FOOD FOR THOUGHT:

“Your life right now is a result of

what you did a year ago. Your
life a year from now will be a
result of what you do right now.
Act accordingly.”

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 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

PRINCIPLES OF MED. LAB. SCIENCE I

LESSON I.
History in Global and Local Context
History of Medical Technology Profession
Innovations in the field of Medical Laboratory

Instructor: Bai AJ Mamaluba Mumbas, RMT

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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
• discuss the history of medical technology in a global context
• identify the important personalities that played signi cant roles
in th eprogress of the medical technology profession
• cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology eld.

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History of Medical Technology in
Global Context
Disease was believed to be caused by the negative
interaction between the environment and the body.

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300BC - 180AD

HIPPOCRATES

• Father of Medicine
• Hippocratic Oath
• He advocated that tasting the urine, listening to the lungs, observing
the outward appearance
• Kidney disease = bubbles, blood, pus

GALEN

• Greek physician and Philisopher

• Diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”
• establishes the relationship between uid intake and urine volume

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Medieval Europe
- water casting or uroscopy

11th Century
- medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical exam of the
patient’s body

18th Century
- Cadaver dissection

19th Century
- physicians began using machines
- Spirometer and Sphygmomanometer

1800s
- Laboratories were designed
- Regulayed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Four Humors

1. Blood
2. Yellow Bile
3. Black Bile
4. Phlegm

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How did medicine and medical
technology have advanced?

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 HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN
THE UNITED STATES
In United States, the establishment of the first clinical laboratories
and the development of laboratory practice marked the growth of
the medical technology field.

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University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of
Clinical Medicine (1895)
- was opened to highlight the service role of clinical
laboratories

John Kolmer
- called for certfying medical technologists on a national scale
- “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians”

1920
- Chief Physician as Director
- Divisions: Clincal pathology, Bacteriology, Microbiology,
Serology, Radiology

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American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
- founded on 1922
- established the code of ethics for techinicians and
technologists stating that these allied health professionals
should work under the supervision of physician and refrain
from making oral or written diagnosis and advising the
physician on how patients should be treated

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What will be the consequences when a
Medical Technologist makes a diagnosis
before a physician?

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 HISTORY OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Spaniards - Americans - Japanese

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Hospital Real (1565) in Cebu to Manila by Spaniards

San Lazaro Hospital (1578) by Franciscans for poor and

lepers

Hospital de San Juan de Dios (1596) for poor Spaniards

Hospital de San Jose (1641) in Cavite

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 University of Santo Tomas (1611) by Dominicans

- In 1871, established the

rst faculties for pharmacy
and medicine

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Journals

• Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886)

• Revista Fermaceutica de Filipinas (1893)
• Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895)

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Spaniards who were considered to be authorities in
medicine, broke down during Philippine American war
(1899-1902)

First Reserve Hospital (1898) by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott

Richard P. Strong
- Successor
- Examined blood, feces, urine

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Manila Public Health Laboratory
• first clinical laboratory in the Philippines
• during WWII
• 6th Infantry Division of the US army
• Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
• Reopened by Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano
Icasiano

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Dr. Pio de Roda
Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
- conducted training program
- 6-month formal syllabus

Bureau of Private Education approved BSMT in 1954

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital

- first school of medical technology

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Philippine Union College (PUC)
- absorbed MSH School of Medical Technology
- Dr. Jesse Umali first graduate, graduated doctor
of medicine in feu, ob gynecologist in us

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 HIS 1 QUIZ #1
1 WHOLE SHEET OF YELLOW PAPER

ALL CAPSLOCK
NO ERASURES
NO SUPERIMPOSITIONS
BLACK INK
WRONG SPELLING IS WRONG

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improving the health of populations, improving the responsiveness of the health system to the population it serves, fairness in financial contribution

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1. He was the Greek physician known as
the ‘Father of Medicine’?

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2. It is where the rst clinical laboratory in
the Philippines is located.

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3. It is the very rst school to o er the
complete four-year course program in
Medical Technology.

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4. He described the presence of phagocytes
in the blood and its role in ghting infection.

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5. In 1796, he discovered the smallpox
vaccine.

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6-7 Enumerate the four humors in the body.

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8. Who devised the rst practical
microscope?

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9. The hospital built by Franciscans for
poor and lepers.

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10. In what part of Palawan did the lepers
colony was isolated?

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11. Who established the rst clinical
laboratory in the Philippines during World
War II at Manila?

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12. Who presented the rst pictures of
bacilli and later tubercle bacilli?

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13. Who demonstrated that surgical
infections are cause by airborne organisms?

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14. He developed poliomyelitis vaccine.

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15. He distinguished blood groups through
development of the ABO blood group
system.

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16. It is the very rst school that o ered a
bachelor’s degree program in Medical
Technology in the Philippines.

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17. He was well-known bacteriologist who
took part in preserving the rst public health
laboratory in Manila.

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18. He was the rst graduate of the Medical
Technology program at PUC in 1956.

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19. Who worked out the structure of
hemoglobin?

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20. What is this instrument used to magnify
small objects?

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43
 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

PRINCIPLES OF MED. LAB. SCIENCE I

LESSON II
Nature of Medical Technology
Roles and Responsibilities of MedTech Professionals
Other Laboratory Personnel

Instructor: Bai AJ Mamaluba Mumbas, RMT

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Science is primarily concerned with the study of
the natural world and the interrelationship
among the biological, psychological, and even
the social world.

Technology is the application of science in ways

that are considered bene cial to society —
p h y s i c a l a r t e f a c t , a c t i v i t y, k n o w l e d g e .
(Howell,1996).

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Medical technology is designed to improve the
detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of
diseases. As such, it has linkages with many other
disciplines for speci c diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes (Evans et al., 2003). Its nature is contextual,
interdisciplinary, interdependent, and systems-
based. It is dependent on the application, purpose,
environment,and setting in which it is applied.

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 Clinical Laboratory
are healthcare facilities providing a wide range of laboratory
procedures that aid clinicians in diagnosing, treating, and
managing patients.

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Clinical laboratory scientists

• examination and analysis of body uids, tissues, and cells.

• look for the presence of bacteria, parasites, and other
microorganisms in the body.
• analyze the chemical contents of uids, match blood for
transfusions, and test for drug levels.
• prepare specimens for examination, to count cells, and look for
abnormal cells in the blood and other body uids.

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LABORATORY WORKFLOW

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 RA 5527
Medical Technology Act of 1969

Section 2.
a. Practice of Medical Technology — a person shall be deemed
to be in the practice of medical technology within the meaning
ofthis Act, who shall for a fee, salary or other compensation or
reward paid or given directly or indirectly through another,
renders any of the following professional services for the
purpose of aiding the physician in the diagnosis, study and
treatment of diseases and in the promotion of health in general:

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 1. Examination of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and
body uids by various electronic, chemical,microscopic, bacteriologic,
hematologic,
serologic, immunologic, nuclear, and other laboratory procedures and
techniques either manual or automated.

2. Blood banking procedures and techniques;

3. Parasitologic, mycologic and microbiologic procedures and techniques;

4. Histopathologic and cytotechnology: provided that nothing in this

paragraph shall inhibit a duly registered medicallaboratory technician from
performing histopathologic techniques and procedures;

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5. Clinical research involving patients or human beings requiring
the use of and/or application of medical technology knowledge
and procedures;

6. Preparations, and standardization of reagents, standards, stains

and others, provided such reagents, standards, stains and others
are exclusively for the use of their laboratory;

7. Clinical laboratory quality control:

8. Collection and preservation of specimens; histopathologic

techniques and procedures;

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 Roles and Responsibilities
of Medical Technology Professionals

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Perform Clinical Laboratory Testing
— A medical technologist must be capable of performing
the most basic to the most advanced laboratory tests.

Ensure Accuracy and Precision of Results

— Accuracy and precision impacts the interpretation of
results by the physician to provide proper medication in
the treatment of diseases.

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Be Honest in Practice
It is important that a medical technologist values honesty,
particularly in conveying or reporting the results of any
laboratoryprocedure.

Ensure Timely Delivery of Results

In collaborating with other health care practitioners, a medical
technologist must be aware of the urgency of delivering results on
time especially in cases that require urgent treatment. immediate
action.
STAT, ER, OR

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 Demonstrate Professionalism
A medical technologist must be able to perform his or her functions
according to the professional Code of Ethics for medical technology
professionals. He or she should be aware of the laws and regulations
governing the practice of medical technology.

Uphold Con dentiality

Con dentiality requires health care providers to keep a patient's
personal health inform ation private unless the patient consents to
release the information.

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Involvement in Health Promotion Programs
Medical technologists should not be con ned only to the four
corners of their clinical laboratories. Medical technology i s a
multi-disciplinary eld which consistently ventures i n t o
other areas of health care including health promotion. A
medical technology professional must be activelyinvolvedin
reachingoutto the community.

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 CODE OF ETHICS (Revised Version, Prof. Rodolfo Rabor)

As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology,

• I shall accept the responsibilities inherent to being a professional;

• I shall uphold the law and shall not engage in illegal work nor cooperate
with anyone so engaged;

• I shall avoid associating or being identi ed with any enterprise of

questionable character;

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• I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employer, clients,
contractors, employees and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and
fraternity toward other members of the profession;

• I shall use only honorable means of competition for professional

employment or services and shall refrain from unfairly injuring,
directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, projects or
business of a fellow medical technologist;

• I shall accept employment from more than one employer only when
there is no con ict of interest;

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 • I shall perform professional work in a manner that merits full
con dence and trust carried out with absolute reliability,
accuracy, fairness, and honesty;

• I shall review the professional work of other medical

technologists, when requested, fairly and incon dence whether
they are subordinates or employees, authors of proposals for
grants or contracts, authors of technical papers or other
publications or involved in litigation;

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• I shall advance the profession by exchanging general information and
experience with fellow medical technologists and other professionals
and by contributing to the work of professional organizations;

• I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, views, and opinions within

constructive limits and shall not use the knowledge I know for sel sh
ends;

• I shall treat any information acquired about individuals in the course of

my work as strictly con dential, and maybe divulged only to
authorized persons or entities or with consent of the individual when
necessary;

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• I shall report any infractions of these principles of professional
conduct to the authorities responsible for the enforcement of
applicable laws or regulations,or to the Ethies Commitceof the
Philippine Association of Medlical Technologists as maybe
appropriate.

To these principles, I hereby subscribe and pledge to conduct

myself at all times in a manner be tting the dignity of my
profession.

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 De ning the Practice of Other Laboratory
Personnel

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Pathologist
- A pathologist is a duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of
laboratory medicine, or the gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues,
secretions and excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose
disease, follow its course, determine the e ectivity of treatment, ascertain cause of
death, and advance medicine by means of research (Section 2,b.).

Phlebotomist
- a phlebotomist is an individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests o r for
blood donations. When only small quantities of blood are needed,a phlebotomist c a n
draw blood by simply puncturing theskin but when larger volumes ofblood are needed,
venipunctureor even arterial punctureisdone. Arterial collectioncan onlybe performedby
a specially trained phlebotomist. Nowadays, phlebotomyis a skill con ned not only to
medical technologists but to other health care practitioners as well, provided that they
were given certi cation by a reputed certifying or training body.

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Medical Laboratory Technicians
A medical laboratory technician is a person certi ed by and registered with the Board
of Medical Technology and quali ed to assist a medical technologist and/or quali ed
pathologist in the practice of medical technology as de ned in the aforementioned
act (Section 2, d.).

• Failed to pass the medical technology licensure examination given by the Board of
Medical Technology but obtained general rating of at least 70% and provided nally
that a registered medical laboratory technician when employed in the government
shall have the equivalent civil service eligibility not lower than the second grade;
• Passed the civil service examination for medical technicians givenon March 21,
1969; or
• Finished a two-year college course and has at least one (1) year experience of
working as a medical laboratory technician; provided that for every year of
experiencein college, two (2) years of work experience may be substituted; and
provided further, that the applicant has at least ten (10) years of experience as
medical laboratory technician as of the date of approval of this decree.

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Cytotechnologist
A cytotechnologist is a laboratory personnel who works with the pathologist to
detect changes in body cells which may be important in the early diagnosis of
diseases. This is primarily done by examining microscopic slides of body cells for
abnormalities or anomalies in structures, indicating either benign or malignant
conditions. A cytotechnologist selects and sections minute particles of human
tissue for microscopic study, using microtomes and other equipment and employs
stain techniques to make cell structures visible or to di erentiate its parts.

Histotechnologist
- A histotechnologist, also referred t o a s histotechnican, is a laboratory personnel
responsible for the routine preparation, processing, and staining of biopsies and
tissue specimensfor microscopic examinationby pathologist(Cardona, 2015).
Although there is no formal training for histotechnologists in the Philippines, being
histotechnologist is perceived to be a decent paramedical profession abroad.

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Nuclear Medical Technologist
- A nuclear medical technologist is a health care professional who
works alongside nuclear physicians. Nuclear medical technologists
apply their knowledge of radiation physics andsafety regulations to
limit radiation exposure, prepare a n d administer
radiopharmaceuticals.

Toxicologist
- A toxicologist studies the e ects of toxic substances on the
physiological functions of human beings, animals, and plants to
develop data for use in consumer protection a n d industrial safety
programs.

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 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

PRINCIPLES OF MED. LAB. SCIENCE I

LESSON III
Ethics

Instructor: Bai AJ Mamaluba Mumbas, RMT

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 Human beings are logical but human existence
is inexplicable. At the moment a person is born,
he or she begins to su er and will continue to
su er until death (Timbreza, 1993).

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 ETHICS MORALITY
Based on principles
Theoretical prescriptions/ practiced by a particular
critiques community

* The nature of the good * Fundamental convictions

* The nature of human of human agent
person * Character of moral agent
* Criteria of judgment * Use of norms
* Situational analysis

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 ETHICAL RELATIVISM
- also known as moral relativism, is a school of
ethics anchored on the principle that morality is
relative to the norms of a particular culture. For
example, some cultures may accept certain acts
and behaviors that are unacceptable to other
cultures.

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 ETHICAL PRAGMATISM
- coined by Charles Sanders Peirce and further
developed by William James
- it is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and
meaning rather than morality.

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 ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM
- founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill
- states that the rightness or wrongness of
actions is determined by their consequences.
- “actions are good insofar as they tend to
promote happiness, bad as they tend to prodcue
unhappiness.

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MORAL ISSUES

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 ABORTION
- considered illegal in the Philippines

Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

“ the state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall
protect and strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect
the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
conception.”

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 ABORTION

Anti- Abortion Group

Pro- Abortion Group
Abortion is the ultimate
Believed that pregnant
violation of life for it is
women, especially
the act of killing an
victims of rape, should
individual that is not yet
be given the chance to
able to speak for
decide for themselves.
himself or herself.

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 EUTHANASIA (Mercy Killing)
- Euthanasia is the practice of ending a life
intentionally, usually in situations when the
individual is terminally ill, to relieve hum or her of
pain and suffering. It is regarded as a merciful
release of an individual from an incurable
sickness.

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 Voluntary Euthanasia
- when an individual gives consent to subject himself or herself to
a painless death.

Non-voluntary Euthanasia
- when the permission of the patient to perform the process is
unavailable, like in the case of patient in a deep comatose, or
neonates born with signi cant defects.

Involuntary Euthanasia
- when the individual does not give his or her consent.

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 Genetic Engineering
- it involves genetic manipulations that are
perceived to be against moral standards set by
the society. “humans are seen to be acting as
their own gods”

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 Genetic screening - is a procedure whose
main purpose is to screen, choose, and select
the genes for proper detection of any genetic
disease and other chromosomal malformations.

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 Genetic interventions - techniques such as
genetic control, therapy, and surgery. People can
now intervene in the biological process and
control bad or defective genes.

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 Stem Cell Therapy - is a form of genetic
engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat
or prevent disease.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

- perceive to be a deviation from natural process
of fertilization.

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 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- covers the morally accepted behavior of
individuals in the workplace. It serves as the
guiding principle in the ethical practice of a
profession.

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