(| A) oe Principles of Engineering Physics Se UE)Principles of ENGINEERING PHYSICS VOLUME |NCBA REGD OFFICE {8/1 Chintamoni Das Lane, Kolkata 700 009, India ‘ ‘mall: [email protected] OVERSEAS NCBA (UK) Led, 149 Park Avenue North, Northampton, NN3 2HY, UK ‘email [email protected] EXPORT NCBA Exports Pet. Ld, 212 Shahpur Jt, New Delhi 110 049 ‘email: nebacepors@ncbaprltdcom BRANCHES 2127 Ansaci Road, 11 Floor House No. 31-315, Ist Floor Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Nimboliadds, Kachiguda, Hyuerabad 500 027 «email nebadel@ncbapyted com ‘email: ncbahydb@ncbapriltd com Shop Nos. 3 & 4, Vinayak Towers GSS Shopping Complex, 1s Floor * 63170 Budhwar Pech, Appa Dalwant Chowk Opposite College Pox Office, Convent Road Pune 411 002 Exnakulam 682 035 cal [email protected] 0484-4021054/53 Shop No. 15, Bharati Towers, Ground Floor Radhamayee Complex (Second Floot) Forest Park Opp SBI, Panbazx, Jaswanta Road Bhubaneswar 751 001 Guwahati 781 001 «email [email protected] email: [email protected] PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS [Volume I] « Prof. (01) S P Kula © Copyright reserved by the Author Publication, Distribution, and Promotion Rights reserved by the Publisher All rights reserved. No part of the text in general, and the figures, diagrams, page layout, and cover design in particular, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means—dlectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, ot by any information storage and retcieval system—without the prior written permission of the Publisher Fist Published: January 2009 Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged Second Edition (New Syllabus): January 2012 Reprinted: April 2013 With Additions: March 2014 Reprinted: July 2016 PUBLISHER AND TYPESETTER New Central Book Agency (P) Lid 8/1 Chintamoni Das Lane, Kolkata 700 009 PRINTER New Cental Book Agency (P) Led Web-Offiet Division, Dhulagarh, Sankrail, Howrah TECHNICAL EDITOR Dipan Roy PROJECT TEAM Abhijc Sen and Koushik Samanta (spy: 978 81 7381 5270 = 350.00 { !Dedicated: a Piniual Teuel her. Quam PlatyanandadesContents Preface to the Second Edition auth Preface to the First Edition avi New Syllabus heenx i. Vibration and Wave—Simple Harmonic Motion | Module 1,1 LBS 11 Introduction 1 1.2 Factors Causing a System to Oscillate 2 13° Projection of a Uniform Circular Motion on Reference Circle 2 1.3.1 Some definitions 2 14 Differential Equation of SHUM 6 15 Bnergy of a Linear Harmonie Oscillator 0 16 Mlustrative Examples of SHIM . 1.6.1 Motion of a simple pendulum 8 1.6.2 Vertical oscillation of an elastic spring Supporting a weight at its lower end 9 1.6.3 Oscillation of a liquid in a U-tube 10 1.6.4. Simple harmonic motion of electrical system 10 17 Principle of Superposition W 1.7.1 Superposition of two collinear harmonic vibrations 12 1.7.2 Applications of beats: “ 18 Superposition of Two Harmonic Vibrations at Right Angles to Fach Other In 1.8.1 Demonstrations of Lissajous figures 16 1.8.2 Uses of Lissajous figures 9 1.9 Answers of Some Important Questions 19 1.10 Solved Problems 22 EXERCISES 1(A)-Objective Type Questions 29 1(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 31 1(C)-Numerical Problems 31 1(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions 33 viiVibration and Wave—Free and Damped zt ations | Module 1.2 Free Vibration Damped Vibration Damping Forces Analysis of Damped Vibration DAL Logarithumic decrement my 242 Energy of a weakly damped oscillator 24.3 Quality factor (or Q-value) 244 ‘Time constant 245 Damping in LCR circuit Answers of Some Important Questions Solved Problems EXERCISE 2(A)-Objective Type Questions 2(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 2(C)- Numerical Problems 2(D)-Brond Answer Type Questions Porced Vibration | Module 1.3 M 42 4a a4 35 36 ar 38 39 410 uu 312 313 su 415 rt a7 31s Introduction Analytical ‘Tren mnent of Forced Vibration Early Stage of Forced Vibration Steauly tate of Forced Vibration Mechanical Innpedance Applied Force Frequency Dependence of the Forced Oscillator » Resonance Amplitude Resonance jon of phase of the forced oscillator Velocity Resonance Phase Variation of Vi with Power Supply and Loss of Energy SILL Power supply by the forcing system Rate of Work Done by’ the Dissipative Force Sharpness of Resonance Expression for Sharpnes of Resonance Q in terms of Dissipation (Decay) of E: Analogy with Electric Creuit Answers of Some Important Questions Solved Problems EXERCISES 3(A)-Objective Type Questions 3(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 3(C}- Numerical Problems 3(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions 32 53 53 53-76 & & ASAKRSL2TSBBSLBSEcsContents 4. Interference of Electromagnetic Waves | Module 2.1 4.1 Nature of Light 42 Corpuscular Theory of Light 43° Huygens’ Wave Theory 4A Wavefront 45 Huygens’ Principle of Wave Propagation 16 Interference of Light (Electromagnetic Waves) 4.7 Young's Double Slit Experiment 4.8 Analytical Treatment of Interference 18.1 ‘The Condition for Permanent (or Sustained) Interferenco 4.9 Two Real Sources of Light Cannot Produce Interference Fringes {10 The Intensity Distribution 411 Conservation of Energy 412 Coherence 4.13 The Fringe Width 4.14 Production of Coherent Sources 415 Fresnel’s Bi-prism Experiment 4.16 Displacement of Fringes due to Introduction of a Thin Transpacont Plate (Determination of the Thickness of a ‘Thin Transparent Plate) 1.17 Phase Change on Reflection: Stokes’ Law 4118 Interference by Division of Amplitude: Colour of Thin Films 4.19 Classification of Fringes Exhibited by ‘Thin Films 420 Explanation of Colour Effect 121 Non-Retlecting Films 4.22 Interference Due to Wedge-Shaped Film 123 Necessity of an Extended Source 4.24 Newton's Rings 4.25 Determination of the Wavelength of Monochromatic Light 4.25 Determination of Refractive Index of n Liquid 4.27 Newton's Rings by Transmitted Light 4.28 Newton's Ring with White Light 4.29 Applications of Newton's Rings 4.30 Answers of Some Important Questions 4.31 Solved Problems EXERCISES 4(A)-Objective Type Questions 4(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 4(C)-Numerical Problems 4(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions 5<~ Diffraction of Light | Module 2.2 5S a Introduction i TTway 22888 96 ” 102 103 les tos 105 205 107 1s 117 19 120 222-157 imDistinction betwen Interference amd Diffraction Claeitication « f Difraction Prounhater 1h fraction at a SinglsSht 35 Fraunhofer Dttraction Dye to a Dou 6 Prawubofor Detractise Doc to Nats (Thay of a Diffraction Grating) S01 Spectrum Producnt by a ofa Grating sth of Monochromatic Light by Grating 50.2 Anguar Dispersive Noi Determination of Wave Raytngh Critena of Resotunon Rewsving Powe of a Grating Rossing Power of a Micrasupe tions Answers of Some Important Qu Solved Froblems EXERCISES S(A}-Onjective Type Questions 3(B)-Ssort Answer Type Questions 5(C)-Numerical Problems 5(D)- Broad Answer Type Questions a Polarization ef Light | Module 3.1 615 6.19 Introd Concept of Polarization larization of Light Waves Plane of Polarization of Light Vibration. Unpolarized Light 1 Birefringence): and Extraordinary Ray (E-ray) Malus Law Polarization by Scattering Pola ve Absorption le Refraction nt Types of Polarized Light Huygens’ Theory of Do The sction of Di Left-handed and Right-handed Polarized Light, Retardation Plates Production of Plane, Cireularly and Elliptically Polarized Light vet Light ty Polaziaed Light ly Polarized Light Analysis of Polarized Light Answers of Some Important Questions 6171 Plane Pol 6.172 Circula 617.3 Elliptic My laa. las, 152 14 155 136 188-19) Ws 158 ts9 Tu 160 162 161 166 167 168, 169 109 170 M7 175 176 17 Ww “7 178 179 181 streetcar pompano onsen scons enn mmr dices albaboded sesContents ae 0.20 Laser 7 72 na 7A 7 76 an BA 79 7.10 7H ravi 713 TA 715 7.16 TAT 718 7.19 7.20 Solved Problema EXERCISES: O(A)- Objective Type Questions 6(B) Short Answoe Type Questions O(C) Numerica Problerss 6(D) Broad Answer Type Questions | Module 3.2 Introduction Properties of Laser Light The Basic Principle of Laser Spontancons mission Versux Stimulated Finsmon of Racist wan Comparison between Laser and Oxinary Light Relation betwoe pontancous and Stimulated Emamion Protests Einstein's Theory Important Discussion ‘Theory of Amplification of Light 7.8.1 Gain Coeflicient (3) Metastable State Active Mediun, Pumping Population hiversion ‘Threshold Condition for Light Amp! Main Components of the Laser Cavity Resonance 7.15.1 Types of Laser Systems Pulsed Ruby Laser 7.16.1 Working 7.16.2 Applications of Ruby Laser Continuous He-Ne Visible Laser TATA Working 7.17.2 Applications of He-Ne Laser Applications of Laser Answers of Some Important Questions Solved Problems EXERCISES 7(A)-Objective Type Questions 7(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 7(C)-Numerical Problems 7(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions Holography | Module 3.3 81 Introduction 192-314 wm au 22 213 ans 215-222_ xii 1 32 Principle of Holography 33 Characteristics of Holograms 84 Application of Holography 8.5 Distinction Between Holography and Photography 8.6 Answers of Some Important Questions EXERCISES 8(A)-Objective Type Questions 8(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 8(C)-Broad Answer Type Questions Special Theory of Relativity | Module 4.1 91 Introduction 92 Frame of Reference 93 Galilean Transformation 93.1 Galilean Coordinate Transformation 93.2 Galilean Velocity Transformation 933 Callilean Acceleration Transformations 934 Galilean Transformation of Force 94 Michelson-Morley Experiment 95 Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity 96 Insufficiency of Galilean Transformation 97 Lorentz Transformation of Space and Time 98 Consequences of Lorentz Transformation Equations 9.8.1 Length Contraction (or Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction) 9.8.2 Two Events are said to be Simultancous if They Occur at the Same Time in a Frame of Reference 9.83 Einstein's Time Dilation (or Apparent Retardation of Clocks) 9.84 Experimental Verification of Time Dilation 9.9 Einstein's Theorem of Velocity Addition 9.10 Relativistic Variation of Mass 9.10.1 Derivation of Mass Variation Relation 9.11 Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation 9.12 Energy and Momentum of Relativistic Particle 9.13 Answers of Some Important Questions 9.14 Solved Problems EXERCISES 9(A)-Objective Type Questions 9(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 9(C)-Numerical Problems 9(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions Quantum Physics. 194 Introduction | Module 4.27 223-260 223 223, 224 254 255 257 258 261-291 261SS Contents 10% Black Body Madiation “Jog Dintebutlan of Fneray in the Spretrum of lack Berdy Radiation AOE]. Wien's Law of Fnergy Distribution “40.3.2__ Rayleigh: Jeans Law 1659 Failure of Classical Theery to explain the Spectral Distribution of Energy 3041 Planck's Radiation Law 10.4 Photocleetric Fifeet 10.4.1 Experimental St 10.4.2 Experimental Observations 10.4.3 Characteristics (Laws) of Photoelectric Effect 104A. Failuce of Classical Theory to explain Photoelectric Effect 10.45 Einstein's Photoelectric Effect * so. The Compton Elect 10.5.1. The Direction of the Recoil Electron 10.5.2 Kinetic Energy of the Recoil Electron y Failure of Classical Theory to explain Compton Bifect ye Bxplanation of Compton Eifect on the Basts of Quantum Theory Joa Dual Nature of Light (Wave-| Particle Dualism) '10.9- Bohr's Principle of Complementarity 10.10 Answers of Some Important Questions 10.11 Solved Problems EXERCISES 10(A)-Objective Type Questions 10(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 10(C)-Numerical Problems 10(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions tudy of Photoelectric Effect 11. Quantum Physics-II_ | Module aaZ ILL Introduction Phase Velocity and Group Velocity JI de Broglie Hypothesis 11.3.1 de Broglie Wavelength of a Charged Particle Accelerated by an Electric Field V volt/m 11.3.2 Distinction between Matter Waves and Electroiagnetic Waves 11.3.3 Bohr’s Quantization Condition in the Light of de Broglie's Hypothesis 11.3.4 Davison and Germer Experiment It Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Relation 11.4.1 Statement of Uncertainty Principle 11.4.2. Simple Proof of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Relation 11.4.3 Simple Proof of Uncertainty Relation between Energy and Time 11.5 Illustration of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle by Thought Experiments mI wa me wexiv 12. Ie 7 18 10 121 126 127 124 129 1210 120 EXERC 11(A)-Objective Typo Questions Sia 11(D) Short Answor Typo Questions Be 11(C)-Numorical Probloma ou 11(D)- Brood Anawor Typo Questions ty Crystallogeaphy | Modulo 6.1 10-149 Introduct ay 12.1.1 Properties of Crystalline Sola xy 12.1.2 Propertios of Amorphous Solids x0 Space Lattice (or Point Lattica) 10) Crystal Lattice x0 Basis mH Soine Crystallographic Terms m2) 125.1 Unit Coll su 12.52 WignorSelte Primitive Cell au 12.5.3 Basin Vectors oa 12.54 Primitive Unit Cell am 125.5. Primitive Basia Vectors bd Beavais Lattice an Space Lattions of Cuble Systems oH, 12.7.1 Caleulation of Nuinber of Atoms pet Unit Cell ¢ 127.2. Coordination Nunber a 12.7.3 Nearest Neighbour Distance a 1274 Momic Radius (r) os 12.75 Momic Packing Factor nm Calenlation of Lattion Constant ot Lattice Manes and Miller Indices yt Crystallographic Dieections 30 1210.1 Mules to find the Miller Indices of a Lattice Plane oD 12.102 miportant Features of Miller Indices sh Inter planar Sparing J2N14 Angie Vetween Tro Planes having Miller Indices ad (ghey) ated Unable} op T2112 teter-planiar Spacing Letween Lattice Planes of Dillerent. Cubic Lattion gn Conte, 16.1 Dithaction of Bleetrans though S} 11.5.2) Cama Ray M d & 5.2 Caswma Ray Microscope (Thought) Experiment > Applications of Uncertainty Relatlon Hoionbere’s Uncertainty Principle from de Broglie Wave Concept Auswors of Some Important Queations ia Solved Problems 1211 4 Connpuarien of SC BCC, FCC Strueture 33h Answors of Some Important Questions ii Contents : : 12, 1s. X-rays 13.1 14.2 4 ; 1A 135 196 137 138 15.9 15.10 1340 1$.12 13.45 Solved Problems EXERCISES 14(A) Objective Type Question» 12(1}) Short Anawor Type Questions 12(C)-Numorical Problems 12(D)-Brond Answer ‘Typo Questions | Modute 5.2 Introduction Production of Kerayo Production of Xeenyn by Coolidge Taber Quality of X-rays Intensity af X-rays Interaction of Kerwye with Matter Origin of K-raya Xerayn Spoetruin 19.41 Continuous Kerays 15.4.2 Quantum Theory and Dunno Hart Law 13.8.3 Origin of Continuous Kerays Charncveriatic X-rays 13.9.1 Origin of Characteriatic Ketays Applications of X-rayn Ainarption of X-rayn Variation of Inteunity with Thicksess Properties of Lernys Differences between Visible Light and K-rnys Comparvan between Cathode-rnys aad Kerns Koray Dilfenction: Lane Method “Che Laue Photographs enyst's Lenore Determination of Latties Constant Annwers of Boma Inportant Questions Solved Problems EXERCISES 13(A)-Objective Typo Questions 18(B)-Short Answer Type Questions 14(C)-Numerical Problems 13(D)-Broad Answer Type Questions 14, Fibre Optics | Module 6 mwa 4.2 “3 Introduction What is an Optical Pitan? Structure of an Optical Pitre 360-874 mm ™ co) as ol fit wa wa “a 375-38wt LWA Working Prieto of Optical Wlbre AL Classification of Optleal Pibeaw 18.1 Conypartson of Stopehndox ant Ceadedtstdes Optleat Mibyo U6 Acceptance Anglo and Acceptance Cone LAG Numortoat Aperture TAT Attenuation ot ‘thanstaalon Lovee LAS Advantages of tho Fib» Optle Communteation 1.9 Applications of Fibre Optica LALO Answers of Some Important Questions A411 Solved Problens EXERCISES 14(A)-Objective Type Questions 14(B)-Short Anawer ‘Type Quentions 14(C)-Numoricat Probloms 14(D)-Broad Answor ‘Typo Questions Appendices Appendix Az Some Fundamental Constants Appendix B: Miscellaneous Conversion Fctors Appendix C: SI Prefixes Appendix D: Some Derived Units Appendix E: Some Useful Mathematical Formulao Appendix F: Some Useful ‘trigonometric Formulae Appendix G: (a) Some Indefinite Integrals, (b}) Some Definite Intogeats Appendix H: Some Important Hyperbolic Functions Appendix I: Solutions of Some Differential Equations Appendix J: Gamma Punetions Bibliography Index Engineering and Management Examinationsreface to the Second Edition The recond edition of the book, Prin rictly in mecordance with the Year students pursuing BTech ‘ciples of Engineering Physics, Volume hina been designed New Syllabus (2010) of Engineering, Physics 1 meant for the Pirst Coure: under West Bengal Univernity of Technology. The salient features of the present edition of the book include: « and Iucid coherent, vxxt # A now chapter on Holography « Neat and illustrative diagrams © Consi + Answers to some important questions « Diverse numerical worked-out problems + The EXERCISES are split up into four sections: (A) Objective Type Questions, (B) Short Answer Type Questions, (C) Numerical Problems, and (D) Broad Answer Type Questions. to test the depth of understanding of the sub; ject. * An exhaustive bibliography for further reading, «I take this opportunity to express my thanks anid gratitude to my numerous students, colleagues and friends working in different parts of West Bengal and outside for theie constant encouragement and constructive suggestions for the improvement of the book. Special thanks are due to MrUKGhosh, Assoc. Professor of Engg. Physics, BIET, Suri, Birbhum. 1 would also like to thank Mr Amitabh Sen, Mr RM Nath, Mr Soumen Paul, Mr Dipan Ray id Mr Prabhat Jas of New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd for bringing out the book in its present rm. May 2011 SP Kuila lepartment of Applied Physical Sciences xvii