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LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a
positive real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent. We
can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as log a N = x. Hence ax = N  log a N = x.
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in
order to get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: log a N is defined only when
(i) N > 0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a 1
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, log a N will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.
Illustration 1 : If log 4 m = 1.5, then find the value of m.
Solution : log 4 m = 1.5 m = 43/2m = 8
p4q 4
Illustration 2 : If log 5 p = a and log 2 q = a, then prove that = 100 2a −1
100
Solution : log 5 p = a  p = 5 a

log 2 q = a q = 2a


p4q 4
=
5 4 a. 2 4 a
=
(10) = (100) = 1002a–1
4a 2a

100 100 100 100

Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying log a [1 + log b {1 + log c (1 + log p N)}] = 0 is -
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
0
Solution : 1 + log b {1 + log c (1 + log p N)} = a = 1
⇒ log b {1 + log c (1 + log p N)} = 0 ⇒ 1 + log c (1 + log p N) = 1
⇒ log c (1 + log p N) = 0 ⇒ 1 + log 𝑝 N = 1
⇒ log p N = 0 ⇒ N = 1

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10–3 (c) 2 = 1281/7
(ii) Express the following in exponential form :
(a) log 2 32 = 5 (b) log √2 4 = 4 (c) log10 0.01 = −2
(iii) If log 2 3 1728 = x , then find x.

2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) log N N = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.

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
(c) log 1 N = –1= log N i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1
N
N
Note : N= ( a )
loga N
e.g. 2log 2 7 = 7

Do yourself - 2 :
(i) Find the value of the following :
log 2 5
3  1
(a) log1.43 (b)  
30  2
(ii) If 4log2 2x =36 , then | find x.
3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :
If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a ≠1 and x is any real number, then-
(a) log a mn = log a m + log a n
m
(b) log a n = log a m − log a n
(c) log a mx = xlog a m
2 25 625
Illustration 4 :Find the value of 2 log + 3 log – log
5 8 128
2 25 128
Solution : 2 log + 3 log + log
5 8 625
3
22  52  27 2 2 56 2 7
= log 2 + log  3  + log 4 = log 2 . 9 . 4 = log1 = 0
5 2  5 5 2 5
Illustration 5 :If log e x − log e y = a, log e y − log e z = b & log e z − log e x = c ,
b−c e−a a−b
 x  y  z
then find the value of   ×  × 
 y  z  x
x x
Solution : log e x − log e y = a  loge = a  = ea
y y
y y
log e y − log e z = b  loge = b  = eb
z z
z z
log e z − log e x = c  loge = c  = ec
x x
( ) ( ) ( )
b−c c −a a−b
 ea × eb × ec
a ( b − c ) + b( c − a ) + c (a − b )
=e = e0 = 1

Illustration 6 :If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that

( a + b) =
1
log (log a +log b).
5 2
Solution : a + b = (a + b) –2ab = 23ab
2 2 2

 (a + b) 2 = 25ab a+b = 5 ab ....(i)

Using (i)
L.H.S. =log
(a + b) = log 5 ab = 1 logab = 1 (log a log b)= R.H.S.
5 5 2 2

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Illustration 7 : If log a x = p and log b x 2 = q, then log x √ab is equal to (where a, b, x R+ – {1})-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D) +
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
Solution : log a x = p  p
a =x  a=x . 1/p
q
Similarly b = x2  b=x 2/q
1 2 1
( + ) 1 1
Now, log x √ab = log x √x1/p x 2/q = log x x p q 2 = 2p + q
Do yourself - 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that log 9 + 2 log 6 + log81 – log12 = 3 log 3
2 4
4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :
Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common
base.
loga m
"Symbolically, log b m= , where a >0, a 1, b > 0, b  1
loga b
Note :
log a log b 1
(i) log b a. log a b = . = 1 ; hence log b a =
log b log a log a b
(ii) alog b c = c logb a
1
(iii) Base power formula : log (ak ) m = k log a m
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal
practice, only two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of
numbers to the base 10 are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of
numbers to the base e are called Natural or Napierian logarithm. We will consider logx
as log e x or nx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & vice-versa :
log10 a log e a
log e a = = 2.303 × log10 a ; log10 a = = log10e × logea 0.434logea
log10 e log e 10
Illustration 8: If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(log b a ⋅ log c a − log a a) + (log a b ⋅ log c b − log b b) + (log a c ⋅ log b c − log c c) = 0, then
abc is equal to –
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
(log b alog c a − 1) + (log a b ⋅ log c b − 1) + (log a log b c − 1) = 0
loga loga logb logb logc logc
⇒ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =3
logb logc loga logc loga logb
⇒ (loga)3 + (logb)3 + (logc)3 = 3loga logb logc
⇒ (loga + logb + logc) = 0[∵ If a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0,
then a + b + c = 0 if a ≠ b ≠ c]
 log abc = log 1 abc = 1
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1/log5 3 log9 36 4/log7 9
Illustration 9: Evaluate : 81 + 27 +3
log 3 5 log 9 36
Solution : 81 + 33 + 34 log9 7
= 34 log3 5 + 3 3 ( ) + 3 3
3/ 2
log 36 log 7 2

= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

Do yourself - 4 :
log 3 135 log3 5
(i) Evaluate : –
log15 3 log 405 3
(ii) Evaluate : log927 – log279
(iii) Evaluate : 2log3 5 – 5log 3 2
(iv) Evaluate : log34 . log45 .log56 .log67 .log78 . log89
1 1
(v) If, +  x then x can be -
log  log 4 
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 
(vi) If log a 3 = 2 and log b 8 = 3, then log a b is -
(A) log32 (B) log23 (C) log34 (D) log43
5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater.
i.e.log28 = 3, log24 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1then logarithm of
greater number is smaller. i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.
 x  y if a 1
log a x < log a y 
 x  y if 0  a  1
(ii) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity
then logarithm of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the
base are located on different side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is
negative.
1  1  1
e.g. log10 3 10 = ; log 7 49 = 4; log 1   = 3 ; log2   = –5; log10(0.001) = –3
3 2
 8  32 
1 1
(iii) x+   if x is positive real number and x +  –2 if x is negative real number
x x
some important values : log102 0.3010 ; log103 0.4771 ; n2 0.693, n10 2.303

6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :

For any given number N, logarithm can be expressed as log a N = Integer + Fraction. The
integer part is called characteristic and the fractional part is called mantissa. When the value of
log n is given, then to find digits of 'n' we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic is used
only in determining the number of digits in the integral part (if n 1) or the number of zeros
after decimal & before first non-zero digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1).

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Note :
(i) The mantissa part of logarithm of a number is always non-negative (0 ≤ m < 1)
(ii) If the characteristic of log10N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n + 1)
(iii) If the characteristic of log10N be (–n), then there exist (n – 1) zeros after decimal in N.
7. ANTILOGARITHM :
The positive real number 'n' is called the antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
Thus, log n = m  n = antilog m
Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log10 (0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeros) between decimal & first significant digit in
5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6
8. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION/MODULUS FUNCTION :
The symbol of modulus function is |x|
 x if x  0
and is defined as : y = |x| = 
− x if x  0

Properties of Modulus :For any a, b  R

a a
(a) |a|  0 (b) |a| = |–a| (c) |ab| = |a||b| (d) = (e) a2 = |a|
b b
Illustration 10 : If ||x–1| – 2| = 5, then find x.
Solution : |x – 1| – 2 = ± 5, |x – 1| = 7, – 3
Case-I :When |x – 1| = 7  x – 1 = ± 7  x = 8, –6
Case-II :When |x – 1| = –3 (reject)
Illustration 11 : If |x – 1| + |x + 1| = 2, then find x.
Solution : Case-I : If x  –1
–(x – 1) – (x + 1) = 2
 –x + 1 – x – 1 = 2
 –2x = 2  x = –1 ........(i)
Case-II :If – 1 < x < 1
–(x – 1) + (x + 1) = 2
–x+1+x+1=2 2=2  –1 < x < 1 ........(ii)
Case-III :If x  1
x–1+x+1=2 x=1 ........(iii)
Thus from (i), (ii) and (iii) – 1  x  1

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Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Solve : |x + 3| = 2(5 – x) (ii) Solve : x|x| + 7x – 8 = 0
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 12 : Show that log 4 18 is an irrational number.
log 2 3 1 1
Solution : log418 = log4 (32 × 2) = 2log43 + log42 = 2 + = log23 +
log 2 4 log 2 4 2
assume the contrary, that this number log23 is rational number.
p
 log23 = Since log23 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number
q
 3 = 2 2p = 3q
p/q

But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction
completes the proof.
Illustration 13 : If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the
length of hypotenuse and c – b 1, c + b 1, then show that
log c+b a + log c−b a = 2log c+b a ⋅ log c−b a.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 .......... (i)
1 1 log a ( c − b) + log a ( c + b)
LHS = + =
log a ( c + b) log a ( c − b) log a ( c + b) .log a ( c − b)

=
(
log a c 2 − b 2 ) =
log a a 2
(using (i))
log a ( c + b) .log a ( c − b ) log a ( c + b) .log a ( c − b)
2
= = 2log (c+b) a. log(c-b) a = RH
loga ( c + b) .log a ( c − b)

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ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1: (i) (a) log381 = 4 (b) log10 (0.001) = –3 (c) log128 2 = 1/7
(ii) (a) 32 = 25 (b) 4 =( 2 )4 (c) 0.01 = 10–2
(iii) 6
1
2: (i) (a) 1 (b) (ii) 3
5
4: (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) (A) (vi) (C)
5: (i) 8.6686 (ii) 26 (iii) 155 (iv) 32
7
6: (i) (ii) x = 1
3

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ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
Solve for x R (Q.1 to Q.7)

1. 4x – 10.2x–1 = 24 2. 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x

1
3. 32x–3– 9x–1 + 272x/3 = 675. 4. 7x+2 – .7x +1 – 14.7x–1 + 2.7x = 48
7

(3 )
x +1 x 2 + 2 x −11 9
 5  9  5
5.  3  .  =  6. x 2 − 7.2 x + 3.9
− 9 3 log ( 7 − x ) = 0
 25   3

7. 52x = 32x + 2.5x + 2.3x

8. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2.

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 8
1 1 1
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) 2
2 32 16
3 1 1
(ix) 8 (x) 2 2 (xi) (xii)
5 7
2 8

1
9. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 3
3 9
3 1
(v) 9 (vi) 81 (vii) 3 (viii)
7
3
(ix) √243 (x) 3

10. Find all values of 'a' for which each of the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 a = 2 (ii) log a 2 = 1
(iii) log a 1 = 0 (iv) log10 (a(a + 3)) = 1
(v) 2
log1 (a − 1) = −1 (vi) log2 (a2 − 5) = 2
3

11. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3.

(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 81
1 1
(v) (vi) 3 (vii) (viii) 27 3
3 3 3
7
(ix) 9
1
12. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base .
2
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 16
2 8
1 1
(v) 2 (vi) (vii) 2 2 (viii)
2 44 2
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13. Find all values of 'a' for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 3 a = 2 (ii) log 1 (𝑎) = 4
3
(iii) log 1 (𝑎) = 0 (iv) log 𝑎 1 = 0
3
(v) log 𝑎 (𝑎 + 2) = 2 (vi) log 3 (𝑎2 + 1) = 1
14. Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 x 2 = 1 (ii) log 3 x = log 3 (2 − x)
2
(iii) log 4 x = log 4 x (iv) log 1 (2x + 1) = log 1 (x + 1)
2 2
(v) log 1 (x 2 + 8) = −2
3

15. Find all the values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 x 2 = 2 (ii) log 1 x 2 = 1
4
(iii) log 1 x − log 1 (3 − x) = 0 (iv) log 2 (x + 1) − log 2 (2x − 3) = 0
2 2

16. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 5.

(i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25 (iv) 625
1 1 1
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) 5
5 25 5
1 1
4
(ix) 5 2
(x) 5 3
(xi) 53 5
17. Find value of following
(i) log 3− 2 ( 5−2 6) (ii) log 5 +1
(6+2 5)

(iii) log73. log52.log37.log2(125) (iv) 25 log5 3

1
(v) 6 log 6 5 + 3 log9 16 (vi) log 6 4 +
log 9 6
18. Find the value of following
  
(i) log 5   (ii) log 3 (4 sin2 (x)4 cos2 (x) – 1 )
 5
500 4
(iii) log12 8 + log12 3 + log12 6 (iv) log 5 – log 5
3 3
15 13 
(v) log 39 + log 39 – log 39 (vi) 2log 6 2 + 3log 6 3 + log 6 12
7 3 21

 
19. If 2  3 + 5 − 13 + 48  = a + b where a and b are natural number find (a + b).
 

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EXERCISE - 1
1. If 2a = 3 and 9 b = 4 then value of (ab) is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. If log 2 ( 4 + log 2 (x) ) = 3 , then sum of digits of x is -
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 18
3. Sum of all the solution(s) of the equation log10 (x) + log10 (x + 2) – log10 (5x + 4) = 0 is-
(A) –1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
4. The product of all the solutions of the equation x1+ log10 x = 100000xis-
(A) 10 (B) 105 (C) 10–1 (D) 1
5. If x1 and x2 are the roots of equation e3/2. x 2 nx = x4, then the product of the roots of the
equation is -
(A) e2 (B) e (C) e3/2 (D) e–2

6. If log 2 (x2 + 1) + log13 (x2 + 1) = log 2 (x2 + 1) log13 (x2 + 1), (x  0), then log 7 (x2 + 24) is equal
to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
  a 4 b3 
7. Given log 3 a = p = log b c and log b 9 = .If log 9  = p3 + p2 + p +  (pR– {0}),
p2
 c 
( +  +  +  ) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

8. ( ) ( )
If log a 1 − 1 + x = loga2 3 − 1 + x , then number of solutions of the equation is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many

9. The number of solution(s) of ( )

log 3 3x 2 .log 9 (81x ) = log 9 x3 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

10. If x1 & x2 are the two values of x satisfying the equation 7 2 x – 2 7 x

2

( 2
+ x +12
)+7 2 x+ 24
= 0, then
(x1 + x2) equals-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 7

11. If x, y  2n when n I and 1 + log x y = log 2 y, then the value of (x + y) is

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

12. If n  N such that characteristic of n2 to the base 8 is 2, then number of possible values of n
is-
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 448 (D) infinite

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EXERCISE - 2
 ab + – 4 ( a + b)   ab − – 4 ( a + b) 
(ab) (ab)
2 2

1. Let A denotes the value of log10   + log10  

 2   2 
   
log 18 log 3
when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression 2 6 . 3 6 Find the ( ) ( )
value of (A.B).
2. Compute the following :
log b ( log b N )
−1 −4 / 3 log b a
(a) log 1 729. 9 .27
4 3
(b) a
3

3. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log 3 x ⋅ log 4 x ⋅ log 5 x = log 3 x ⋅ log 4 x + log 4 x ⋅ log 5 x + log 5 x ⋅ log 3 x.

4. Calculate : 4
5 log4 2 (3− 6 )−6 log (8 3− 2 )
1 3
log 6 3
log5 9
 
+3
( 7)
2
81
− (125)
log 25 6
5. Simplify : . log 25 7

409  
 1
log1/ 5  
 2 4 1
6. Simplify : 5 + log + log 1 10+2√21
2
7+ 3 2

2 a 2 b5
7. Given that log 2 a = s, log 4 b = s2 and log c2 (8) = . Write log 2 as a function of
s3 + 1 c4
's'(a,b,c>0, c 1).
(1–log 2)
8. Find the value of 49 7
+ 5− log5 4.
log 2 24 log 2 192
9. Prove that – = 3.
log 96 2 log12 2
10. Prove that ax– by = 0 where x = log a b & y = log b a , a >0 , b > 0 & a , b 1.

11. Solve the following equations :

1
i. log (x−1) 3 = 2 ii. log 4 (2log 3 (1 + log 2 (1 + 3log 3 x))) = 2
iii. log 3 (1 + log 3 (2x − 7)) = 1 iv. log 3 (3x − 8) = 2 − x
log2 (9−2x )
v. =1 vi. log 5−x (x 2 − 2x + 65) = 2
3−x
vii. log10 5 + log10 (x + 10) − 1 = log10 (21x − 20) − log10 (2x − 1)
2
viii. x1+log10 x = 10x ix. 2(log x √5) − 3log x √5 + 1 = 0
x. 3 + 2log x+1 3 = 2log 3 (x + 1)

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12. Solve the following equations :
2 x2
i. log1/2 (4x) + log 2 ( 8 ) = 8

ii. log 0.5 x 2 − 14log16x x 3 + 40log 4x √x = 0

iii. log 3 (4.3x − 1) = 2x + 1
2+x 2
iv. log 5 ( 10 ) = log 5 (x+1)

v. 1 + 2log (x+2) 5 = log 5 (x + 2)

vi. log 4 24x = 2log2 4

vii. log 2 (4.3x − 6) − log 2 (9x − 6) = 1

4
viii. 2log 8 (2x) + log 8 (x 2 + 1 − 2x) = 3

ix. log 26 6 − log 23 2 = (log10

2
x − 2)log 3 12
x. log 6 2x+3 − log 6 (3x − 2) = x

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EXERCISE – 3 (JA)

1. log 3 log 8 (x 2 + 7) + log 1 log 1 (x 2 + 7)−1 = −2. [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]
4 2 4

2. Number of solutions of log 4 (x–1) = log 2 (x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

3. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 3 (–1)]
( 2x ) In 2
= ( 3y )
In 3

In x
3 = 2In y
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
 1 1 1 1 
4. The value of 6 + log 3  4− 4− 4− .......  is [JEE 2012, 4M]

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 

5. If 3x= 4x–1, then x = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]

2 log 3 2 2 1 2 log 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 log 3 2 − 1 2 − log 2 3 1 − log 4 3 2 log 2 3 − 1

1 1
6. The value of ((log 2 9)2 )log2 (log2 9) × (√7)log4 7 is [JEE ADVANCED 2018]

7. The product of all positive real values of x satisfying the equation

𝑥)3 −68log5 𝑥)
x (16(log5 = 5−16 is _____ . [JEE ADVANCED 2022]

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EXERCISE – 4
 
1. If x = log 2  56 + 56 + 56 + 56 + ......  , then which of the following statements holds
 
good ?
(A) x< 0 (B) 0 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 4 (D) 3 < x < 4

2. The greatest value of (4log x 10– log x (.0001)) for 0 < x < 1 is-
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 8 (D) –8

3. The number of integral solutions of | log 5 x2–4 | = 2+ | log 5 x – 3 | is-

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

1− a − b
a b 2 (1− b )
4. If 60 = 3 and 60 = 5 then the value of 12 equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 12

log b+ c a + log c−b a

5. Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of (b + c   c – b  1)
log b+c a.log c −b a
equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2

6. If  and are the roots of the equation (log 2 x)2 + 4(log 2 x) – 1 = 0 then the value of
logβ α + logα β equals
(A) 18 (B) – 16 (C) 14 (D) – 18

7. The number of solution of the equation e2x + ex + e–2x + e–x = 3 (e–2x + ex) is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) more than 2

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

( ) + ( log  ) = 79, ( > 0,  > 0,      1, ) then value of

2 2
8. If log  

( log ) + (log ) can be-

 

(A) 7 (B) –9 (C) 9 (D) –7

9. Which of the following statements is(are) correct ?

(A) 71/7> (42)1/14> 1 (B) log 3 (5) log 7 (9) log11 (13) > – 2
1 1
(C) 99 + 70 2 + 99 − 70 2 is rational (D) + >3
log 4 3 log 7 3

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EXERCISE – 5
1. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c,
different from 1, such that 2(log a c + log b c) = 9log ab c. Find the largest possible value of log a b.
2 3
2. Find the value of the expression +
log 4 ( 2000) log 5 ( 2000)
6 6

3. Given that log 2 3 = a, log 3 5 = b and log 7 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the
base 140 in terms of a,b & c.
4. If a,b and c are positive real numbers such that a log3 7 = 27; blog7 11 = 49 and c log11 25 = 11 . Find
(
the value of a(log 3 7)
2

+ b(
log 7 11)
2

+ c(
log11 25)
2

).
x
5. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that 2log(2y – 3x) = logx + logy, find
y
2 2
6. The real x and y satisfy log 8 x + log 4 y = 5 and log 8 y + log 4 x = 7, find xy.
7. If a = log12 18 & b = log 24 54 then find the value of ab + 5(a – b).
8. Solve following equations
(i) |x – 1| = 5 (ii) |x + 1| = |2x – 1| (iii) |x – 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10
(iv) |2x – 1| – |x – 3| = 7 (v) x + |3x – 2| = 2 (vi) |log2x| = 3
9. Solve the system of equations :
log a x log a (xyz) = 48, log a y log a (xyz) = 12, log a z log a (xyz) = 84, a > 0, a  1
10. Lety = log 2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log 2 192 + 16 − log 2 .12 log2 48 + 10. Find y  N.

11. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024. and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610
(Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 =0.4771) and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which
have the characteristic 2, when base of the logarithm is 6. Find the value of LMN.
( 2017) ( x )
log 2017 x
12. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation = x2 .
13. If (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are the solution of the system of equation.
log 225 (x) + log 64 (y) = 4
log x (225) – log y (64) = 1,
then show that the value of log 30 (x1y1x2y2) = 12.
14. (a) Given : log10 34.56 = 1.5386, find log10 3.456 ; log10 0.3456 & log10 0.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of
the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log10 2 = 0.3010 & log10 3 = 0.4771, find the value of log10 (2.25)
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.
10 x+y
15. (a) If x,y> 0, log y x + log x y = and xy = 144, then = N where N is a natural
3 2
number, find the value of N.
(b) If x = 1 + log a bc, y = 1 + log b ca and z = 1 + log c ab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.
loga N loga N − log b N
(c) If = where N > 0 & N 1, a,b,c> 0 & not equal to 1,then prove
log c N log b N − log c N
that b2= ac.
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ANSWER
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE

−7
1. x=3 2. x = –2 3. x=3 4. x = 0 5. x= ,2
2
1
6. x = ,6 7. x=1
5
8. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) –1 (vi) –5
(vii) –4 (viii) 1/2 (ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) –1/5 (xii) –3/7

9. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) –1 (v) –2 (vi) –4

1
(vii) –1/3 (viii) 1/7 (ix) –5/2 (x) −2

10. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) a > 0, a 1 (iv) –5,2 (v) –2,2

(vi) –3,3

11. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) 1/2

(vii) –3/2 (viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7

12. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) –4 (v) –1/2 (vi) 1/2

(vii) –3/2 (viii) 9/4

13. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) a > 0, a  1 (v) 2

(vi) 2, − 2

14. (i) 2, − 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1,–1

1
15. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x=±
2
3
(iii) x= (iv) x=4
2

16. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) –2

(vii) –1/2 (viii) 1/4 (ix) 1/2 (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3

17. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2

−1
18. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 1 (vi) 4
2
19. 8

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EXERCISE – 1
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C
8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B
EXERCISE - 2
1. 12 2. (a) –1 (b) log b N 3. 3721 4. 9 5. 1
25
6. 6 7. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 +1) 8.
2

11. i. {1+ 3 } ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2}

v. {0} vi. {–5} vii. {3/2, 10} viii. {10–1, 10}
ix. { 5 , 5} x. {–(3 – 3 ) / 3,8}

12. i. {2–7, 2} ii. {1/ 2 ,1, 4} iii. {–1, 0} iv. {3}

v. {–9/5, 23} vi. {2} vii. {1} viii. {2}
− 3
ix. { 10 ,10 } x.
3
{log34}

EXERCISE - 3 (JA)
1. x = 3 or –3 2. B 3. C 4. 4 5. ABC 6. 8.00

7. 1
EXERCISE - 4
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C
8. BC 9. ABD

EXERCISE - 5
1 + 2ac
1. 2 2. 1/6 3. 4. 469 5. 4/9 6. xy=29
2c + abc + 1
−11
7. 1 8. (i) x = 6,–4 (ii) x = 2,0 (iii) x = 3, (iv) x = 5,–9 (v) x = 1,0
3
1  1 1 1
(vi) x = 8, 9. (a4, a,a7) or  4 , , 7  10. y = 6 11. 23040 12. (2017)2
8 a a a 

14. (a) 0.5386;  .5386;  .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 15. (a) 507

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