Methods of Development

in Writing
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• One of the mostly used patterns in
academic writing and technical writing.
This may involve persons, places,
things, theories or experiments which
have similarities and differences from
one another.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
The three important parts are:
• The purpose of comparison
• The points of comparison
• The actual similarities and differences
of the items being compared.
Point-by-point Structure
• The description, characteristics or
information are given alternately.
• Often called side-by-side which means
discussing both items based on each point of
comparison.
Block pattern
• All information, description or characteristics of
the two elements are given first at once and
sequentially.
• Or often called separately which involves
describing one item based on each point of
comparison.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARISON
• Also • In the same way
• As • Like
• Both • Likewise
• Equally • Similarly
• In a similar• To compare
fashion
• In comparison
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRAST
• Although • In contrast • On the other
• And yet • In spite of hand
• As opposed • In the • Otherwise
to meantime • Still
• But • Instead • The fact
• Conversely • However remains
• Counter to • Nevertheless • Unlike
• Despite • Nonetheless • Whereas
• Even so • On the • yet
• Even though contrary
DEFINITION
• Is a pattern of development which
helps to clarify and explain concepts by
answering the question “What does it
mean?”
Formal Definition

term
Defining a
genus
term
differentia
Informal Definition

synonyms
Defining a connotations
term
operational
definition
Extended Definition

etymology
Defining a
term
sensory depiction
SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION

• Is defined • To illustrate
• Is defined as
• Refers to
• Means
• To define
DESCRIPTION

Objective Subjective

factual communicative

complete animated
• SENSORY PATTERN- ideas are
arranged based on one or all of the five
senses.
• SPATIAL PATTERN- arranges ideas by
location or physical space.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR DESCRIPTION
• Above • Down • Throughout
• Across • Farther • To the right
• Adjacent to • Here • under
• Around • In front of
• Behind • Inside
• Below • On top of
• Beneath • Opposite to
• By • Outside
CAUSE AND EFFECT

• The details are based on the cause,

the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain
phenomenon.
Elements in this pattern:
• The purpose of the text
• The relationship between causes and
effects
• The potential casual fallacies and
illogical arguments
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSES
• As • In view of (the fact)
• Because (of the fact) • In as much as
• Being that • One reason
• Due to (the fact • Owing to (the fact)
that) • Seeing that
• For • since
• For the reason that
• In that
SIGNAL WORDS FOR EFFECTS
• Accordingly • So much (so) that
• As a consequence • So that
• As a result (of this) • Therefore
• Consequently • thus
• For this reason
• Hence
• In consequence
• So
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Organizes ideas into problems and
proposed solutions.
• Problem section includes 5W 1H of the
problem
• Solution section presents the major effects
of the problem, the possible solutions to
address it, and the steps in implementing
the solutions.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR PROBLEM-
SOLUTION

• But • The problem

• First, second • The solution
• Nonetheless
• One reason for the
• One solution is
• One way is
PERSUASION
• Organizes ideas to show how a set of
evidence leads to a logical conclusion
or argument. It presents the issue, the
position, and the supporting evidence
that supports the position
PERSUASION
Elements of persuasion text:
• It presents the issue
• the position
• the supporting evidence that supports
the position
SIGNAL WORDS FOR EMPHASING A
POINT

• Again • To repeat
• For this reason • Truly
• In fact • With this in mind
• In that case
• Indeed
• To emphasize
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCEDING A
POINT
• Admittedly • Obviously
• Assuredly • Of course
• Certainly • To be sure
• Granted • True
• It is true that • Undoubtedly
• Needless to say • unquestionably
• No doubt
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCLUDING
AND SUMMARIZING
• Accordingly • In short
• All in all • In summary
• As I have said • Inevitably
• Consequently • On the whole
• Due to • In essence
• Finally • In a nutshell
• In any event • Therefore
• In brief • Thus
• In conclusion • To sum up
Social engineering is defined as any method which
tricks people to share personal information
through the use of technology. The ‘social’
component in this scheme means that there is
reliance on various psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online, such as phishing, spamming, and
pretexting
The laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the
modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a
vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad,
speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the
basic parts of the laptop. The most noticeable part of a
laptop is its screen, which is responsible for
displaying information. Another major component is
the keyboard, on it are the keys needed to enter data
into the computer. Near the keyboard, you will find
the touchpad which is smooth, rectangular surface
which acts like a desktop computer mouse
At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you
will see buttons that operate like mouse buttons.
Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the
laptop itself, are the speakers which allow you to
hear sounds from media played in the laptop.
Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery, it
serves as the lifeline of the laptop. Finally, a laptop
comes with an adapter which charges the battery
and serves as the source of electric power when it
is plugged in.
Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5 are
both brag to be the best smart phones in the
market to date. While these state-of-the art
phones have similarities in the form of their sleek
design, multi-touch screen, and multimedia
features, they have their distinctive features as
well, first, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1
inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for
the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS )8.x)
while S5 uses android (5.0, 4.4.2).
In terms of camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-
facing camera which is higher than iPhone 6’s 1.2
megapixels. Unlike 5S, iPhone 6’s battery is not
user-replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but
when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6
outperforms S5.