(1)- As must be real. So
− >0
>

But Quality factor

>

> >

> =| |
Otherwise the band pass filter using single op-amp cannot be built.
(2)- The second limitation is the Op-amp gain band width product (GBW). So
≥ .
Ex- Design a Band pass filter so that = . , = & = . If the centre
frequency changes to 1.5 kHz while and remains constant. What change
should be made in the circuit to fulfil the desired specification?
Sol- The filter can be designed using single Op-amp if = | | and for given
value of Quality factor this condition is true. Thus filter can be designed using
single Op-amp.
Step-1: Let = . μ

= =

= = = . Ω
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗
Step-2: As we know

| |=

. Ω
= = = . Ω
∗
Step-3: As we know

=
−
. ∗
=
∗( . ) ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗( . ∗ ) ( . ∗ ) −
= Ω
By using frequency scaling techniques
=
∗( . ∗ ) = ( . ∗ )
= Ω
Ex- Design a Band pass filter having = . , = . & =− .
Sol- Calculate the value of Quality

= ∗ = . ∗ ∗ . ∗ =
= − = . ∗ − . ∗ =

= = = .

Quality Factor is within the range i.e. <12. So, we can design a single Op-amp
based band pass filter.
Step-1: Let = . μ

= = ≈ Ω
. . ∗ . ∗ ∗
Step-2: As we know
| |=
Ω
= = = . Ω
∗
Step-3: As we know

=
−
. ∗
=
∗( . ) ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗( . ∗ ) ( ) −
= Ω
Step-4: Design Verification

(1)- > =| |, ∗ . >6

(2)- For LM741 GBW=1MHz

≥ .
∗ ≥ ∗( . ) ∗ ≥ . ∗
This condition is fail. So, we have use another Op-amp having higher GBW(LF411).
 Multistage Band Pass filter
The band pass filter using single Op-amp work properly for the moderate value of
Q and if 20dB roll off rate is required. But if we need a very narrow band filter
(Q>20) or faster roll off rate we have to cascade several such filter.
Designing Steps:
Step-1: For maximum sharpness set the centre frequency of all stage equal to the
desired overall centre frequency.
= = = ………..=
Step-2: When n is number of stages, then Quality factor of each stage can be
calculated as

= −

Step-3: When the overall gain is , then = ∗ ∗ ………..

where , ...... is the gain of each stage.
Step-4: For each Quality Factor , centre frequency and pass band design a
single Op-amp based band pass filter and finally cascade it.
Ex- Design a Band pass filter having = , = , =− and roll off
rate 60.
Sol-
Step-1: Centre Frequency = , so chose = = …= =
Step-2: Let n=3, then Quality factor of each stage can be calculated as

= − = − = ∗. = .

Step-3: = = = = = (− ) =− .
Step-4: Design a single Op-amp based band pass filter with = . , =
and =− . .
Step-I: Let = . μ
.
= = = Ω
. ∗ . ∗ ∗
Step-II: As we know

| |=

Ω
= = = Ω
∗ .
Step-III: As we know

=
−
∗
=
∗( . ) ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗( . ∗ ) ( ) −
= . Ω
 Band Stop Filter (Band Reject Filter)
A band stop filter (BSF) or band reject filter (BRF) does opposite to the band pass
filter, i.e. reject a band of frequency while pass all other frequencies.

On the behalf of Q-factor Band Pass filter is classified as-

1) Wide band stop filter(Q<10)

2) Narrow band stop filter(Q>10) or notch filter.

The Quality factor Q of the narrow band stop filter is high and they are known as
notch filter. Due to large value Q, the bandwidth of stop filter is smaller than that
of wide band stop filter.
 Wide band pass filter (Q<10)
The band stop filter is set to be wide band stop filter when its quality factor is less
than 10.

High Pass
Filter( )

Summing
Amplifier

Low Pass
Filter( )

Band Stop Filter

Ex- Design a Wide pand stop filter with = & = .
∗ √ ∗ .
First check Quality factor (Q) = = = = = = .

= ∗ = ∗
To design High Pass Filter give value To design Low Pass Filter give value
= and = = and =
Step-1: Let = . μ Step-1: Let = . μ
Step-2: Calculate the value of Resistance Step-2: Calculate the value of Resistance
R, by using equation , by using equation
= = . Ω = = . Ω
Step-3: Find the relation between Step-3: Find the relation between
and by using equation and by using equation
= + = = + =
= =
Step-4: To minimize offset , put Step-4: To minimize offset , put
= || = ||
= = = . Ω = = = . Ω

Let gain of the summing amplifier is 1.

= = = Ω
= | | = . Ω
 Narrow band pass filter (Q>10)
The narrow band reject filter is also called as notch filter. The quality factor Q of
such filter is higher than that of the wide band reject filter (Q>10). The notch filter
uses a twin-T network as a frequency rejecting networks. The twin-T network
consists of two T-networks. The first network contains two resistance and one
capacitor whereas second contains one resistance and two capacitor.

The frequency at which mamimum atteunuation is obtain is called as notch

frequency and is given as:

=
Using node analysis
−
=
−
=
−
= = ( − )
⁄
Apply KVL at node A.
= +
− −
= + ( − )
− = − + ( − )
+ + = +
 + ( + )= ( + )
+ ( + )
=
( + )
Similarly at node B.
−
= = ( − )
⁄
−
= = ( − )
⁄
− ( − )
= =
⁄
Apply KVL at node B.
= +
( − )
= ( − )+ ( − )
( − )= ( )+
− ( − )
+ + = + +
( + )= ( + )+
( + )+
=
( + )
can be expressed as-
− −
= =
⁄
− = −
( + )= +
+
=
( + )
+ ( + ) ( + )+
+
( + ) ( + )
=
( + )
+ ( + )+ [ ( + )+ ]
=
( + )
( + ) = + ( + )+ [ ( + )+ ]
( + ) − ( + )− [ ( + )] = [ +( ) ]
[ ( + ) −( + )− −( ) ]= [ +( ) ]
[ +( ) ]
=
+ ( ) + − − − +( )
 [ +( ) ]
=
( ) + ( − ) +
+
( )
=
( − )
+ +
( )
The above equation give tansfer fuction of Twin-T network.But the transfer fuction
of prototype transfer fucntion of sencd order band pass filter is
+
=
+ +
Comparing the above two equation
=
( )
=

= =
Also
( − )
=
= ( − )
But the Quality factor
= =
( − )
Where
=
+
+
= = =
−
+
Ex- Design a second order notch filter using Twin-T Network having Q=20 and
= .
Sol- Let choose = . μ
= = = . Ω
∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗
+
= =
+ =
=
Let = Ω, then = = ∗ Ω= Ω
 All Pass Filter (APF)
An all pass filter passes all frequency components of the input signal without
attenuation while provide phase shift for different frequency of the input signals.
The all pass filter is also called as delay equalizer or phase shifter. When signals
are transmitted over transmission line such as telephone wire, their phase gets
changed. To compensate for these change in phase all pass filter are required.

The circuit diagram of all pass filter is: The circuit diagram of all pass filter is:

By using superposition, output voltage By using superposition, output voltage

=− . + 1+ . =− . + 1+ .

Where = . Where = .
and = and let = and = and let =

= − + 1+ . = − + 1+ .
+ +
1⁄
= −1 + 2. = −1 + 2.
+ 1⁄ + 1⁄
1
= −1 + 2. = −1 + 2.
+1 +1
1− −1
= =
1+ +1
Put = , =2 Put = , =2
1− 2 2 −1
( )= = ( )= =
1+ 2 2 −1
Then gain magnitude Then gain magnitude
1 + (2 ) (2 ) +1
( )= = ( )= =
1 + (2 ) (2 ) +1
=1 =1
Phase response Phase response
−2 2
( ) = tan ( ) = tan
1 −1
2 2
− tan − tan
1 1
( ) = tan (−2 ) ( ˚
) = 180 − tan (2 )
− tan (2 ) − tan (2 )
( ) = −tan (2 ) ( ) = 180˚ − 2tan (2 )
− tan (2 ) We know that cut-off frequency
( ) = −2 tan (2 ) 1
=
We know that cut-off frequency 2
1
= ( ) = 180˚ − 2 tan
2
( ) = −2 tan

Frequency Gain phase Frequency Gain phase

S. S.
of input Magnitude angle of input Magnitude angle
No. No.
Signal( ) | ( )| ∅( ) Signal( ) | ( )| ∅( )
1 ≪ 1 0 1 ≪ 1 180
2 =. 2 1 −22.6 2 =. 2 1 157.3
3 =. 5 1 −53.1 3 =. 5 1 126.9
4 =. 8 1 −77.3 4 =. 8 1 102.7
5 = 1 −90 5 = 1 90
6 =2 1 −126.8 6 =2 1 53.2
7 = 10 1 −168.5 7 = 10 1 11.5
8 ≫ 1 −180 8 ≫ 1 0

Hence phase can change from 0° to Hence phase can change from 180° to
−180° as frequency varied from 0 to ∞ 0° as frequency varied from 0 to ∞
Ex- Calculate the phase shift between two extremes for the all phase filter, if
capacitor =. μ and capacitor = Ω and the frequency of applied signal is
1kHz.

Sol- We know that

1000
= −2 tan (2 ) = −2 tan = −2 tan

1 1
= = = 723.79
2 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.22 ∗ 10
1000
= −2 tan (2 ) = −2 tan = −2 tan = − 108.2
723.79
°
Ex- Design a phase shifter to produce phase shift of at a frequency of 2 kHz, if
= . μ .

Sol- We know that

−
tan
= 2
2

Ex- Find the value of resistance to obtain phase shift − ° , − ° , − °

and
°
− . If the value of capacitor = and the frequency of applied signal are
.

Sol- We know that

= −2 tan (2 )

= −2 tan (2 )
−
tan
= 2
2
 KHN Filter (Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb)
The Op-amp ciruit implementation of two integrator loop biquard use two
inverting integrator with = ⁄ and a weighted summer Op-amp circuit is
known as KHN filter.

30

By using superposition theoram

= . + . + . + . − .
+ +
Where
=−
And

= . + + + − − .
+ +
For =

.( + ) = + ( + ) + .
+ +

= + +
+ +

= + +
+ +
Then the transfer fuction of High Pass KHN filter is

+
= ( )
+ +
+

But we know the standard transfer fuction of second order high pass filter

=
+ +
Comparing above two equation

=
+

= =
+
= +

So select any coneninent value of or and determineother resistance value.

Now Compareing numarator

= = = = −
+ + +
−

Thus the gain is fixed to this value.

Know we also determine the transfer fuction of Low Pass KHN filter is

=
Put the value of from eqation (1)

+
= =
+ +
+

+
=
+ +
+
Then the transfer fuction of Low Pass KHN filter is

+
=
+ +
+
Know we also determine the transfer fuction of Band Pass KHN filter is
=−
Put the value of from eqation (1)

.
+
=− =
+ +
+

.
+
=
+ +
+
Then the transfer fuction of Band Pass KHN filter is
. .
+
= =
+ + + +
+
The KHN biquad can be used to realize notch and all pass fuction by summing
weighted value of three outputs LP, BP and HP as shown in figure

=− . + . + .
 =− . + . + .

Subsitituting the value of , &

−
=− . + .
+ + + +

+ .
+ +

− +
( )= =−
+ +

The above Equation show the Transfer fuction of All Pass Filter(APF). And by
making = ∞, in above all pass transfer fuction we can be coverted in to the
notch filter with

Hence the the transfer fuction of the Notch(Band Pass Filter is

+ +
( )= =− =−
+ + + +

Ex- Determine the transfer function of Second Order Band Pass filter with Centre
frequency / , Centre frequency gain 10 and 3dB bandwidth of /
.
Sol- The transfer function of band pass filter is
. .
+
( )= = = ( )
+ + + +
+
Given in question
= / , B.W= / , and =
Hence
/
= = =
. /
Put these value in equation (1)
 .
( )= = =
[ + + ]
+ +

Ex- Design the KHN circuit to realize a High pass filter with = and
= . Choose = what the high frequency gain is also determining the
centre frequency of Band Pass Filter that is available at the output of the first
integrator?
Sol-Given = , = and =
We know that

= = = . Ω
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

= − = − = . =
+
. ( + )=
. = − . = .
.
= =
.
Assuming = = = Ω
.
= = = ∗ = Ω
.
- The transfer function of band pass filter is
. .
+
( )= = =
+ + + +
+
Put =
. .
( )=
.
( ) + +
At centre frequency i.e =
. .
( )= = = =
.
( ) + + () + + − + +
 | ( )| = = . ∗ =

Ex- Using KHN circuit to rather with an Op-amp summing amplifier to design notch
filter with = , = , = and a dc gain of 3. Select =
and = Ω.
Sol-Given = , = , = and a dc gain of 3. Select =
and = Ω.

= = = . Ω
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

= = =
+ + +
−

+ = +
−

= = =
− ∗ −
=
Assuming = = = Ω
= ∗ = Ω
By putting = ∞, and

= =

∗
= = = .
∗

= . ∗ = . Ω

= . =

= − = − = .

∗
= = = . Ω
.