Integration

25 F
inding areas of geometric figures had been studied by the ancient Greeks, and they had
found how to find the area of any polygon. Also, they were able to find the area of a
curved figure by inscribing polygons in the figure and then letting the number of sides
LEARNING OUTCOMES of the polygon increase. There was little more progress in finding such areas until the 1600s
when analytic geometry was developed.
After completion of this
Several mathematicians of the 1600s studied both the area problem and the tangent problem
chapter, the student should that was discussed in Chapter 23. These included the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat
be able to: and the English mathematician Isaac Barrow, both of whom developed a few formulas by
Understand the concept of the which tangents and areas could be found. However, Newton and Leibniz found that these two
problems were related and determined general methods of finding them. For these reasons,
antiderivative of a function Newton and Leibniz are credited with the creation of calculus.
Integrate basic functions such
Finding tangents and finding areas appear to be very different, but they are closely related. As
as constants, polynomials, and
we will show, finding an area uses the inverse process of finding the slope of a tangent line,
powers which we have shown can be interpreted as an instantaneous rate of change.
Evaluate the constant of
In physical and technical applications, we often find information that gives us the instantane-
integration ous rate of change of a variable. With such information, we have to reverse the process of
Approximate the area under differentiation in order to find the function when we know its derivative. This procedure is
a curve using inscribed known as integration, which is the inverse process of differentiation.
rectangles This means that areas are found by integration. There are also many applications of integra-
Find the area under a curve tion in science and technology. A few of these applications will be illustrated in this chapter,
using a definite integral and several specific applications will be developed in the next chapter.
Use the trapezoidal rule and
Simpson’s rule to approximate
a definite integral
Comstock/Thinkstock

In Section 25.2, integration is used

to find the displacement of a robot
arm as a function of time.

752
756 CHAPTER 25 Integration

Also, since the derivative of a sum of functions equals the sum of the derivatives,
we write

L
1du + dv2 = u + v + C (25.3)

To find the differential of a power of a function, we multiply by the power, subtract

1 from it, and multiply by the differential of the function. To find the integral, we
reverse this procedure to get the power formula for integration:

LEARNING TIP un+1

L
un du = + C 1n -1 2 (25.4)
We must be able to recognize the n + 1
proper form and the component
parts to use these formulas. Unless
you do this and have a good knowl- E X A M P L E 3 Integration using the power rule
Integrate 1 6x dx.
edge of differentiation, you will have
trouble using Eq. (25.4). Most of the
difficulty, if it exists, arises from an We must identify u, n, du, and any multiplying constants. Noting that 6 is a multi-
improper identification of du. plying constant, we identify x as u, which means dx must be du and n = 1.
1 u du do not forget the
n
un+1
constant of
integration
x2
L L
6x dx = 6 x1 dx = 6 a b + C = 3x2 + C
2

n + 1

We see that our result checks since the differential of 3x2 + C is 6x dx. ■

E X A M P L E 4 Integration of a polynomial using the power rule

Integrate 1 15x3 - 6x2 + 1 2 dx.
Here, we must use a combination of Eqs. (25.2), (25.3), and (25.4). Therefore,

L L L L
15x3 - 6x2 + 1 2 dx = 5x3 dx + 1 -6x2 2 dx + dx

L L L
= 5 x3 dx - 6 x2 dx + dx

1. Integrate 1 16x2 - 5 2 dx.

Practice Exercise
In the first integral, u = x, n = 3, and du = dx. In the second, u = x, n = 2, and
du = dx. The third uses Eq. (25.2) directly, with c = 1 and du = dx. This means
x4 x3
L L L
5 x3 dx - 6 x2 dx + dx = 5 a b - 6 a b + x + C
4 3
5 4
= x - 2x3 + x + C ■
4
 25.2 The Indefinite Integral 757

E X A M P L E 5 Integrating a square root and a power

with a negative exponent

L
1
Integrate a 1r - b dr.
r3
In order to use Eq. (25.4), we must first write 1r = r 1>2 and 1>r 3 = r -3:

L L L
1 1 1 -2
a 1r - 3
b dr = r 1>2 dr - r -3 dr = 3 r 3>2 - r + C
r 2
-2
2 3>2 1 2 1
= r + r -2 + C = r 3>2 + 2 + C ■
3 2 3 2r

E X A M P L E 6 Integrating a power of a function

Integrate 1 1x2 + 1 2 3 12x dx 2.
We first note that n = 3, for this is the power involved in the function being inte-
grated. If n = 3, then x2 + 1 must be u. If u = x2 + 1, then du = 2x dx. Thus, the
integral is in proper form for integration as it stands. Using the power formula,
LEARNING TIP 1x2 + 1 2 4
L
1x2 + 1 2 3 12x dx 2 = + C
It must be emphasized that the entire 4
quantity 1 2x dx2 must be equated to
du. Normally, u and n are recognized
Showing the use of u directly, we can write the integration as
1x2 + 1 2 4
L L
first, and then du is derived from u. 1 4
1x2 + 12 3 1 2x dx2 = u3 du = u + C = + C ■
4 4

E X A M P L E 7 Integrating a power of a function

Integrate 1 x2 2x3 + 2 dx.
We first note that n = 12 and u is then x3 + 2. Since u = x3 + 2, du = 3x2 dx.
Now, we group 3x2 dx as du. Since there is no 3 under the integral sign, we introduce
one. In order not to change the numerical value, we also introduce 13 , normally before
the integral sign.
Practice Exercise

L 3L 3L
1 1
L
2. Integrate 8x 21 - 2x2 dx. x2 2x3 + 2 dx = 3x2 2x3 + 2 dx = 2x3 + 2 13x2 dx2

Here, we indicate the proper grouping to have the proper form of Eq. (25.4):

L 3L
1 1 2
■ We have integrated certain basic functions. x2 2x3 + 2 dx = 2x3 + 2 13x2 dx2 = a b 1x3 + 2 2 3>2 + C
3 3
Other methods are used to integrate other
types of functions, and some of these are 2 3
discussed in Chapter 28. Also, many = 1x + 2 2 3>2 + C
functions cannot be integrated. 9
The 1> 32 was written as 23, since this form is more convenient with fractions.
With u = x3 + 2 and using u directly in the integration, we can write

L L
x2 2x3 + 2 dx = 1x3 + 2 2 1>2 1x2 dx 2

L 3L
1 1
= u1>2 a du b = u1>2 du integrating in terms of u
3
1 2 2
= a b u3>2 + C = u3>2 + C
3 3 9
2 3
= 1x + 2 2 3>2 + C substituting x 3 + 2 = u ■
9
758 CHAPTER 25 Integration

COMMON ERROR Because a constant factor may be moved across the integral sign, we can always
introduce a constant required to complete du, and also its reciprocal (so as not to
change the numerical value of the integral), as in Example 7. We note, however, that
only constant factors may be moved across the integral sign. If du is missing a varia-

across the integral sign. For example, when integrating 11x 2 + 1 2 2dx, we cannot
ble factor, we cannot introduce the variable factor and move its variable reciprocal

integrate by setting u = x 2 + 1, du = 2xdx because we cannot introduce the factor x

grate 11x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 2dx.

and take 1/x out of the integral. Instead, we need to square the binomial and inte-

EVALUATING THE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION

To find the constant of integration, we need information such as a set of values that
satisfy the function. A point through which the curve passes would provide the neces-
sary information. This is illustrated in the following examples.

E X A M P L E 8 Evaluating the constant of integration

Find y in terms of x, given that dy>dx = 3x - 1 and the curve passes through 11, 42.
The solution is as follows.
dy = 13x - 1 2 dx rewrite equation—solve for dy in terms of dx

L L
dy = 13x - 1 2 dx set up integration

3 2
y = x - x + C integrate
2
3 7
4 = - 1 + C or C = evaluate C; point (1, 4) satisfies equation
2 2
3 7
Fig. 25.2 y = x2 - x + or 2y = 3x2 - 2x + 7 see Fig. 25.2 ■
2 2

E X A M P L E 9 Integral with a negative exponent

The time rate of change of the displacement (velocity) of a robot arm is
ds>dt = 8t> 1 t 2 + 4 2 2. Find the expression for the displacement as a function of time
if s = - 1 m when t = 0 s.
First, we write ds = 1 t 2 8t+dt4 2 2 and then integrate. To integrate the expression on
■ See the chapter introduction. the right, we note that n = -2, u = t 2 + 4, and du = 2t dt. This means we need a 2
with t dt to form the proper du. In turn, this means we place a 12 before the integral
sign. Also, we place the 8 in front of the integral sign. Therefore,

L L 1t + 4 2 L
8t dt 1
ds = 2 2
= a b 1 8 2 1 t2 + 4 2 - 2 12t dt2 set up integration
2
1 -4
s = 4a b 1t 2 + 42 - 1 + C = 2 + C integrate; - 2 + 1 = -1
-1 t + 4
-4
-1 = + C or C = 0 evaluate C given s = -1 m when t = 0 s
0 + 4
-4
s = 2 expression for displacement ■
t + 4
 25.2 The Indefinite Integral 759

E XE R C IS ES 25 . 2
In Exercises 1– 4, make the given changes in the indicated examples dy
of this section, and then solve the resulting problems. 40. = 2x3 1 x4 - 62 4, curve passes through 12, 102
dx
1. In Example 3, change the coefficient 6 to 8. In Exercises 41– 60, solve the given problems. In Exercises 41– 46,
3
2. In Example 5, change 1r to 2r. explain your answers.

L
3. In Example 6, change the power 3 to 4.
41. Is 3x2 dx = x3?
4. In Example 8, change 1 1, 42 to 1 2, 32 .

L
In Exercises 5– 36, integrate each of the given expressions. 42. Can 1x2 - 12 2 dx be integrated with u = x2 - 1?

L L L L
5. 2x dx 6. 5x4 dx 7. x7 dx 43. Can 14x3 + 32 5x4 dx be integrated with u = 4x3 + 3 and

L L L
8. 0.6y5 dy 9. 8x3>2 dx 10. 3
62 x dx du = x4 dx?

L
44. Is 12x + 1 dx = 23 1 2x + 1 2 3>2?
L L 1x L
4
11. 9R-4 dR 12. dx 13. 1 x2 - x5 2 dx

L
2 3
45. Is 31 2x + 12 dx = 1 2x + 12 + C?
L L L
14. 11 - 3x2 dx 15. 19x2 + x + 32 dx 16. x 1 x - 22 2 dx

L
46. Is x -2 dx = - 31 x -3 + C?
2 2

L L
t 2 3x - 4
17. a
- 2 b dt 18. dx
2 t x2 47. Find the equation of the curve whose slope is - x21 - 4x2 and
that passes through 1 0, 72 .
L L
2
19. 1x1 x - x2 dx 20. 1 3R1R - 5R2 2 dR 48. Find the equation of the curve whose slope is 16x - 3 and that
passes through 1 2, - 12 .

L L
21. 12x -2>3 + 3-2 2 dx 22. 1 x1>3 + x1>5 + x -1>7 2 dx 49. Find the general form of the function whose second derivative is 1x.
50. Find the general form of the expression for the displacement s of

L L
23. 1 1 + 12x2 2 2 dx 24. 1 x2 + 4x + 42 1>3 dx an object if its acceleration is 9.8 m>s2.
51. If the consumption of natural gas is 0.14 + 0.000 28t billion

L L
25. 1 x2 - 1 2 5 12x dx2 26. 1 t3 - 2 2 6 1 3t 2 dt2 m3 >year, find the volume V that will be consumed in the next t
years. (At the end of 2010, Canada had reserves of natural gas of
about 2.8 * 1010 m3.)
L L
27. 1 x4 + 32 4 14x3 dx2 28. 1 1 - 2x 2 1>3 1 -2 dx2
52. The radius r (in m) of a circular oil spill is increasing at the rate
dr 3
L L
29. 1 2u 5 + 5 2 7u 4 du 30. 6x2 11 - x3 2 4>3 dx given by = , where t is in minutes. Find the radius
dt 24t + 1
as a function of t, if t is measured from the time of the spill.

L L 10.3 + 2V2 3
dV
31. 18x + 1 dx 32. 53. The time rate of change of electric current in a circuit is given by
di>dt = 4t - 0.6t2. Find the expression for the current as a func-
2x2 dx
L 26x2 + 1 L 22x3 + 1
x dx
33. 34. tion of time if i = 2 A when t = 0 s.
54. The rate of change of the frequency f of an electronic oscillator
3 8
L 2z2 - 2z L
4z - 4 with respect to the inductance L is df>dL = 801 4 + L2 -3>2.
35. dz 36. 1x2 - x2ax3 - x2b dx
2 Find f as a function of L if f = 80 Hz for L = 0 H.
55. The rate of change of the temperature T (in °C) from the centre of
In Exercises 37– 40, find y in terms of x.
a blast furnace to a distance r (in m) from the centre is given by
dy dT>dr = - 4500 1r + 1 2 -3. Express T as a function of r if
37. = 6x2, curve passes through 1 0, 22 T = 2500°C for r = 0.
dx
dy 56. The rate of change of current i (in mA) in a circuit with a variable
38. = 8x + 1, curve passes through 1 - 1, 42 inductance is given by di>dt = 30015.0 - t 2 -2, where t (in ms)
dx
is the time the circuit is closed. Find i as a function of t if
dy i = 300 mA for t = 2.0 ms.
39. = x2 11 - x3 2 5, curve passes through 1 1, 5 2
dx
 25.3 The Area Under a Curve 761

Table 25.1 An even better approximation could be obtained by inscribing more rectangles
Number of Total Area under the curve. The greater the number of rectangles, the closer the sum of their areas
Rectangles n of Rectangles is to the area under the curve. See Table 25.1. By using integration later in this section,
we determine the exact area to be 76 1
3 = 25 3 . ■
8 21.5
100 25.0144 We now develop the basic method used to find the area under a curve, which is the
1000 25.301 344 area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b. See Fig. 25.4.
10 000 25.330 134 We assume here that f 1x2 is never negative in the interval a 6 x 6 b. In Chapter 26,
we will extend the method so that f1x 2 may be negative.
In finding the area under a curve, we consider the sum of the areas of inscribed rec-
tangles, as the number of rectangles is assumed to increase without bound. The reason
for this last condition is that, as we saw in Example 1, as the number of rectangles
increases, the approximation of the area is better.

E X A M P L E 2 Letting the number of rectangles approach infinity

Find the area under the straight line y = 2x, above the x-axis, and to the left of the line
x = 4.
Fig. 25.4
Since this figure is a right triangle, the area can easily be found. However, the method
we use here is the important concept. We first subdivide the interval from x = 0 to
x = 4 into n inscribed rectangles of width ∆x. The endpoints of the intervals are
labelled a, x1, x2, c, b 1 = xn 2, as shown in Fig. 25.5, where a = 0, b = 4 and
x1 = ∆x x2 = 2∆x, c xn-1 = 1n - 1 2 ∆x b = n∆x
The area of each of these n rectangles is as follows:
First: f 1a 2 ∆x, where f1a 2 = f1 0 2 = 2 10 2 = 0 is the height.
Second: f1 x1 2 ∆x, where f 1x1 2 = 2 1 ∆x2 = 2 ∆x is the height.
Third: f 1x2 2 ∆x, where f1x2 2 = 212 ∆x2 = 4 ∆x is the height.
Fourth: f 1x3 2 ∆x, where f 1x3 2 = 2 13 ∆x 2 = 6 ∆x is the height.
f
Last: f 1xn-1 2 ∆x, where f31n - 1 2 ∆x 4 = 2 1n - 1 2 ∆x is the height.
These areas are summed up as follows:

An = f1a 2 ∆x + f 1x1 2 ∆x + f1x2 2 ∆x + g + f1xn-1 2 ∆x (25.5)

Fig. 25.5
= 0 + 2 ∆x1 ∆x2 + 4 ∆x1 ∆x2 + g + 2 31n - 1 2 ∆x4 ∆x
= 2 1 ∆x2 2 3 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 1n - 1 2 4
Now, b = n ∆x, or 4 = n ∆x, or ∆x = 4>n. Thus,
4 2
An = 2a b 3 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 1n - 1 24
n
The sum of the arithmetic sequence 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n - 1 is
n - 1 n 1n - 1 2 n2 - n
s = 11 + n - 1 2 = =
2 2 2
Now, the expression for the sum of the areas can be written as
LEARNING TIP 32 n2 - n 1
An = 2
a b = 16 a1 - b
The area under the curve is the limit n 2 n
of the sum of the areas of the This expression is an approximation of the actual area under consideration. The larger
inscribed rectangles, as the number
n becomes, the better the approximation. If we let n S ∞ (which is equivalent to let-
of rectangles approaches infinity.
ting ∆x S 0 2, the limit of this sum will equal the area in question.
1
■ This checks with the geometric result. A = lim 16 a1 - b = 16 1>n S 0 as n S ∞ ■
Sn ∞ n
762 CHAPTER 25 Integration

The method indicated in Example 2 illustrates the interpretation of finding an area

as a summation process, although it should not be considered as a proof. However, we
will find that integration proves to be a much more useful method for finding an area.
Let us now see how integration can be used directly.
Let ∆A represent the area BCEG under the curve, as indicated in Fig. 25.6. We see
that the following inequality is true for the indicated areas:
ABCDG 6 ∆A 6 ABCEF
If the point G is now designated as 1 x, y2 and E as 1x + ∆x, y + ∆y2, we have
y∆x 6 ∆A 6 1y + ∆y2 ∆x. Dividing through by ∆x, we have
Fig. 25.6
∆A
y 6 6 y + ∆y
∆x
Now, we take the limit as ∆x S 0 (∆y then approaches zero). This results in
dA
y (25.6)
dx
This is true since the left member of the inequality is y and the right member approaches
y. Also, in the definition of the derivative, Eq. (23.6), f 1x + h 2 - f1x 2 is equivalent
to ∆A, and h is equivalent to ∆x, which means
∆A dA
lim =
∆x S 0 ∆x dx
We shall now use Eq. (25.6) to show the method of finding the complete area under
a curve. We now let x = a be the left boundary of the desired area and x = b be the
right boundary (Fig. 25.7). The area under the curve to the right of x = a and bounded
on the right by the line GB is now designated as Aax. From Eq. (25.6), we have
Fig. 25.7
x x

L L
dAax = 3 y dx 4 xa or Aax = c
y dx d = c f1x2 dx d
a a
x
where 3 4 a is the notation used to indicate the boundaries of the area. If the indefinite
integral is given by F(x) + C, we have
x

L
Aax c
f1 x2 dx d 3F 1x 2 C 4 xa (25.7)
a
But we know that if x = a, then Aaa = 0. Thus, 0 = F1a 2 + C, or C = - F1a 2.
Therefore,
x

L
Fig. 25.8 Aax c
f1 x2 dx d F 1x 2 F1 a 2 (25.8)
a
Now, to find the area under the curve that reaches from a to b, we write
LEARNING TIP
Aab = F1 b2 - F1a 2 (25.9)
Eq. (25.10) tells us that the area
under the curve may be found by Thus, the area under the curve that reaches from a to b is given by
integrating the function f 1x2 to find
the function F 1x 2, which is then eval- b

L
uated at each boundary value. The Aab = c f 1x2 dx d = F1b 2 - F1a 2 (25.10)
area is the difference between these a
values of F 1x 2. See Fig. 25.8.
Note that we do not have to
include the constant of integration
when using F(x) in Eq. (25.10). Any
constant added to F 1x 2 cancels out
when F 1a 2 is subtracted from F 1b2.
 25.3 The Area Under a Curve 763

Integration as Summation In Example 2, we found an area under a curve by finding the limit of the sum of the
areas of the inscribed rectangles as the number of rectangles approaches infinity.
Eq. (25.10) expresses the area under a curve in terms of integration. We can now see
that we have obtained an area by summation and also expressed it in terms of integra-
tion. Therefore, we conclude that
summations can be evaluated by integration.
Also, we have seen the connection between the problem of finding the slope of a tan-
gent to a curve (differentiation) and the problem of finding an area under a curve (inte-
gration). We would not normally suspect that these two problems would have solutions
that lead to reverse processes. We have also seen that the definition of integration has
much more application than originally anticipated.

E X A M P L E 3 Area under a curve by integration

Find the area under the curve of y = x2 + 1 between the y-axis and the line x = 4.
This is the same area that we illustrated in Example 1 and showed in Fig. 25.3(a). This
figure is shown again here for reference.
Using Eq. (25.10), we note that f 1x2 = x2 + 1. This means that

L
1 3
1x2 + 1 2 dx = x + x + C
3
1 3
Therefore, with F1x2 = 3x + x, the area is given by
A0,4 = F1 42 - F10 2 using Eq. (25.10)

1 1
= c 143 2 + 4 d - c 103 2 + 0 d evaluating F1x2 at x = 4 and x = 0
3 3
1 76
Fig. 25.3(a) = 164 2 + 4 =
3 3
We note that 76>3 is a little more than 25 square units and is therefore about 4 square
Practice Exercise units more than the value obtained using eight inscribed rectangles in Example 1.
2. In Example 3, change x2 + 1 to x3 + 1 Therefore, from this result, we know that the exact area under the curve is 25 13 , as
and then find the area. stated at the end of Example 1. ■

y E X A M P L E 4 Area under a curve by integration

Find the area under the curve y = x3 that is between the lines x = 1 and x = 2, as
shown in Fig. 25.9.
y = x3 In Eq. (25.10), f1x2 = x3. Therefore,
F1x2

L
1
x3 dx = x4 + C
4
1 1
x A1,2 = F122 - F11 2 = c 124 2 d - c 1 14 2 d using Eq. (25.10) and evaluating
1 2 4 4
1 15
Fig. 25.9 = 4 - =
4 4
The calculated area of 15 >4 is the exact area, not an approximation. ■
766 CHAPTER 25 Integration

E X A M P L E 4 Definite integral with a radical in the denominator

Practice Exercise
2.7

L0.1
6 dx
Evaluate .
L0
2. Evaluate 14x + 1 dx. 14x + 1
In order to integrate, we have n = - 21 , u = 4x + 1, and du = 4 dx. Therefore,
2.7 2.7 2.7

L0.1 L0.1 L0.1

dx 1
= 14x + 1 2 -1>2 dx = 14x + 12 -1>2 14 dx 2
14x + 1 4
1 1 1
= a b 14x + 1 2 1>2 0 0.1
2.7
= 14x + 1 2 1>2 0 2.7
0.1 integrate
4 12 2
1
= 1 111.8 - 11.4 2 = 1.13 evaluate ■
2

E X A M P L E 5 Integral involving a negative power of a function

4
x + 1
L0 1x + 2x + 2 2
Evaluate 2 3
dx.

For integrating, n = -3, u = x2 + 2x + 2, and du = 12x + 2 2dx.

4 4

L0 2 L0
1
1x2 + 2x + 2 2 -3 1x + 1 2 dx = 1x2 + 2x + 2 2 -3 3 2 1x + 1 2 dx4

1 1
= a b 1 x2 + 2x + 22 -2 40 integrate
2 -2
1 1
= - 116 + 8 + 22-2 + 10 + 0 + 22 -2 evaluate
4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= a- 2 + 2b = a - b
4 26 2 4 4 676
1 168 21
= a b = ■
4 676 338

The following example illustrates an application of the definite integral. In Chapter 26,
we will see that the definite integral has many applications in science and technology.

E X A M P L E 6 Definite integral—application

definite integral in the equation Q = 10 24011.50 - y dy. See Fig. 25.12. Find Q.
The rate of flow Q (in m3 >s) of water over a certain dam is found by evaluating the
1.25

The solution is as follows:

1.25 1.25

L0 L0
Q = 24011.50 - y dy = - 240 11.50 - y2 1>2 1 -dy 2
Fig. 25.12
2
= -240a b 1 1.50 - y2 3>2 0 1.25
0 integrate
3
= -1603 11.50 - 1.252 3>2 - 11.50 - 0 2 3>2 4 evaluate
= -16010.253>2 - 1.503>2 2 = 274 m3 >s ■

Some graphing calculators are programmed to evaluate definite integrals and areas
under curves. The manual should be consulted to determine how any particular model
is used for integration.