LOGARITHM

x 1 x 2 2x 11 9
5. 5 9 5
.
3 25 3
2 x 2 2x 11 x 1 9
3 3 3
5 5 5
2 x 2 2x 11 x 8
3 3
=
5 5
2
2(x + 2x–11) = x – 8
2
2x + 4x – 22 – x + 8 = 0
2
2x + 3x – 14 = 0
(2x + 7) (x –2) = 0
x= 7 & x=2
2

2 7.2x 3.9
6. 3x 9 3 log (7–x) = 0

2 7.2x 3.9
3x 9 3 0 log(7–x) = 0
72x 39 5
x2 7– x = 1 x=6
10 10 2
2
10x – 72x + 14 = 0
(x – 7) (10x – 2) = 0
1
x=
5
(x = 7 rejected 7–x 0)

2x 2x x x
7. 5 = 3 + 2.5 + 2.3
2x 2x x x
5 – 3 = 2( 5 + 3 )
(5x + 3x) (5x – 3x) = 2(5x + 3x)
5x – 3x = 2
only true for x = 1

sagi
8. (i) log 2 1 0 (ii) log 2 2 1
2
(iii) log 2 4 log 2 2 2 (iv) log 2 8 3
(v) log 2 1 log 2 2 1 1 (vi) log 2 1 log 2 2 5
5
2 32
1
1 1
(vii) log2 log2 2 4 4 (viii) log2 2 log2 22
16 2
3
(ix) log 2 3 8 log 2 2 1 (x) log2 2 2 log2 2 2 3
2

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 LOGARITHM
1 1
1 1 3
3
(xi) log 2 log 2 2 5 (xii) log 2 log 2 2 7
5
2 5 7
8 7

1
g-9. (i) log 1 1 0 (ii) log 1 1
3 3
3
2
1 1
(iii) log 1 log 1 2 (iv) log 1 3 = log3 3 1
3
9 3
3 3

(v) log 1 9 log3 32 2 (vi) log 1 81 log3 34 4

3 3
1 1
1 1 1
(vii) log 1 3 3 = log 3 33 (viii) log 1 7
= log 3 3 7

3
3 3 3 7
9
5 5 1 9
(ix) log 1 9 3 log 3 3 = 2 (x) log 1 = log3 3 4 =
3
2 3
94 3 4

10. (i) log 2 a 2

99 2
a=2 =4
(ii) loga 2 1
2=a
(iii) loga1 = 0
a>0 & a 1
(iv) log10 (a (a+3)) = 1
a (a + 3) = 10
2
a + 3a – 10 = 0
(a + 5) (a – 2)= 0
a = –5, 2
(v) log 1 a 2 1 1
3
1
2 1
(a – 1) =
3
2
a –1=3
2
a =4
a= 2
(vi) log 2 a 2 5 2
2 2
a –5 = 2
2
a =9
a= 3

*
11.
.
(i) log3 1 0 (ii) log3 3 1

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 LOGARITHM
(iii) log3 9 2 (iv) log3 81 4
1 1
(v) log3 log3 3 1 1 (vi) log3 3
3 2
3
1 3 7
7
(vii) log3 log3 3 2 (viii) log3 27 3 log3 3 2
3 3 2 2
2
(ix) log3 7 9 log3 3 7 2
7
1
12. (i) log 1 1 0 (ii) log 1 1
B 2
2 2
3
1 1
(iii) log 1 log 1 3 (iv) log 1 16 log 2 24 4
2
8 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 1
(v) log 1 2 log 2 22 (vi) log 1 log 2 2 2

2
2 2 2 2
3 1 9
3 1 9
(vii) log 1 2 2 log 2 22 (viii) log 1 log 2 2 2.2 4 = log 2 2 4
2
2 2 44 2 4

•
13. (i) log3 a 2
2
a=3 =9
(ii) log1/3 (a) 4
a = (1/3)4
1
a
81
(iii) log1/3 a 0
a = (1/3)0 = 1
a=1
(iv) loga1 = 0
a>0 a 1
(v) loga (a + 2) = 2
(a + 2) = a2
a2 – a – 2 = 0
(a – 2) (a + 1) = 0
a=2 (a –1 base cannot be negative)
(vi) log3 a 2 1 1
a2 + 1 = 3
a2 = 2
a= 2

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 LOGARITHM
14. (i) log2 x2 = 1
* x2 = 2
x= 2
(ii) log3 x = log3 (2–x)
x = 2–x
x=1
(iii) log4 x2 = log4 x
x2 = x
x (x – 1) = 0
x=1 ( x = 0 is out of domain)
(iv) log 1 2x 1 log 1 x 1
2 2
2x +1 = x + 1
x=0
(v) log1/3 x 2 8 2
2 –2
(x + 8) = (1/3)
2
x2 + 8 = 3
x2 = 1
x= 1

15.
8 (i) log2 x2 = 2 (ii) log1/4 x 2 1
x2 = 22 x2 1/ 4
1
x= 2 x
2

(iii) log1/2 x log1/2 3 x 0

x
log1/2 0
3 x
x
1
3 x
x = 3 –x
2x = 3
3
x=
2

(iv) log2(x+1) – log2(2x –3) = 0

x 1
log 2 0
2x 3

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 LOGARITHM
x 1
1
2x 3
x + 1 = 2x – 3
x=4

16. (i) log51 = 0 (ii) log55 = 1

9
"

4
(iii) log5 25 = 2 (iv) log55 = 4
1 1
(v) log5 log5 5 1 1 (vi) log5 log5 5 2
2
5 25
1 1 1
(vii) log5 log5 5 1/2
(viii) log5 5 log5 51/4
5 2 4
1 1
(ix) log5 51/2 (x) log5 51/3
2 3
1/4 1/4 1
(xi) log5 4 5 3 5 log5 5.51/3 log5 54/3 =
3
2
17.
10 .
(i) log 3 2
5 2 6 = log 3 2
3 2 1
2
(ii) log 5 1
6 2 5 = log 5 1
5 1 2
3
(iii) log73. log52. log37.log2(125) = log52. log25 = 3log52.log25 = 3
log 3 2log 3 2
(iv) 25 5 = 5 5 = 5log5 3 9
log 16 1
log 5 log 16 log 16
(v) 6 6 3 9 =5+ 3 32 = 5 32 3
=5+4=9
1
(vi) log 6 4 = log6 4 log6 9 = log6 36 = 2
log9 6
1
1 1
18.
11 (i) log5 log5 5 2
2
-

5
2 2
(ii) log3 (4sin x + 4cos x–1)
= log3 (4 – 1) = log3 3 = 1
2
(iii) log128 + log123 + log126 = log12 (8 × 3 × 6) = log12 144 = log12 12 = 2
500 4 500 3
(iv) log5 log5 = log5 = log5125 = 3
3 3 3 4
15 13
15 13 5 15 13 21
(v) log39 log39 log39 = log39 7 3 = log39 = log3939 = 1
7 3 21 5 7 3 5
21
(vi) 2log62 + 3log63 + log612
3 4
= log6 (4×3 × 12) = log6 (48 × 27) = log61296 = log6 6 = 4

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 LOGARITHM
x 3 x
(x) log6 2 log6 3 2 x
2x 3
log 6 x
3x 2
2x 3
6x
3x 2
8.2x x
x
3x.2x (let 3 = t)
3 2
8
t
t 2
2
8 = t –2t
2
t – 2t – 8 = 0
(t + 2)(t – 4) = 0
t = 4 (t – 2 3x cannot be negative)
x
3 =4
x = log3 4

EXERCISE # 3
1. log22a = log23 log29b = log24
log 2 4
a = log23 ………(1) b= log9 4 …………..(2)
log 2 9
ab = log23 × log94
= log23 × log 3 2 22
2
= log23 × log3 2
2
ab = 1

2. 4 log3 x 23
log3 x 8 4
4
x = 3 = 81
sum of digits = 8 + 1 = 9

x x 2
3. log10 0
5x 4
x 2 2x
100 = 1
5x 4
2
x + 2x = 5x + 4
2
x – 3x – 4 = 0

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 LOGARITHM
(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
x = 4 ( x = –1 is out of domain)
sum = 4

4. x.xlog10 x 100000x
x x log10 x 100000 0
x 0
x log10 x 105
log10 x log10 x log10 105
log10 x.log10 x 5
2
log10 x 5
1
log10 x 52
5 5
x1 10 & x2 10
5 5
x1 x 2 10 10 100 1
3
5. log e e2 log e x 4 21nx
3
4 1nx 2 1nx
2
3
2 2 1nx 1nx
2
2
3 = 8lnx – 41n x
2
41n x – 81nx + 3 = 0
3 1
1nx = ,
2 2
3/2
x1 e & x 2 e1/2
2
Product x1x2 = e3/2 .e1/2 = e

log 2 x 2 1 log13 x 2 1
6. 1
log 2 x 2 1 .log13 x 2 1
1 1
1
log13 x 2 1 log 2 x 2 1
log x 2 1
13 log x 2 1
2 1
log x2 1
26 1
2
26 = x + 1
2
x = 25

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 LOGARITHM
x= 5
2
log7 (x + 24) = log7 (25 + 24) = log749 = 2

p p 2 2 2
7. a = 3 , c = b , 9 = b2/p b 9(p /2)
b = 3p
2 4p 3p 2
a 4 b3 34p.33p 3 4p 3p2 p3
log9 = log 9 = log 9 = log9 3
c bp 3
3p
1 4p 3p2 p3 p3 3p2 4p
log3 3 =
2 2
1 3
= , = , = 2, =0
2 2
1 3 4
Hence + + + = 0 =1+2=3
2 2 2

1
8. loga 1 1 x = loga 3 1 x
2
2
1 1 x = 3 1 x
1 + (1 + x) – 2 1 x = 3 – 1 x
2+x–3= 1 x
x–1= 1 x
2
x + 1 – 2x = 1 + x
2
x – 3x = 0
x (x –3) = 0
x = 0, 3
Both the solutions are out of domain
so number of solutions of the equation = 0

1
9. 1 log3 x 2 2 log3 x log 9 x 3
2
1 2 log3 x 4 log 3 x 3
log3 x
2 2
4 8log3 x log3 x 2log32 x 9
log32 x
2 4
8 16log3 x 2log3 x 4log32 x 9log32 x
5log32 x 18log3 x 8 0
5log32 x 20log3 x 2log3 x 8 0
5log3x (log3x –4) + 2(log3x – 4) = 0
log3x – 4 = 0 or 5log3 x + 2 = 0

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 LOGARITHM
4 2
x=3 x 3 5 (Rejected LHS cannot be negative)
2 2 2 2
10. 7x 2 7x 7x 12
7x 12
0
2 2
7x 7x 12
0
2
7x 7x 12
2
x = x +12
2
x – x –12 = 0
(x + 3) (x – 4) = 0
x1 = –3 , x2 = 4
x1 + x2 = 1

n
11. x, y 2 & n I
1 + logx y = log2 y
log 2 y A B
1 log 2 y (Let x = 2 & y = 2 )
log 2 x
B
1 B
A
A + B = AB
Possible solutions are (a) A = B = 0 (Rejected x 1)
(b) A = B = 2
2 2
x=2 & y=2
x=4 & y=4
(x + y) = 8
2
12. 2 log8 n < 3
2 3
8 n2 < 8
2 2
8 n2 < 16 2

8 n < 16 2
8 n < 22.6
if n I n = {8, 9, 10………22}
no. of possible n = 15

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1 1
1. log3/4 log2 x 2 7 1 + log1/2 log 2 x 2 7 1 0
3 2
1 3 1 1
log3/4 log2 x 2 7 log3/4 log1/2 log2 x 2 7 log1/2 0
3 4 2 2

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 LOGARITHM

19. 2 3 5 13 48

2
2 3 5 12 1 2 3 5 12 1 2 3 4 12

2
2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3

2
8 4 3 6 2

6 2 on comparing . a b
a = 6, b=2
a+b=8

EXERCISE # 2
2 2
ab ab 4 a b ab ab 4 a b
1. log10 + log10
2 2

2 2
ab ab 4 a b
= log10
4

4 a b
= log10 = log10 43 57 = log10 100 2
4
B 2log6 18.3log 6 3
= 2 log6 6 log 6 3 .3log6 3
= 2 1 log6 3 .3log6 3
= 2. 2log6 3.3log6 3
= 2. 6log6 3
= 2.3 = 6
AB = 2 × 6 = 12
1/4
4/3 1/3
2. (a) log1/3 729. 9 1.27
1/4
6 2 3 4/3 1/3
= log1/3 3 3 . 3

1/4
6 1/3
= log1/3 36 3

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 LOGARITHM
2 1/4
= log1/3 36.3
1/4
= log1/3 34
= log1/3 3 1

log log N
b b
log a
b
(b) a = a loga loga N
= logbN

3. log3 X. log4 X. log5 X = log3 X. log4 X + log4 X .log5 X + log5 X. log3 X

1 1 1 1
= + +
log x 3.log x 4.log x 5 log x 3.log x 4 log x 4.log x 5 log x 5.log x 3
1 log x 5 log x 3 log x 4
log x 3.log x 4.log x 5 log x 3.log x 4.log x 5
log x 60 = 1
x = 60
and x = 1 is also solution for this equation
2 2 2
(x1 + x2) = (60+1) = (61) = 3721
5log 3 6
4. 4 4 2 6log8 3 2
5log2 5 2 3 6 6log 3 2
23
4
2 2
log 2 3 6 log 3 2
4
2 2
3 6 33 2
log 2 2
log 2 2
3 2 3 2 2
4 =4 = 2log 2 3 9

1 3
1og5 9 1og 6 3 2
81 3 log 25 6
5. . 7 log 25 7 125
409

81log9 5 33log3 6 2log 7 25 3log 2 6

. 7 5 5
409
25 6 6
25 6 6
409
625 216 409
= =1
409 409

1
log1/5
2 4 1
6. 5 log log1/2
2 7 3 10 2 21

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 LOGARITHM

4 1
= 2 2 log 2 log 2
7 3 2 5 21

16 1
= 2 log2 log 2
7 3 2 21 2 5 21

16
= 2 log2 2 5 21
10 2 21
4
= 2 log 2 2 2 4 6

2
7. log 2 a s, log 4 b s2 & log c2 8 3
s 1
2 4 s3 1
s s2 3 4
a=2 , b 4 , 8 = C2 s3 1 = Cs 1
C= 8
2
a 2 b5 22s.45s
log 2 = log 2
c4 8
s3 1

10s2 3s3 3
= log 2 22s = 2s 10s2 3(s3 1)

8. 49 1 log7 2 5 log5 4
1
= 49.49 log7 2 5log5 4
1
= 49.7 2log 7 2
4
2 1
= 49.7 log7 2
4
1 1
= 49.
4 4
50 25
=
4 2

log 2 8 3 log 2 26 3
9. L.H.S. =
log96 2 log12 2
= 3 log 2 3 log 2 96 6 log 2 3 log 212
= 3 log 2 3 log 2 25 3 6 log 2 3 log 2 4 3
= 3 log 2 3 5 log 2 3 6 log 2 3 2 log 2 3
2 2
= 15 8log 2 3 log 2 3 12 8log 2 3 log 2 3 3

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 LOGARITHM
x y
10. a –b =0 x loga b & y log b a
x loga b
y log b a
x log a b 2
= log a b
y log b a
x
log a b
y
x
b a y
y x
b =a
x y
a –b =0 Proved

11. (i) log x 1 3 2

1
2
log3 x 1
1
log3 x 1
2
x–1= 3
x 1 3

1
(ii) log 4 2log3 1 log 2 1 3log3 x
2
2log3 1 log 2 1 3log3 x 2
1 log 2 1 3log3 x 3
1 3log3 x 4
3log3 x = 3
log3 x = 1
x=3
x
(iii) log3 (1 + log3 (2 – 7)) = 1
x
1+ log3 (2 – 7) = 3
x
log3 (2 – 7) = 2
x
(2 – 7) = 9
x 4
2 = 16 = 2
x=4
x
(iv) log3(3 – 8) = 2– x
x 2–x
3 –8=3

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 LOGARITHM
x 9
3 –8=
3x
x 2 x
(3 ) – 8.3 = 9 ( let 3x = t)
2
t – 8t – 9 = 0
(t + 1)(t – 9) = 0
t=9 ( 3x cannot be negative)
x
3 =9
x
3 = 32
x=2

log 2 9 2x
(v) 1
3 x
x
log2 (9–2 ) = 3–x
x 3–x
9–2 =2
x 8
9–2 = x
2
2
9t – t = 8
2
t – 9t + 8 = 0 (t – 8)(t – 1) = 0
t=1 t=8
x x
2 =1 2 =8
x=0 x = 3 rejected ( 3–x 0 denominator)

2
(vi) log5–x (x – 2x + 65) = 2
2 2
x – 2x + 65 = (5–x)
2 2
x – 2x + 65 = 25 + x – 10x
8x = – 40
x = –5

(vii) log105 + log10(x +10) – 1 = log10(21x – 20) – log10(2x – 1)

5 x 10 21x 20
log10 log10
10 2x 1
x 10 21x 20
2 2x 1
2
2x + 20x – x – 10 = 42x – 40
2
2x – 23x + 30 = 0
(x – 10)(2x – 3) = 0
x = 10, x = 3/2
(viii) x1 log10 x 10x
x.x log10 x 10x

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 LOGARITHM
log10 x
log10 x log10 10
2
log10 x 1
log10 x 1
1
x 10,
10
2
(ix) 2 log x 5 3log x 5 1 0 (let log x 5 t)
2
2t – 3t + 1 = 0
(t –1) (2t –1) = 0
t =1 t =1/2
1
log x 5 1 log x 5
2
1
x= 5 5 x2 x=5
x { 5,5}

(x) 3 2log x 1 3 2log3 x 1

2
3 2 log3 x 1 (let log3 (x + 1) = t)
log3 x 1
2
3 2t
t
2
3t + 2 = 2t
2
2t – 3t – 2 = 0
(t –2) (2t +1) = 0
t = 2, –1/2
If t = –1/2
log3(x + 1) = –1/2
1
x+1=
3
1 1 3
x= 1 =
3 3
3 3
=
3
3 3
=
3
If t=2
log3(x + 1) = 2
x+1=9
x=8

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 LOGARITHM
2
x
12. (i) log 21 4x log 2 8
2 8
2
log 2 1 4x log 2 x 2 log 2 8 8
2
log 2 4x 2log 2 x 3 8
2
log 2 4 log 2 x 2log 2 x 11 0
2
2 log 2 x 2log 2 x 11 0
4 log22 x 4log 2 x 2log 2 x 11 0 (let log2x = t)
2
t + 6t – 7 = 0
( t +7) (t –1) = 0
t = –7, 1
log2 x = –7 log2x = 1
–7
x=2 x=2

(ii) log0.5x x 2 14log16x x 3 40log 4x x 0

2 42 20
0
log x 0.5x log x 16x log x 4x
1 21 10
0
log x 0.5 1 4log x 2 1 2log x 2 1
(4logx 2 + 1) (2logx 2 + 1) – 21(logx 0.5+1) (2logx 2+1) +10(logx 0.5 +1) (4logx 2+ 1) = 0
(4t + 1) ( 2t +1) – 21 (– t +1) (2t +1) + 10(– t +1) (4t + 1) = 0 (let logx 2 = t)
2
10t + 15t – 10 = 0
2
2t + 3t – 2 = 0
(t + 2) (2t –1) = 0
t = –2, 1/2
1
logx 2 = –2 logx 2 =
2
1
–2
2=x 2= x2
2
2 1 / x2 x =2 = 4
2 1
x =
2
1
x= (x 1/ 2 x cannot be negative)
2

(iii) log3 4.3x 1 = 2x + 1

x (2x +1)
4.3 –1 = 3
x 2x
4.3 – 1 = 3 .3
2x x x
3.3 – 4.3 + 1 = 0 (let 3 = t)
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 LOGARITHM
2
3.t – 4t + 1 = 0
(t –1) (3t –1) = 0
1
t=1 t=
3
x x 1
3 =1 3 =
3
x=0 x = –1
2 x 2
(iv) log5 log5
10 x 1
2 x 2
10 x 1
(2 + x) (x + 1) = 20
2
2x +x + 2 + x = 20
2
x + 3x – 18 = 0
(x – 3) (x + 6) = 0
2
x = 3 (x – 6 cannot be negative)
x 1
(v) 1 + 2log(x+2) 5 = log5 (x + 2)
2
1 log5 x 2 ( let log5 (x + 2) = t)
log5 x 2
2
1 t
t
2
t –t–2=0
2
t – 2t + t – 2 = 0
t(t –2) +1(t –2) = 0
(t – 2) (t + 1) = 0
t = 2, –1

if t = log5(x + 2) = 2
(x + 2) = 25
x = 23

if t = log5(x +2) = –1
1
x+2=
5
1
x 2
5
9
x
5
(vi) log 4 24x 2log2 4

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 LOGARITHM
1
log 2 24x 4
2
4x
4
2
x=2
(vii) log 2 4.3x 6 log 2 9x 6 1
4.3x 6 x
2 (let 3 = t)
9x 6
4t 6
2
t2 6
2
4t – 6 = 2t – 12
2
2t – 4t –6 = 0
2
t – 2t – 3 = 0
(t –3) (t + 1) = 0
t = 3 ( 3x cannot be negative)
x
3 =3
x=1
4
(viii) 2log8 2x log8 x 2 1 2x
3
4
log8 4x 2 log8 x 2 1 2x
3
4
log8 4x 2 x 2 2x 1
3
2 2 4
(4x ) (x – 2x + 1) = 23 3

2 2
4x (x – 2x +1 ) = 16
2 2
x (x –2x + 1 ) = 4
4 3 2
x – 2x + x – 4 = 0
3
(x – 2) (x + x + 2) = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1)(x2 – x + 2) = 0
x = 2 (x – 1 2x cannot be negative)
(ix) log32 6 log32 2 2
log10 x 2 log3 12
2
log3 6 log3 2 log3 6 log3 2 log10 x 2 log3 12
2
log3 12.log3 3 log10 x 2 log3 12
2
3 log10 x
3 log10 x
3 3
x 10 , 10

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 LOGARITHM
x 3 x
(x) log6 2 log6 3 2 x
2x 3
log 6 x
3x 2
2x 3
6x
3x 2
8.2x x
x
3x.2x (let 3 = t)
3 2
8
t
t 2
2
8 = t –2t
2
t – 2t – 8 = 0
(t + 2)(t – 4) = 0
t = 4 (t – 2 3x cannot be negative)
x
3 =4
x = log3 4

1.
Hi,
log22 =Fo a
log23
pH
log29 r
-72k -13.9 ) EXERCISE # 3
= log24
-

b
gfzjlogtt
-

Ako
log 2 4
zRZ-
11
a = log7.2k
2
3 ………(1)

ab = log23 × log94
-139=35/2 b=
log 2 9
log9 4 …………..(2)
O

= log23 × log 3 2 22 7- R
- -
I
2
NZ-= log23 × 2 log3 2
ab = 1 7¥ -13,10=52 Af
2. 4 log3 x 23
IONZ
log x
-

721+39=25
8 4
3
4
x = 3 = 81
lot
sum -72k
of digits = 8 + -114=0
1=9

522x x 36N
2 # 7=0

logo
-

projected hotdfimd
3. log10 0
' 5x 4
2Sae 35k n -17=0
-
-

x 2x
100 = 1
5x 4
2 sack -7
x + 2x = 5x + 4
) -

the -71=0
A- 7.
Yg
2
x – 3x – 4 = 0
de 7) ( 5k Deo
- -

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as
 LOGARITHM
2 2
log2 x 7 log 2 x 7
log3/4 + log1/2 0
4 4
log3/4 t log1/2 t 0 ……………(A)
Both the bases (0, 1)
so if t > 1 (both) negative
t<1 (both) positive
so for satisfying equation A, Both term must be zero
log 2 x 2 7
1
4
x2 + 7 = 24
x2 = 16 –7 = 9
x= 3
x=3 x = –3

2. log4 x 1 log 2 x 3
1
log 2 x 1 log 2 x 3
2
(x – 1) = (x – 3)2
x – 1 = x2 – 6x + 9
x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
(x – 2) (x –5) = 0
x = 5 (x –2 (x – 3) cannot be negative)

3. (2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3 ln2 (ln2 + lnx) = ln3 (lnx + lny) …………(1)

3lnx = 2lny lnx ln3 = lnyln2 …………(2)
ln x ln 3
ln y
ln 2
ln x ln 3
ln2 (ln2 + lnx) = ln 3 ln3
ln 2
ln x
ln2 (ln2 + lnx) = ln 3.ln3 1
ln 2
lnx.ln 2 3
ln22 + ln2 lnx = ln23 +
ln2
2
ln 3
ln22 – ln23 = ln x In2
ln2
ln 2 3 ln 2 2
(ln2 + ln3) (ln2 – ln3) = ln x
ln2
lnx = –ln2
1
x=
2
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 LOGARITHM

1 1 1 1
4. z = 6 log 3 4 4 4 .......
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
y

1 1 1 1
y2 = 4 4 4 ........
18 3 2 3 2 3 2
1
y2 = 4 y
18
18y2 + y –4 = 0
(9y – 4) (2y + 1) = 0
4 1
y (y y cannot be negative)
9 2
2
4 2
then z = 6 log 3 = 6 log 3 =6–2=4
2 9 2 3

5. If 3x = 4x–1 , then x = ?
x x 1
log3 3 log3 4
x = (x – 1) log3 4
x – x log3 4 = – log3 4
x 1 log3 4 = – log3 4

log3 4 1 1
x= =
log3 4 1 1 1 log 4 3
1
log 3 4
2log3 2 2
x A, B & C are correct
2log3 2 1 2 log 2 3

⑥ U
1. x log log 2 56 56 eoqigg) EXERCISE # 5
56 ............
x # eogtf
56 56 56 ............ y

flog,gY%oggf
aloha 4h09yog! ! gk 99
56 56 56 ............. y2
2
y – y– 56 = 0
*
=
(y – 8) (y + 7) = 0 ,

y = 8 ( y cannot be negative)
= 4×442=434 o
H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, Ph. 0744-2423333 153
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±
 LOGARITHM
x log 28 x=3 2<x<4
2. 4log10 x log x .0001 for 0 < x < 1
4
4log10 x log x 10 = 4log10 x 4log x 10
1
= 4 log10 x = 4 (– 2) = (– 8) greatest value
log10 x
1
( log10 x is negative for 0 < x < 1 log10 x 2)
log10 x

3. log5 x 2 4 2 log5 x 3
case – 1 x < 25
2
– log5 x + 4 = 2 – log5 x + 3
2
log5 x – log5 x + 1 = 0
2log5 x – log5 x + 1 = 0
log5 x = – 1
–1
x=5
1
x
5
case – 2 25 x 125
2
log5 x – 4 = 2 – log5 x + 3
2log5 x + log5 x = 9
3log5 x = 9
3
x = 5 = 125
case – 3 x > 125
2
log5 x – 4 = 2 + log5 x – 3
log5 x = 3
x = 125
only one integral solution i.e. 125.
a b
4. 60 = 3 60 = 5
a log60 3 b = log605
1 log15 60 1
1
1 a b 1 log 60 15 log15 60 log15 60
only one integral solution. = =
21 b 2 1 log 60 5 1 log5 60 1
2 1 2
log5 60 log5 60
log15 15 log15 4 1 log5 60
= ×
log15 60 2 log5 5 log 5 12 1

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 LOGARITHM
log15 4 log 5 60 log 60 4 log12 60
= × =
2 log15 60 log 5 12 2
log12 4
= = log12 2
2
1 a b
21 b log 2
= 12 = 12 12 =2
1 1
A
log b c a log c b a loga (b c) loga (c b)
5. =
log b c a.log c b a 1 1
loga (b c) log a (c b) b c

loga c b loga b c
loga (b c) loga (c b) 90º
= C B
1 a

loga (b c) loga (c b)
loga c2 b2 = log a a 2 2
x1
2
6. log 2 x 4 log 2 x 1 0
let log2x = A
x2
2
A + 4A – 1 = 0
A1 2 5, A2 2 5
2 5
log 2 x1 2 5 x1 2
2 5
log 2 x 2 2 5 x2 2
log 2 log 2 2 5 2 5
= + = –18
log 2 log 2 2 5 2 5

7. I
2x
e +-3
x
e + ekN+ et =2e
–2x
3e + 3e
–x 2h09 K
–2x x
I = O
9kt ,
-

2x x –2x –x
e – 2e – 2e + e = 0
2x –x x –2x
e + e = 2(e + e )
root =p
2x –x
e +e =2 e
product
x 1
e2x
of 2e

e2x
1
= 2
e3x 1
2 K2 =D
ex e2x
e3x 1 e3x 1 II
2 K -

Rejected)
-

ex e2x
x
e =2
x = ln2, only one solution :
log kthisnot
-

define for
.

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 LOGARITHM
8. log0.3 (x–1) < log0.09 (x–1)
log0.3 (x–1) < log0.32 (x–1)
1
log0.3 (x–1) – log0.3(x–1) < 0
2
1
log0.3(x–1) < 0
2
(x –1) > (0.3)0
x–1>1
x > 2, x (2, )

2 2
9. log log 79
2
log log 2log .log = log 2 log2
2
log log 79 2 81
log log = 9

1 1
10. (A) 72 42 14 1
1 1 1
7 14
7 42 14 1 14

Statement is true.
(B) log3 5 . log7 9 . log11 13 2

Positive Positive Positive

Statement is true.
(C) 99 70 2 99 70 2
2 2
7 5 2 5 2 7

7 + 5 2 5 2 7 = 10 2 irrational
1 1
(D) 3
log 4 3 log 7 3
log3 4 log3 7 3
log3 28 3 , ( log3 27 3 ) so statement is true

EXERCISE # 6
1. 2 loga c logb c 9logab c
9
2 loga c log b c
logc a logc b

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 LOGARITHM
8. log0.3 (x–1) < log0.09 (x–1)
log0.3 (x–1) < log0.32 (x–1)
1
log0.3 (x–1) – log0.3(x–1) < 0
2
1
log0.3(x–1) < 0
2
(x –1) > (0.3)0
x–1>1
x > 2, x (2, )

2 2
9. log log 79
2
log log 2log .log = log 2 log2
2
log log 79 2 81
log log = 9

1 1
10. (A) 72 42 14 1
1 1 1
7 14
7 42 14 1 14

Statement is true.
(B) log3 5 . log7 9 . log11 13 2

Positive Positive Positive

Statement is true.
(C) 99 70 2 99 70 2
2 2
7 5 2 5 2 7

7 + 5 2 5 2 7 = 10 2 irrational
1 1
(D) 3
log 4 3 log 7 3
log3 4 log3 7 3
log3 28 3 , ( log3 27 3 ) so statement is true

EXERCISE # 6
1. 2 loga c logb c 9logab c
9
2 loga c log b c
logc a logc b

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 LOGARITHM
log c b log ca 9
2 (let logca = A & logcb = B)
log c a.log c b log c a log c b
2 A B 9
AB A B
2 2
2(A + B + 2AB) = 9AB
2 2
2A + 2B – 5AB = 0
(2A – B) (A – 2B) = 0
B
A A = 2B
2
2 2
a = b………..(1) a = b ……….(2)
case – (1) loga b loga a 2 2loga a 2
1 1
case – (2) loga b log b2 b log b b
2 2
so greatest value of loga b 2

2 3
2. 6 6
2log 6 4 3log 6 5
2000 2000
log 4 2000 log5 2000
1 1
= log 2000 16 log 2000 125
6 6
1 1
= log 2000 2000
6 6

3. log 2 3 a log3 5 b log7 2 c log 2 5 ab

log 2 63
log140 63
log 2 140
1
2a
log 2 32 log 2 7 c 2ac 1
=
log 2 22 log 2 5 log 2 7 1 2c abc 1
2 ab
c

4. a log3 7 27 , blog7 11 49 and clog11 25 11

log3 7 loga 27 …..(1)
log7 11 loga 49 …..(2)
log11 25 logc 11 …..(3)
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
2 2 2
log3 7
a b log7 11 c log11 25

= a loga 27.log3 7 + blogb 49.log7 11 + clogc 11.log11 25

log3 7 log 7 11 log11 25

= 27 + 49 + 11
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 LOGARITHM
3 2
= 7 + 11 +5
= 343 + 121 + 5 = 469

5. 2log (2y–3x) = logx + logy

2
(2y – 3x) = xy
2 2
4y + 9x – 12xy = xy
2 2
4y + 9x – 13xy = 0
2
y y
4 9 13 0 (let y/x = t)
x x
2
4t – 13t + 9 = 0
(4t –9) (t –1) = 0
t = 9/4 (t 1 x y x, y > 0, 2y – 3x cannot be negative)
x 4
=
y 9
6. log8 x log 4 y2 5 , log8 y log 4 x 2 7
1 1
log 2 x log 2 y 5 ………..(1) log 2 y log 2 x 7 ………….(2)
3 3
let log2 x = X & log2y = Y
X Y
Y 5 …………..(A) X 7 ……………..(B)
3 3
Y=3 & X=6
log2x = 6
6
x=2
log2y = 3
3
y=2
6 3 9
xy = 2 .2 = 2
7. if a = log1218 & b = log 24 54
log 2 2 32 log2 2 33 log 2 18 log 2 54
log12 18 log 24 54 + 5 log12 18 log24 54 = . 5
log 2 22 3 log2 23.3 log 2 12 log 2 24
1 2t 1 3t 1 2t 1 3t
= 5
2 t 3 t 2 t 3 t
1 2t 1 3t 5 1 2t 3 t 2 t 1 3t
=
2 t 3 t
1 5t 6t 2 5 3 7t 2t 2 2 7t 3t 2
=
2 t 3 t
1 5t 6t 2 5 1 t 2 1 5t 6t 2 5 5t 2
= =
2 t 3 t 6 5t t 2

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 LOGARITHM
2
6 5t t
= 1
6 5t t 2

8. (i) |x –1| = 5
x–1= 5
x = 6, –4

(ii) |x + 1| = |2x – 1|
1
case – I x
2
x + 1 = 2x – 1
2=x
1
case – II –1 x
2
x + 1 = –2x + 1
3x = 0
x=0
case – III x<–1
– (x + 1) = –2x + 1
– x – 1 = –2x + 1
x = 2 (rejected)
x = {0, 2}

(iii) |x –1| + 2|x + 1| = 10

case –I x>1 case– II –1 x 1
x – 1 + 2(x + 1) = 10 – (x –1) + 2 (x + 1) = 10
x – 1 + 2x + 2 = 10 – x + 1 + 2x + 2 = 10
3x = 10 – 1 x = 7 (rejected)
9
x=
3
x = 3 (accepted)
case –III x<–1
– (x –1) –2(x +1) = 10
– x + 1 – 2x – 2 = 10
–3x = 11
11
x= (accepted)
3
(iv) |2x – 1| – |x – 3| = 7
case –I x>3
2x – 1 – x + 3 = 7
x=5

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 LOGARITHM
1
case –II x 3
2
2x – 1 – (– (x –3)) = 7
2x – 1 + (x – 3) = 7
2x – 1 + x – 3 = 7
3x = 11
11
x= (Rejected)
3
1
case – III x
2
– (2x –1) – (–(x–3)) = 7
– 2x + 1 + x – 3 = 7
–x=9
x = –9
(v) x + |3x – 2| = 2
2 2
case – I x case – II x
3 3
x + 3x – 2 = 2 x – (3x – 2 ) = 2
4x = 4 x – 3x + 2 = 2
x=1 –2x = 0
x=0
(vi) | log 2 x | 3 log2x = 3 x = 23 = 8
log 2 x 3 1
log2x = –3 x = 2–3 = 8

B9. loga x loga xyz 48 ………………(1)

loga yloga xyz 12 …………….…(2)
loga z loga xyz 84 ……………..…(3)

equation (1) / equation (2) equation (3) / equation (2)

log a x log a z
4 7
log a y log a y
4 7
x = y …………..(A) z = y …………..(B)
loga y.loga xyz 12
loga y loga x loga y loga z 12
loga y log a y4 log a y log a y 7 12
loga y. log a y12 12
loga y.12.loga y 12
2
loga y 1

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 LOGARITHM
loga y 1
1
y=a & y=
a
4 7
x=y z=y

a4 1 a7
1
a4 a7
4 7 1 1 1
(a, a , a ) and , ,
a a4 a7

10. y log 23 .log 212 .log 2 48.log 2192 16 – log212 . log248 + 10

y log 2 3 . 2 log 23 4 log 23 6 log 23 16 – log212 . log248 + 10

= log22 3 6log2 3 8 6log2 3 log22 3 16 – 2 log2 3 4 log 2 3 10

= t 2 6t t 2 6t 8 16 – ( 2 + t) ( 4 + t) + 10
2
= t 4 6t 3 8t 2 6t 3 36t 2 48t 16 – (8 + 6t + t ) + 10
2
= t 4 12t 3 44t 2 48t 16 – (t + 6t + 8) + 10
2 2
= t 2 6t 4 – (t + 6t + 8) + 10
2 2
= t + 6t + 4 – t – 6t – 8 + 10 = 6

11.
10 .
“L : log1024x = 0.4
4
x = 210 10
= 16
10
M: N=6
log10N = 10log106 = 10 log10 2 log10 3
= 10 (.3010 + .4771)
= 7.781
No. of digits = 7 + 1 = 8

N: 2 log6 N < 3
2 3
6 N<6
36 N < 216
No. of N = 180
LMN = 16 × 8 × 180 = 23040

log x
194
12.
. 2017 x 2017 x2
on taking log at both side.
log2017 2017 log 2017 x log2017 x 2log 2017 x
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 LOGARITHM
1
log 22017 x 2log 2017 x ………… (A)
2
From equation (A) x1
2
2log 2017 x 4log 2017 x 1 0
x2
4
log 2017 x1 log 2017 x 2
2
log 2017 x1x 2 2
2
x1x 2 2017

13.
122 log225 x log64 y 4 X + Y = 4 …………(1)
1 1
log x 225 log y 64 1 1
X Y
Y – X = XY………….(2)
from equation (1) & (2)
2Y = 4 + XY …………(A)
Y(2 –X) = 4
4
Y= …………(3)
2 X
put the value of y from equation (3) to (1)
4
X 4
2 X
2
2X – X + 4 = 8 – 4X
2
X + 6X + 4 = 0
sum of roots, log225 x1 + log225x2 = 6
6 12
x1x2 = 225 = 15 from equation (A)
2Y 4
X
Y
X+Y=4
2Y 4
Y 4
Y
2
2Y – 4 + Y = 4Y
2
Y – 2Y – 4 = 0
log64 y1 log64 y2 2
y1y2 642 212
12 12
Hence log30 (x1 x2 y1 y2) = log30(15×2) = log3030 = 12 Proved

14. (a)
IT log10 34.56 = 1.5386 (given)
log10 3.456 = log10 34.56 + log1010–1
= 1.5386 – 1 = .5386

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 LOGARITHM
log10 0.3456 = log10 34.56 + log1010–2
= 1.5386 – 2 = –0.4614 = 1.5386
log10 0.003456 = log10 34.56 + log1010–4
= 1.5386 – 4 = –2.4614 = 3.5386
(b) 3 log7 N < 4
73
343
total no. = 2401 – 343 = 2058

(c) log10 2 0.3010 & log10 3 0.4771

2
log10 2.25 log10 225 log10 10
= 2 log10 3 log10 5 2
10
= 2 log10 3 log10 2
2
= 2 log10 3 log10 10 log10 2 2
= 2 0.4771 1 0.3010 2
= 0.3522

(d) log2401 x = 0.75

75 3
4 4
x 2401 100 = 7 = 343
10 x y
15. (a) log y x log x y
so , xy = 144 , N
.
3 2
log x log y 10
log y log x 3
log 2 x log 2 y 10
log x log y 3
3log2x + 3log2y = 10logx logy
3log2x – 10logx logy + 3log2y = 0
(logx – 3logy) (3logx–logy) = 0
logx = 3logy or 3logx = logy
x = y3 or y = x3
xy = 144
4
y = 144
y 12
y 12 , y 12
x y
N
2

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 LOGARITHM
12 12 12
N
2
N 13 3
N 507
N = 507
(b) x 1 loga bc y 1 log b ca z 1 logc ab
log abc log abc log abc
x y z
log a log b log c
xyz = xy + yz + zx
log3 abc
L.H.S. xyz
loga .logb.log c
log 2 abc log 2 abc log 2 abc
R.H.S. xy + yz + zx = + +
logalogb log b.log c log c.log a
log c log a log b log3 abc
= log 2 abc = Hence
log a log blog c log a log b log c
proved
loga N loga N log b N
(c)
log c N log b N log c N
1 1
log N a log N b
1 1
log N b log N c
log N b log N a
log N a.log N b
log N c log N b
log N b.log N c
b
log N
log a N a logN c
log c N log N a c
log N
b
loga N b loga N
log c
logc N a
a logc N
b
log c 1
a
a
b c
a a
2
b = ac
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