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LESSON 1: THE ENGLISH ALPHABET AND NAMES

A. English Alphabet
The English alphabet has got 26 letters in which we have
20 consonants and 6 vowels, which are:

VOWELS AND CONSONNANTS IN ENGLISH

A (ei) J (djeï ) S (es)

B (bi) K (Keï) T (ti)
C (ci) L (el) U (you)
D (di) M (em) V (vi)
E (i) N (en) W (dablyou)
F (ef) O (o: ) X (eks)
G (dji: ) P (pi) Y (waï)
H (etch) Q (kyou: ) Z (zed or zid)
I (aï ) R (ar)

QUESTIONS: Listen and Practice

1. How many letters do we have in English
alphabet? Answer: we have 26 (twenty-six) letters.
2. How many vowels and consonants do we have in English
alphabet?
Answer: we have 6 (six) vowels and 20 (twenty) consonants.
3. Can you recall (remind) for me the English
alphabet? Answer: yes I can / No, I can not

B. Asking about Names

1. Sorts of
names - Name
- Surname Are the Same
- Last name
- Family name
- Full name
- Post name
- Middle Name
- First name
- Christian name
- Given name
- Nick name

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QUESTIONS: Listen and Practice

1. What is your name?
Answer: My name is HYGIN BITINI
2. What is your post-name/Middle name?
Answer: My post name is MFUM’ISEM
3. What is your first name?
Answer: My first name is HYGIN
4. What is your full name?
Answer: My full name is HYGIN BITINI MFUM’ISEM
5. Can you spell your name/ Post name/First name/full name?
R/ yes I can it is spelt B-I-T-I-N-I
6. How do you spell your name /Post name/ First name/Full name?
R/ It is spelt, B-I-T-I-N-I Note: Here are other questions
used for asking about names:

How are you called? I’m called ……………….

May I have your name? They call me ……………..
 May I know your name? I’m going by the name of ………..

What’s your appellation? Call me…..but everybody calls
me………
REACTIONS
- And your name?
- How about your name?
- And yours?
- What about yours?
- I need yours too.
LESSON 2: INTRODUCTION INTO TALK
A. Greetings
Informal
greetings - Hi!
- Hello! Are the same
- Bow!
- Hey!
Formals greetings
- Good morning
- Good afternoon
- Good evening
- Good night
- Good sleeping
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B. Some Questions and Answers About The

Health B.1. Health
 How are you?
 Are you in good shape?
 How are you feeling?
 How are you going?
 How are you doing?
 How are you keeping?
 What’s news with you?

B.2. Answers

If Positives If Negatives If not positive, not

Negative
I am I am not fine I am more and less fine
fine
I am very well thanks I am not very well I am up and down
I am in tip top condition I am bad I am a bit fine
I am feeling well I am not feeling well I am fifty
I am okay I am not okay I am on balance
I am fine thanks I am not good I am so-so
I am keeping cool I am not keeping well I am just a little bit
I am not so bad I am not cool
No news I am sick
Nothing special I am ill
B.3. Questions back:
- And you?
- What about
you?
- And yourself?
- And yours?
- What about yours?
C. Expressing Happiness
- I am happy to see you I am happy to see you too
- I am glad to see you I am glad to see you too
- I am glad to meet you I am glad to meet you too
- I am happy to meet you I am happy to meet you too
- I am pleased to meet you I am pleased to meet you too
- I am pleased to see you I am pleased to see you too
- How do you do How do you do
- It was nice to meet you It was nice to meet you
too
- It was nice to see you Me too
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Reactions:
- Me too
- So am I
- The same to me
D. Farewells
- Bye bye Bye
- Good bye Bye bye
- See you soon Thank you
- See you next time Thank you very
much
- See you later Thanks
- Check you later Thank you
- See you tomorrow Thanks
- Have a good day Thank you
- Go well Thanks
- Stay well Thank you
- Be careful Thanks
- Cheerio Tata
- So long So long

LESSON 3: SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS AND

EXCLAMMATION 3.1. Expressions
 Sorry to bother you!
 Excuse me I didn’t catch you!
 Excuse me I didn’t catch the last word!
 Can you help me ……………
 Please, my problem is that …………
 Excuse me, I’d like to know about ……………….
 That’s okay!
 No problem!
 Don’t worry about ………..!
 Don’t care about ………….!
 Never mind!
 Not at all!
 What matters to me is that ………….
 Enjoy your meal!
 Good party!
 My deepest sympathy!
 Sorry I wasn’t listening!
 Can you tell me something about ……………..

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 What do you mean by that?

 Good journey!
 Good luck!
 Good day (have a good day)

3.2. Exclammations

Wow!

How come!

Come on!

Really!

Is that true!

What!

Oh, My God!
LESSON 4: WH-QUESTIONS

Interrogative Pronouns Interroge sur:

Who? Une Personne
Where? Le lieu
Where……. from? Le pays / la ville d’origine
When? Le moment
Why? La cause
What? Une chose
Which? Une chose une selection entre 2 choses
How? Une situation, la manière
What color? La couleur
What do/does ….do? Le métier
What ….. doing L’action en cours
Who / what ……… like? L’aspect ( personne /chose)
What For? Le but
How + be? L’état de santé
How old + be? L’âge
How many + plural number Le nombre (1, 2, 20, etc.)
How much? Le prix
Here are some examples: Questions and Answers
Question: What is your name?
Answer: My name is Hygin BITINI
Question: What’s your birth place?
Question: how may I know your name?
Answer: Call me ………… but everybody calls me …………
Answer: I was born in Kinshasa
Question: What’s your birth date?

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Answer: I was born in January 2nd 1989

Question: What nationality are you?
Question: I’m Congolese
Question: Where do you learn English?
Answer: I learn English at YLC
Question: what does mean YLC mean?
Answer: YLC means Youngs of Light Center
Question: where is YLC located?
Answer: YLC is located on Mwepu Street Number 29 Ndanu quarter
(neighborhood) Limete Township.
Question: What is your favorite food?
Answer: My favorite food is rice and beans / meat / vegetable
Question: Where do you study?
Answer:
 I study at Saint Bernard School
 Sorry I don’t study because I have already finished my studies at
UNIKIN in environment department, faculty of sciences.
Question: Where do you live?
Answer: I live on REGIDESO Street, N°12 Ndanu quarter,
Masina Township/Area.
Question: Where do you come from and going?
Answer: I come from home and I go nowhere/somewhere
Question: What is your full name?
Answer: My full name is Hygin BITINI Mfum’isem
Question: What is your mother tongue?
Answer: My mother tongue is kikongo
Question: Do you play football?
Answer: Yes I do/ No I don’t
Question: Where do you pray please?
Answer: I pray at protestant Church.
Question: What is your civil/marital status?
Answer: I’m a bachelor/Single/Spenser.
Question: What do you do in your life?
Answer: I’m a worker/ a nurse / a lawyer
Question: How old are you?
Answer: I’m 27 years old.
Question: Where are you from?
Answer: I’m from KASAI
Question: Where were you born?
Answer: I was born in Kinshasa.
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Question: What language do you speak better?

Answer: I speak English and French better.
Question: How much cost this stuff?
Answer: just 5 $

Note well: short Answers

Yes, he is. Yes, he does.
Is he ….. ? No, he isn’t. Does he ….. ? No, he doesn’t.
Yes, I do. Yes, he can.
Do you ….. ? No, I don’t. Can he …….? No, he can’t.

LESSON 5: NUMBER ADJECTIVES

A) Cardinal
numbers
1. One 7. Seven 13. Thirteen 19. Nineteen 70.
Seventy
2. Two 8. Eight 14. Fourteen 20. Twenty 80. Eighty
3. Three 9. Nine 15. Fifteen 30. Thirty 90. Ninety
4. Four 10. Ten 16. Sixteen 40. Forty
5. Five 11. Eleven 17. Seventeen 50. Fifty
6. Six 12. Twelve 18. Eighteen 60. Sixty

100. One hundred

200. Two hundred
300. Three hundred
400. Four hundred
500. Five hundred
600. Six hundred
700. Seven hundred
800. Eight hundred
900. Nine hundred
1000. One thousand

A.1. TELLING THE TIME

1. About Hour
 Minute +hour
 Minute + to+ hour
 Minute + past + hour + a.m (p.m)
 Minute+ to+ hour + p.m (a.m)
 hour, minute

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Example: 13 h 23
- Twenty three past thirteen
- Twenty three to thirteen
- Twenty three past thirteen a.m (p.m)
- Twenty three to thirteen
- Thirteen, twenty three
QUESTIONS
- What time is it?
- What’s the time?
- Have you got the right time

TIME VOCABULARIES
- Half: demi, moitie
- Quart: quart (15)
- Sharp: précis
- At 7o'clock: à 7 heure pile
- before the Sunset: avant le coucher du soleil
- Before midday: Avant midi
- at the midnight: à Minuit
A.2. CALCULATION
For calculating in english, we better know some mathematic
operators which are :
 + : Plus
 - : Minus
 / : Divided by
 X : times
 = : is equal to

Example : 60+40 = 100 Sixty plus Forty is equal to one hundred

B) Ordinal numbers
1st: First 11th: Eleventh 21th: Twenty-First
2nd: Second 12th: Twelfth 30th: Thirtieth
3th: Third 13th: Thirteenth 40th: Fortieth
4th: Fourth 14th: Fourteenth 50th: Fiftieth
5th: Fifth 15th: Fifteenth 60th: sixtieth
6th: Sixth 16th: Sixteenth 70th: Seventieth
7th: Seventh 17th: Seventeenth 80th: Eightieth
8th: Eighth 18th: Eighteenth 90th: Ninetieth
9th: Nineth 19th: Nineteenth 100th: Hundredth
10th: Tenth 20th: Twentieth 101th: Hundred- First

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B.1. Days off for American and Congolese people

A. American day off
- January 1st New year
- January 3rd Martin Luther king's birth day
- July 4th National party
- 2nd October Christopher Columbus’s day
- December 25th Merry Christmas day
B. Congolese day off
- January 1st New year
- January 4th Martyr’s day
- January 16th Laurent Desire Kabila’s death
- May 1st labor’s day
- May 17th liberation’s day
- June 30th national party
(independence)
- December 25th Merry Christmas day
B.2. Days of the week
There are seven days in a week. Which are:
- Monday
- Tuesday
- Wednesday
- Thursday
- Friday
- Saturday
- Sunday
B.3. Months of the year
There are twelve months in a year. Which are:
- January - July
- February - August
- March -
September
- April - October
- May -
November
- June -
December
B.4. Saying the date
For saying the date, we usually begin with the month, the date and
the year at the end.
Example: 20/ juillet /2019
In English, we are going to write it like this: july, the 20th 2019 And
for
reading, it is read: July, the twentieth two thousand and nineteen.
Notewell: for the date we are used to using the ordinal number
whereas for the year we are used to using the cardinal number.
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LESSON 6: SELF PRESENTATION

A: Would you please introduce yourself?
B: Thank you for giving me the speech my full name is JOEL
MOFUKULA but also known as (a.k.a) Smith. I live on MWEPU
street N°4, NDANU quarter, limete Township. I’m Congolese by birth
from Bandundu not by naturalization because both my parents are
Congolese too. I’m a student; I study at unikin. I’m in the family of 4
children, I mean one (1) boy and three (3) girls in which I’m the 1 rst
all my kids are studying. My father is a worker and my mother is a
housewife. I’m Christian, I pray God at Catholic Church. That’s all.
LESSON 7: POLITE WAY OF ASKING AND QUESTIONING
- Excuse me Sir; I’m late may I get in? “to go in, to come in”
- Excuse me Sir; May I get out? “to go out, to come out”
- Excuse me Sir; you’re needed out
- Please Sir; may I lend your pen?
- Excuse me Sir; I don’t understand
- Please Sir; can you speak slowly?
- Please Sir; may I ask a question?
- What does it mean?
- Please what is the meaning of……….
- Please Sir; what’s the English for…….
- Please Sir; what’s the French for…….
LESSON 8: THE THIRD PERSON OF SINGULAR
 We add “S” in the third person of singular general
case E.g.: To eat
I eat
You
eat He
She eats It

 We add “ES” in the third person of singular at the end of verbs

finishing by O, X, SH, CH.
E.g.: To go To finish To kiss
I go I finish I kiss
You go You finish You kiss
He He He
She goes She finishes She kisses
It It It

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 We add “ES” in the third person of singular at the end of verbs

finishing by Y if it’s preceded by a consonant.
E.g.: To study To cry
I study I cry
You study You cry
He He
She studies She cries
It It
 We add “S” in the third person of singular at the end of verbs
finishing by Y if it’s preceded by a vowel.
E.g.: To play
I play
You
play He
She plays It

LESSON 9: CONJUGAISONS
Auxiliary “DO”
1. PRESENT
AFF. FORM NEG. FORM INT. FORM INT, NEG FORM
3rd person of singular S + don’t or Do or does + s Don’t or doesn’t + s +
+
doesn’t + verb verb verb
1. You read a 1. I don’t read a Do I read a book Don’t I read a book?
book book Does he read a Doesn’t he read a
book
2. He reads a He doesn’t read book
book a book
2. PAST TENSE

AFF. FORM NEG. FORM INT. FORM INT, NEG FORM

S + did + V S + didn’t + V Did + S + V Didn’t + S + V +?
I did read a book I didn’t read a Did I read a Didn’t I read a book?
book book

LESSON 10: THE SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE 1. Use of simple present
tense
 It is used to talk about General
truth. Basic Sentences:
- Do I teach English at YLC? Yes, I do.
- Does PAUL study in the USA? No he doesn’t, he studies in china
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- I live together with my parents

- They learn English at YLC
 It is used to talk about permanent
activities Examples:
- I start working at 9 o’clock AM
- He goes to visit his parents once a week

 It is used to talk about habitual

fact Examples:
- The sun rises at the east and sets in the west
- Water boils at 100°c
2. Sentences with adverbs of
frequency - I usually get up at 7:30
AM
- She sometimes think about his husband
- Does he often call you up?
- Your parents never tell you the truth
- He seldom eat around 6 o’clock PM
- The first level’s students are always serious

LESSON 11: THE SIMPLE PAST

TENSE 1. Use of simple past
tense
 It is used to talk about situation, event, problem or something
happened in the past.
Basic sentences:
- Did you go to the embassy last week? No I didn’t. I went to the
airport
- Did she tell you about her married? Yes she said, she gave a
gift-wrapped during the ceremony
- Didn’t he study at Saint Bernard school? Yes he studied or he did.
- Did your mother live in South Africa? No, she didn’t. Did they
attend the last meeting? Yes, they did.
- I worked at OCC for 2 years
- Yesterday, I ate cassava leaves to Mr. Josue
2. Regular Verbs: Pronunciation of final “ED”
2.1. Simple past tense
The final -ed ending has three different pronunciations: |t|, |d|, |ed|
 Final -ed is pronounced “ |t|” after all voiceless
sounds: Examples of voiceless sounds: “K”, “P”, “S”, “Ch”,
“Sh”, “F”
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

Look Looked Look|t|
Clap Clapped Clap|t|

Miss Missed Miss|t|
 Watch Watched Watch|t|

Finish Finished Finish|t|
 Final -ed is pronounced “ |d|” after voiced sounds: Examples
of voiced sounds: “L”, “V”, “N”, “B” and all vowel sounds.

Smell Smelled Smell|d|

Save Saved Save|d|
 Clean Cleaned Clean|d|
Rob Robbed Rob|d|

Play Played Play|d|
 Final -ed is pronounced “ |ed|” after “T” and “D”
sounds: Examples:
 Decide Decided Decide|ed|
 Need Needed Need|ed|
Wait Waited Wait|ed|
 Want Wanted Want|ed|

Invite Invited IInvite|ed|
Note: the sound |ed| adds a whole syllable to a word
Example:
 Looked Look|t| = one syllable;
 Needed Needed|ed|= two syllables

CONVERSATION: WHAT DID YOU DO

Patrick: What did you do in the last week-end? The weather
terrible, Wasn’t it?
Joshua: Yes, it was. So we stayed at home. We worked with Dad in
the Baby’s room, he painted the ceiling and I painted the doors…….
Aimee: Yes and I made a dishes after them. There was paint all
over The floor. It was really in the big mess!
Joshua: Oh, come on! I helped you, didn’t I? And you listened to
music all afternoon. Did you go out last week-end,
Patrick?
Patrick: No, we didn’t. I watched an old western movie on TV
and I Played a game with Grace
Aimee: Who’s grace? Your new girlfriend?
Patrick: his boyfriend he’s 20! He’s our door neighbor. He is
divorced Too, and I think he likes mum he always comes
round on Week-end.
Joshua: I see.

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LESSON 12: PRONOUNS

Pronoun (and nouns) in English display “case” according
to their function in the sentence.
Their function can be:
- Subjective (they act as the subject)
- Objective (they act as the object)
- Possessive (they show possession of something else)
The following table shows the different forms for pronouns depending on case.
Number Person Gender Pronouns Possessiv
e
Subject Object Possessiv Reflexive adjectives
e
1st m/f I me mine myself my
2nd m/f You You Yours Yourself your
Singular 3rd M He Him His Himself His
F She Her Hers Herself her
N It It Its Itself Its
1st m/f We Us Ours Ourselves Our
plural 2nd m/f You You Yours Yourselves Your
3rd m/f/n They Them Theirs Themselves Their
A problem of case: Tickete and I or Tickete and me.
1. Tickete and I are delighted to be here today. (not Tickete and me)
2. The letter was addressed to Tickete and me. (not Tickete and I)
In the number 1. Tickete and I are subject that’s why the pronoun
takes the subjective case (“I”)
In the number 2. Tickete and I are object that’s why the pronoun
takes the objective case (“me”)
LESSON 13: THE VERBS “TO BE AND TO HAVE”
1. VERB TO BE
1.1. THE PRESENT TENSE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM
Contractive Contractive Interrogative
I am I’m I am not I’ m not Am I?
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you?
He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he?
She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she?
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it?
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we?
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you?
They are They’re They are not They aren’t Are they?

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1.1.1. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Note: the present continuous is used when an action takes place at
the same moment of speaking

Rule: S + to be (in present) + V (ing) + O

Example:
- we are learning English
- At this moment my brother is cleaning the house
 It is also used for the near future
Example:
- My friend is arriving tomorrow
NOTE:
 About verbs ending by "e" before adding "ing" we drop the "e"
Example: to take taking
 verbs ending by "ie" change "ie" in "y" before putting "ing"
Example: to die dying
 verbs ending by "c", we add "k" before putting "ing"
Example: to panic panicking
 if a consonant is preceded by a single vowel, we double the
final consonant
Example: To cut cutting
Exception: to visit, to offer

1.1.2. THE NEAR FUTURE

Rule: S + be going + to + V (infinitive) + O

Example:
- I'm going to study
- He is going to learn English
- We are going to celebrate our anniversary

Contractive S + to be+ gonna (going to) + O

form:

Example:
- I'm gonna study to night
- I'm gonna learn English this Year
- He's gonna travel tomorrow

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1.1.3. DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Question: What does your friend look like?
Answer: He is:
- Tall/short/medium height/slim/heavy/thin/fat
- Handsome/good-looking/ugly/young/minor/old
- Charming/kind and modest/timid and shy
- Sociable/loyal/funny/generous/stubborn/selfish
- Demanding/sweet and caring/loving and affectionate
- Humble/moody/aggressive/difficult

1.2. THE PAST TENSE “TO BE”

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM
Contractive Interrogative
I was I was not I wasn’t Was I?
You were You were not You weren’t Were you?
He was He was not He wasn’t Was he?
She was She was not She wasn’t Was she?
It was It was not It wasn’t Was it?
We were We were not We weren’t Were we?
You were You were not You weren’t Were you?
They were They were not They weren’t Were they?

1.2.1. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it
to say what we were doing in the past.
A. Affirmative form

Structure: S+ BE (Past tense) + V (ing form) + C

Examples:
- I was dancing yesterday
- They were speaking in English
- She was cooking cassava leaves
B. Negative form
For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not
between the auxiliary verb (to be) and main verb.
Structure: S+ BE (Past tense) + Not + V (ing form) + C

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Examples:
- I was not dancing yesterday
- They were not speaking in English
- She was not cooking cassava leaves
- You were not watching TV
Note well: For question sentences, we exchange the subject and
auxiliary verb, Look at these example sentences with the past
continuous tense.
Look at and practice:
- Was he playing football? Yes, he was / No, he wasn’t
- Were you working hard? Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t
- Were they speaking English? Yes, they were/No, they weren’t

1.2.2. THE USE OF THERE IS, THERE ARE, THERE WAS,

THERE WERE
NOTE:
- We use "there is" or "there are"
- We use "there was" or "there were"
Example:
- There is a big super market on our street
- There is a good movie on TV
- Excuse me is there a hotel near here?
- There isn't anyone who can help me
- No, there isn't anyone strong here
- There are a lot of accidents on this road
- There were many mechanics in the church today, I was
surprised to see them
- Are there any mistakes in my letter?
- No, there aren't but in your last letter there were many
1.3. THE FUTURE TENSE “TO BE”
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM
Contractive Contractive Interrogative
I will be I’ll be I will not be I won’t be Will I be?
You will be You’ll be You will not be You won’t be Will you be?
He will be He’ll be He will not be He won’t be Will he be?
She will be She’ll be She will not be She won’t be Will she be?
It will be It’ll be It will not be It won’t be Will it be?
We will be We’ll be We will not be We won’t be Will we be?
You will be You’ll be You will not be You won’t be Will you be?
They will be They’ll be They will not be They won’t be Will they be?

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1.3.1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The future continuous tense is also an important tense use in
English.
We use it to express an imaginary in the future.
A. Affirmative form

Structure: S + Will + BE + V (ing form) + C

Examples:
- I will be going when you come
- She will be saying that I am right
- They will be knowing that I am their chairman
B. Negative form
For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not
between will and not.
Structure: S+ Will + Not + BE+ V (ing form) + C

Examples:
- I will not be going when you come
- She will not be saying that I am right
- They will not be knowing that I am their chairman
Note well: For question sentences, we exchange the subject and
will, Look at these example sentences with the future continuous
tense.
Look at and practice:
- Will I not be saying, if I knew…….. ?
- Will she be saying that my mother was right?
- Will they not be crying when the father will not be any more
there?
- Will he not be saying that if I knew, I could learn English …?

1.4. VERBS USED WITH “BE”


To be afraid I was afraid to tell you that problem

To be cold She is really cold

To be right You are right in this case
 To be disappointed I’m disappointed to hear that

To be trouble She is really troubled

To be angry You always angry

To be hungry I’m really hungry get something

To be rude she is very rude, she doesn’t talk to somebody
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 You’re thirsty, let me give you the water
To be thirsty

 Why are you asleep

To be asleep
 To be taken/busy I’ll be taken/busy
 To be intelligent She is much intelligent
 To be in a rush I was in a rush
 I’m crazy of your love
To be crazy
 he is always kind.
To be kind
2. VERB TO HAVE
2.1. PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Contractive
I have I’ve I don’t have Do I have?
You have You’ve You don’t have Do you have?
He has He’s He doesn’t have Does he have?
She has She’s She doesn’t Does she have?
have
It has It’s It doesn’t have Does it have?
We have We’ve We don’t have Do we have?
You have You’ve You don’t have Do you have?
They have They’ve They don’t have Do they have?
2.2. PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

Long form Contractive
I had I’d I didn’t have Did I have?
You had You’d You didn’t have Did you have?
He had He’d He didn’t have Did he have?
She had She’d She didn’t have Did she have?
It had It’d It didn’t have Did it have?
We had We’vd We didn’t have Did we have?
You had You’d You didn’t have Did you have?
They had They’d They didn’t have Did they have?
2.3. THE FUTURE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
Contractive
I will have I’ll have I will not have Will I have?
You will have You’ll have You will not have Will you have?
He will has He’ll have He will not have Will he have?
She will has She’ll have She will not have Will she have?
It will has It’ll have It will not have Will it have?
We will have We’ll have We will not have Will we have?
You will have You’ll have You will not have Will you have?
They will have They’ll have They will not have Will they have?

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Note well: TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

 future with “ Will”
We use “will” to talk about things that we have not yet decided
until the moment of speaking.
Example: I think, I will play football next week

LESSON 14: MODAL AUXILIARIES

They are used to talk about:
 Ability: Can, Could, Be able to
Note: we use “could or was able to” to talk about ability in the past
and “can and be able to” in the present and “will be able to” in the
future. Examples:
- I can drive a car
- Mr. love couldn’t play football when he was very young
- If we go to town, I will be able to do shopping
- Mr. Patrick will be able to teach English at CALIM
- She was able to dance in the party
 Permission: Can, May (be allowed
to) Examples:
- People can/may get married in Congo by the age of eighteen
- My sister is seventeen, she will be allowed to get married
soon - Can I dance?
- May I use your phone?
 Necessity: Must/Have to (has to)/had to
Examples:
- They must tell me the truth
- He is late, he must hurry up
- Mr. Rodrick has to see if first level students are inside
- We had to wait for the meeting
- You have to speak now
 Possibility or probability:
May/Might Examples:
- The hand out may/might be in the office
- David may not / might not teach in 1st level tomorrow
 Certainly: Must/Can’t
Examples:
- He left half an hour ago, so he must be at home
- Nobody is answering the phone, they must be slept
- The story can’t be true

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LESSON 15: TAG QUESTIONS

Affirmative phrase + tag Negative phrase + tag

Paul swims a lot, doesn’t he? Paul doesn’t swim a lot, does he?
Paul swam yesterday, didn’t he? He didn’t swim yesterday, did he?
She is swimming now, isn’t She? He isn’t swimming now, is he?
She can swim well, can’t she? He can’t swim well, can he?
She must swim a lot, mustn’t He mustn’t swim a lot, must he?
she?

LESSON 16: EMBEDDED QUESTION

It’s used with the direct question in order to ask a question more
politely
in English.
Some embedded question:
 Can you tell me please?
 Could you tell me please?
 Would you tell me please?

A. In The Present
Question: What is your name? (Direct question)
Question: Can you tell me please what your name is?
Question: Where do you learn English? (Direct question)
Question: Could you please tell me, where you learn English
B. In The Past
Question: What did you eat in the morning? (Direct question)
Question: Would you please tell me what you ate?
Question: What were you doing there? (Direct question)
Question: Could you please tell me what you were doing there?
C. In The Future
Question: Where are you going to go? (Direct question)
Question: Can you please tell me where you are gonna go?
Question: What will we do that day? (Direct question)
Question: Can you please tell me what we will do that day?

LESSON 17: CONNECTING WORDS

 The traffic argent come so as to calm down the traffic jam
 They turned off the radio in order to study in peace
 I’m learning English so that I become a teacher
 By dint of teaching, you’ll get the experience
 She feels very sick nevertheless she is going to school
 Congolese people dislike the chairman however they abide by him

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 Powerful went to swim even if it was very cold

 You can do the exam if you pay money
 We’ll teach you in case you come
 He came late that’s why the punish him
 You failed because of your carelessness
 My wife is watching TV instead of cooking
 They go to church in spite of their multiple occupations

LESSON 18: THE USE OF AGAIN, STILL, YET, BECAUSE AND

IN ORDER TO
Again: we use again to express the repetition action.
Example: you again on the street
Still: we use still to express the continuous action.
Example: you are still eating.
Yet: is used in the negative sentence
Example: He didn’t come yet
Because: Express the cause or the raison
E.g.: Why are punished?
- I’m punished because I came late
- I don’t eat because I don’t have food
In order to: Express an objective
E.g.: I study in order to prepare my future

LESSON 19: ARTICLES, THE USE OF ALL AND WHOLE AND

PLURAL OF NOUNS

I. ARTICLES
The three (3) articles in English are: A, An and The.
The word A (which become An when the next word begins with a
vowel: a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it
goes which is indefinite or general.
The word THE is known as the definite article and indicate a specific
thing.
1. Definitive article (THE)
Singular Plural
- The boy The boys
- The girl The girls
- The book The books
- The house The houses
- The history The histories

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- The story The stories

2. In definitive article (A, AN)

Singular Plural
- A bulb Bulbs
- A candle Candles
- A president Presidents
- An answer Answers
- A copybook Copybooks
- An uncle Uncles

II. THE USE OF ALL AND WHOLE

These words often have the same meaning but they are different
A. ALL: with the definite article "the" and possessive adjective,
"all" comes before.
Examples:
- All the time
- All my copy book
B. WHOLE: with the definite article "the" and possessive
adjective, "whole" comes after. ( le sens de l'entiereté)
Example:
- My greetings to the whole family
- In my whole life
With plural nouns, they have different meaning
Example:
- all exams were different: every exams was different
- Whole exams were different: this doesn't mean every exam
was different, but some were different completely.

III. PLURAL OF NOUNS:

For most nouns, add an ‘S’ at the end of the word (General case)
SINGULAR PLURAL
Car Cars
Desk Desks
Tree trees
Ball balls
Hand hands

For nouns end with ‘S’, ‘X’, ‘Z’, ‘CH’ or ‘SH’, add ‘ES’ at the end of
the word

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SINGULAR PLURAL
Boss bosses
Box boxes
Topaz topazes
Leech leeches
Dish Dishes
For some words that end with ‘O’ add ‘ES’ at the end.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Potato potatoes
Echo Echoes
Hero Heroes
For some other words that end with ‘O’, add ‘S’ at the end of the
word

SINGULAR PLURAL
Photo photos
Piano Pianos
Logo logos
Radio Radios
For some words ending with ‘F’ replace the ‘F’ with a ‘V’ and add ‘ES’
at the end of the word.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Thief Thieve
Loaf loaves
Half halves
Calf Calves
Leaf Leaves
Exception:

SINGULAR PLURAL
Reef reefs
Roof Roofs
Chef Chefs
For some words ending with ‘IFE’ replace the ‘F’ with a ‘V’ and add
‘S’ at the end of the word.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Wife Wives
Knife knives
Life Lives

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For common nouns ending with a consonant followed by ‘y’ replace

the ‘y’ with an ‘i’ an add ‘es’ at the end of the word.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nappy Nappies
Poppy Poppies
Fly Flies
Penny Pennies
Sty Sties
Some nouns are the same in both forms:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Fish Fish
Sheep Sheep
Deer Deer
Tuna Tuna
Trout Trout
Form some nouns, other letters must be replaced or added,
sometimes changing the word completely:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Person People
Ox Oxen
Child Children
Goose Geese
Man Men
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth

LESSON 20: THE USE OF SOME, ANY AND NO

 Some: is used in affirmative form and it can also be used in
interrogative form.
Example:
- There are some socks on the table
- There are some students outside discussing about English.
 Any: is used in negative and interronegative form.
But when you use any in negative form, it will have the meaning of
"nothing"
Example:
- Don’t you speak any language?
- Doesn’t she have anything to say?
- I haven't got any exercise book
 NO: is used in affirmative form

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Example:
- I have nothing to say
- There is nobody in this class

LESSON 21: DEMONSTRATIVES ADJECTIVES

The use of this, that, these and those.
This & That/these and those
(singular) This: Near
(Plural) These: Near
(singular) That: Far
(Plural) Those: Far
This is and these are/ that is and those are
Notes: This is: “voici” when there is not a question asked
Example:
- this is my younger sister
- this is my English teacher
These are (plural of this is): voici: when there is not a question asked
Example:
- These are my friends
- There are my little brother and sister
That is: voila (when there is not a question asked)
Example:
- That is my English teacher
- That is your mango tree
Those are: (plural of that is): voilà.
Example:
- Those are my wife and children
Example:
- Who’s this? This is my uncle Albert
- What is this? This is the pen
- Who are those people? Those are my parents

LESSON 22: ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS


Possible questions:
 Please, could you show me the way to ………
 Can you tell me where …………. Is?
 Excuse me, which direction is it to ………………?
 Which way brings to ………..?
 I’m looking for …………. Where can I find it?
 I’d like to reach …………… which direction can I take?

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 Possible Answers:
 Go along this street, then turn on the left, it’s on the corner after
the gas station
 Go straight on, it’s across from the bakery
 It’s opposite the drugstore
 Walk till the end of this avenue and then, turn on the right, it’s
inside of a school
 Go through this tunnel, it’s on the left between iron monger and
dry cleaner’s
 Go down this street, it’s behind the police station.
Directions words
North
- Turn
- Straight ahead
- On the left Wes
t

East
- On the right

- Turn around
South

Conversation: Asking for Direction

Powerful: Excuse me, can you help me? Is there a public waiting
room around here?
AIME: A public waiting room? I’m sorry I don’t think so
Powerful: Oh no! My son needs a bath room
AIME: Well there’s a department store on the main street
Powerful: Where, on the main street?
AIME: It’s on the corner and First Street
Powerful: On the corner of main and first?
AIME: Yes it’s across from the bakery, you can’t miss it
Powerful: I see thanks

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