Blockchain Driven IoT Based Smart and Secure

Home Automation

Author

M. Awais Ul Haq Awaisi 20-EE-121

Aleena Minhal Awan 20-EE-133
Hammad Nazir 20-EE-181

Supervisor

Dr. Munira Batool

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
June , 2024
Blockchain Driven IoT Based Smart and Secure
Home Automation

Author

M. Awais Ul Haq Awaisi 20-EE-121

Aleena Minhal Awan 20-EE-133
Hammad Nazir 20-EE-181

Supervisor

Dr. Munira Batool

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA
June , 2024
 Blockchain Driven IoT Based Smart and
Secure Home Automation

Author

M. Awais Ul Haq Awaisi 20-EE-121

Aleena Minhal Awan 20-EE-133
Hammad Nazir 20-EE-181

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Supervisor:

Dr. Munira Batool

Assistant Professor Electrical Engineering

External Examiner Signature: ___________________________________________

Thesis Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

June 2024
 Undertaking

I certify that research work titled “Blockchain Driven IoT Based Smart and Secure Home

Automation” is my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment.

Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

1. Muhammad Awais Ul Haq (20-EE-121)

2. Aleena Minhal Awan (20-EE-133)

3. Hammad Nazir (20-EE-181)

 DEDICATION

Dedicated to my family, whose unwavering support and encouragement have been my guiding light. To my mentors

and teachers, for their invaluable wisdom and guidance throughout this journey. And to my friends and colleagues,

for their camaraderie and inspiration that made every challenge more manageable.
 Abstract

Blockchain Driven IoT Based Smart and Secure Home Automation

M. Awais Ul Haq, Aleena Minhal Awan, Hammad Nazir

20-EE-121, 20-EE-133, 20-EE-181

Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Munira Batool

Assistant Professor
This thesis outlines the development of a blockchain-driven smart home system using the ESP32

Wi-Fi module. Integrated with various sensors and actuators, it controls home appliances such as

lights and fans, with security features enhanced by blockchain technology. A local HTTP server

facilitates real-time monitoring via a web interface for both automatic and manual operation.

Hardware components include the ESP32 module, sensors (LDR, PIR, temperature), actuators

(fans, lights, door lock), and an ESP32 camera module. These work together to collect data and

enable device control. Software-wise, a local HTTP server provides real-time access, while

blockchain integration ensures secure data storage.

The system, managed by the ESP32 module, supports automatic and manual modes, with

security bolstered by image storage on the IOTA blockchain and encryption/authentication

mechanisms for the HTTP server.

Testing validates accuracy, responsiveness, and security, demonstrating reliability under various

conditions. The thesis highlights blockchain's potential in fortifying home automation security,

suggesting future improvements like expanding device control and enhancing user interfaces,

while exploring machine learning for smarter automation. This research showcases blockchain's

role in addressing security challenges in home automation.

Keywords: Home Automation , Internet of things , Blockchain technology, Cybersecurity

threats , ESP32 Wi-Fi module, Decentralization

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to all those who have provided us with the
support and guidance throughout the duration of our final year project.
First and foremost, we are extremely grateful to our supervisor, [Dr. Munira Batool], for their
invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during our research. Their immense
knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged us in all the time of our academic research
and daily life.
We would also like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of
Engineering and Technology, Taxila, for providing us with a conducive environment and all the
necessary facilities for the research.
Special thanks to our parents and families for their love, patience, and understanding. Their
encouragement has been a source of inspiration and strength for us.
We are also thankful to our friends and fellow students who have assisted us in various aspects
of our project. Their willingness to help and their enthusiastic participation made our journey
more enjoyable and enriching.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge each member of our group: [Muhammad Awais Ul Haq
Awaisi], [Aleena Minhal Awan], and [Hammad Nazir]. The collaboration and teamwork among
us have been a crucial factor in the successful completion of this project. Each member’s
dedication and hard work are deeply appreciated.
Thank you all for making this journey a memorable and rewarding experience.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Motivation

1.1.1 Background:

In today's rapidly evolving world, our homes are becoming smarter and more connected than

ever before. This transformation, often referred to as home automation or domotics, is

revolutionizing the way we live by integrating technology into our daily lives. Imagine being

able to control the lights, thermostat, security cameras, and even kitchen appliances in your home,

all from your smartphone or tablet. This level of convenience and control is made possible by

advancements in technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless communication, and

smart sensors.

Home automation systems offer a plethora of benefits, from enhancing comfort and efficiency to

improving security within households. For instance, you can adjust the temperature in your home

while you're away, ensuring that it's just right when you return. Or you can receive real-time

alerts on your phone if there's any unusual activity detected by your security cameras. These

systems provide peace of mind and convenience, allowing users to manage their homes from

anywhere, at any time.

However, as our homes become more interconnected and dependent on internet connectivity,

they also become more vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. Traditional home automation systems

often rely on centralized servers to store and process data. While convenient, this centralization

creates potential single points of failure, making these systems attractive targets for cyberattacks.

If a hacker were to breach the central server, they could gain unauthorized access to sensitive

data or even take control of home devices, posing significant privacy and security risks.

1
 Figure 1:cybersecurity threats in home automation systems.

1.1.2 Motivation:

The increasing frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks targeting home automation systems

highlight the urgent need for enhanced security measures. As more and more devices in our

homes become connected to the internet, the potential attack surface for hackers grows larger.

Ensuring the security and integrity of these interconnected systems is paramount to protecting

user privacy and safety.

Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to these security challenges. Known for its

decentralized, transparent, and tamper-proof nature, blockchain has the potential to revolutionize

the way we secure home automation systems. By decentralizing data storage and employing

cryptographic techniques to verify transactions, blockchain significantly reduces the risk of

unauthorized access and data manipulation.

The motivation behind this research project is twofold. Firstly, it aims to address the pressing

need for enhanced security in smart homes by exploring the potential of blockchain technology.

By leveraging blockchain's unique features, such as decentralization and immutability, this

2
research seeks to develop innovative solutions to protect home automation systems from cyber

threats.

Figure 2: A secure and Scalable gateway to secure Home Automation

Secondly, this project aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by designing and

implementing a prototype home automation system fortified with blockchain technology.

Through rigorous experimentation and evaluation, the efficacy and feasibility of integrating

blockchain with IoT devices will be assessed. The ultimate goal is to empower homeowners with

a secure and resilient home automation system that not only enhances convenience but also

safeguards their privacy and security.

In essence, the motivation behind this research project is rooted in a commitment to harnessing

the transformative potential of blockchain technology to create a safer and more secure future for

smart homes. By marrying the capabilities of blockchain with the versatility of IoT devices, this

endeavor aims to pave the way for a new era of intelligent living where users can enjoy the

benefits of technology without compromising their security.

3
1.2 Problem Statement

Despite the numerous advantages of home automation systems, their widespread adoption is

hindered by significant security vulnerabilities. These systems often depend on centralized

servers for data storage and control, making them susceptible to various cyber threats such as

hacking, unauthorized access, and data breaches. The consequences of these security issues can

be severe, including privacy invasions, unauthorized control over home devices, and potential

physical security threats.

Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for a home automation system that ensures data

integrity and prevents unauthorized access. This project aims to address these critical security

concerns by integrating blockchain technology with an IoT-based home automation system. By

using the ESP32 module as the central controller, the system can securely manage and monitor

various home devices. Blockchain integration will ensure that all data transactions are recorded

in a temper-proof manner, significantly enhancing the security and reliability of the system.

1.3 Objectives

The primary objectives of this project are to:

1. Develop a Secure Home Automation System: Utilize the ESP32 Wi-Fi module in

conjunction with various sensors and actuators to create a comprehensive and secure

home automation system.

2. Implement Real-Time Monitoring and Control: Develop a local HTTP server on the

ESP32 to facilitate real-time data access and control through a web interface, allowing

users to monitor and control their home devices remotely.

4
3. Enhance Security with Blockchain: Integrate the ESP32 camera module with the IOTA

blockchain to ensure the security and integrity of captured images and other sensitive

data.

4. Provide Flexible Control Options: Enable both automatic and manual control modes

for home devices, giving users the flexibility to choose their preferred method of

operation.

5. Ensure Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness: Design the system to be easily scalable and

cost-effective, making it accessible to a wide range of users and suitable for various home

automation applications.

6. Optimize Energy Efficiency: Develop mechanisms to optimize the energy consumption

of the connected devices, contributing to overall energy savings.

7. Integrate Voice Control: Incorporate voice control functionality using services like

Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa to enhance user convenience.

8. Enable Data Analytics: Implement data analytics tools to provide users with insights on

their energy consumption and device usage patterns.

9. Enhance User Interface: Develop an intuitive and user-friendly interface that makes it

easy for users to interact with the system.

10. Support Multiple Users: Allow multiple users to have access to the system with

different levels of control and access permissions.

11. Implement Secure Firmware Updates: Ensure that firmware updates can be securely

downloaded and installed to keep the system up to date with the latest security patches.

5
 12. Facilitate Remote Troubleshooting: Enable remote diagnostics and troubleshooting to

assist users in resolving any issues with their system.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to revolutionize the home automation industry

by addressing one of its most critical challenges: security. By integrating blockchain technology

with IoT devices, the proposed system offers a higher level of security compared to traditional

home automation systems. This enhanced security can prevent unauthorized access and ensure

that all data transactions are secure and verifiable.

Figure 3: Role of Blockchain in IOTs

The use of the ESP32 module, known for its versatility and affordability, makes the proposed

system accessible to a broad audience. The ESP32’s capability to interface with a wide range of

sensors and actuators allows for the creation of a comprehensive and scalable home automation

solution tailored to meet diverse user needs. Additionally, the integration of blockchain

technology ensures that the system can provide a secure and reliable method for data storage and

verification, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data manipulation.

6
This project not only contributes to the academic field by exploring the intersection of

blockchain and IoT technologies, but also provides practical solutions for enhancing the security

and functionality of home automation systems. The findings of this study can be applied to

various domains, including smart homes, smart cities, and industrial automation, where security

and data integrity are of paramount importance.

Figure 4: Leveraging Blockchain technology fo enhanced security in every field

Furthermore, this project showcases how advanced technologies can be integrated to create

innovative solutions that address real-world problems. By demonstrating the practical benefits of

combining blockchain and IoT, this study encourages further research and development in this

promising area.

1.5 Overview of the Proposed System

The proposed home automation system utilizes the ESP32 Wi-Fi module as the central controller,

interfacing with various sensors and actuators to manage and monitor home devices. The ESP32

7
is chosen for its robust features, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, ample processing

power, and compatibility with numerous peripherals.

The system architecture comprises three main components:

1. Sensor and Actuator Network: This includes light sensors (LDR), motion sensors (PIR),

temperature sensors, and actuators such as relays for controlling lights, fans, and door

locks. These devices are connected to the ESP32, which processes sensor data and

triggers appropriate actions.

2. Local HTTP Server: The ESP32 hosts a local HTTP server that facilitates real-time data

access and control through a web interface. Users can interact with the system via a

browser, viewing sensor readings and controlling devices remotely.

3. Blockchain Integration: The system integrates the ESP32 camera module with the

IOTA blockchain. Captured images and other critical data are stored on the blockchain,

ensuring data integrity and preventing tampering. The blockchain acts as a secure and

decentralized ledger for all transactions, enhancing the overall security of the system.

The integration of these components results in a home automation system that not only provides

convenience and efficiency but also ensures robust security. By leveraging the decentralized

nature of blockchain, the system eliminates single points of failure and reduces the risk of

unauthorized access and data breaches.

1.6 Implementation Details

The implementation of the proposed system involves several key steps:

1. Hardware Setup: The ESP32 module is configured to interface with various sensors and

actuators. Connections are established according to the specific requirements of each

8
 device, ensuring accurate data collection and reliable control mechanisms. The hardware

setup includes wiring the sensors and actuators to the ESP32 and configuring the

necessary communication protocols.

2. Software Development: The firmware for the ESP32 is developed using the Arduino

IDE. This includes writing code to read sensor data, control actuators, and manage

communication between the ESP32 and the local HTTP server. The server handles HTTP

requests, processes data, and updates the web interface in real-time. The software

development process also involves implementing security measures to protect the system

from cyber threats.

3. Blockchain Integration: The integration of the ESP32 camera module with the IOTA

blockchain involves setting up the necessary libraries and protocols for data transmission.

Captured images are hashed and stored on the blockchain, with metadata recorded to

ensure traceability and verification. The blockchain integration ensures that all data

transactions are secure and tamper-proof.

4. Testing and Validation: The system is tested under various conditions to evaluate its

performance, reliability, and security. This includes testing sensor accuracy, control

responsiveness, and the effectiveness of the blockchain integration in preventing

unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity. The testing process involves simulating

different scenarios and analyzing the results to identify any potential issues or areas for

improvement.

5. Deployment: Once the system has been thoroughly tested and validated, it is deployed in

a real-world environment. The deployment process includes setting up the hardware and

software components, configuring the network settings, and providing users with access

9
 to the web interface. The system is monitored to ensure that it operates smoothly and

meets the users’ needs.

Figure 5: The architecture of smart Home automation

1.7 Challenges and Solutions

Developing a secure and efficient home automation system involves several challenges,

including:

➢ Ensuring Reliable Communication: Maintaining stable and reliable communication

between the ESP32 and connected devices is paramount. To tackle this, we optimize the

firmware and utilize robust communication protocols. By doing so, the system can handle

various network conditions and ensure accurate and efficient data transmission.

➢ Managing Data Security: Protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access and

tampering is a top priority. The integration of blockchain technology serves as a robust

solution by providing a secure and immutable ledger for data transactions. Additionally,

encryption and other security measures are implemented to safeguard data both at rest

and in transit.

10
➢ Scalability and Flexibility: Designing the system to be easily scalable and adaptable to

different user needs requires careful planning and a modular approach. Leveraging the

ESP32's versatile features and support for various peripherals facilitates achieving this

goal. The system can seamlessly expand by adding more sensors and actuators, and it can

be tailored to meet specific requirements.

➢ User-Friendly Interface: Ensuring that the system is user-friendly and accessible to a

wide range of users is essential. The web interface is designed with intuitiveness in mind,

allowing users to effortlessly monitor and control their home devices. Real-time data

updates and customizable system settings further enhance the user experience.

➢ Cost-Effectiveness: Balancing advanced features and security with the overall cost of the

system is a critical consideration. Utilizing the affordable and widely available ESP32

helps maintain cost-effectiveness. The system is carefully designed to deliver optimal

performance and security without exceeding budget constraints.

➢ Power Efficiency: Optimizing power consumption is essential for prolonging the

lifespan of battery-operated devices and minimizing energy costs. Through efficient

firmware design and power management techniques, the system maximizes energy

efficiency without compromising functionality.

➢ Interoperability: Ensuring seamless integration and interoperability with existing home

automation devices and protocols is vital. By adhering to industry standards and

employing interoperable communication protocols, the system can seamlessly interact

with a wide range of devices and platforms.

➢ Fault Tolerance: Building resilience against hardware failures and network disruptions

is crucial for maintaining system uptime and reliability. The system incorporates

11
 redundancy and error-handling mechanisms to mitigate the impact of failures and ensure

continuous operation.

➢ Privacy Protection: Safeguarding user privacy and preventing unauthorized access to

sensitive information is paramount. The system implements stringent privacy controls,

such as user authentication and access permissions, to protect personal data from

breaches and intrusions.

➢ Compliance with Regulations: Adhering to regulatory requirements and industry

standards is essential for ensuring legal compliance and user trust. The system is designed

with adherence to relevant regulations, such as data protection laws and industry-specific

standards, to uphold integrity and trustworthiness.

➢ Remote Management: Facilitating remote management and troubleshooting capabilities

is crucial for enhancing user convenience and system maintenance. The system provides

remote access functionalities, allowing users to monitor and troubleshoot devices from

anywhere with internet connectivity.

➢ Continuous Updates and Maintenance: Ensuring the longevity and security of the

system requires regular updates and maintenance. The system is equipped with

mechanisms for seamless updates and patches, enabling timely deployment of bug fixes,

security enhancements, and new features to keep the system up-to-date and resilient

against emerging threats.

12
 Figure 6: Challenges and Solution to an IoT based automated home

1.8 Future Work

While the proposed system demonstrates significant improvements in home automation security,

there are several areas for future research and development:

❖ Advanced Automation Features: Integrating machine learning algorithms to enable

intelligent automation based on user behavior and preferences can further enhance the

system’s functionality. For example, the system can learn the user’s daily routines and

adjust the settings accordingly, providing a more personalized and efficient experience.

❖ Enhanced User Interface: Developing a more sophisticated and user-friendly interface,

possibly incorporating mobile app support, can improve user experience and accessibility.

A mobile app can provide users with easy access to the system from anywhere, allowing

them to monitor and control their home devices on the go.

13
 ❖ Broader Blockchain Applications: Exploring the use of other blockchain technologies

and applications can provide additional security features and enhance the overall

robustness of the system. For example, smart contracts can be used to automate certain

tasks and ensure that they are executed securely and reliably.

❖ Integration with Other Smart Home Systems: Integrating the proposed system with

other smart home systems and platforms can provide additional features and improve

interoperability. This can include integration with voice assistants, smart lighting systems,

and other IoT devices.

❖ Energy Efficiency: Investigating ways to improve the energy efficiency of the system

can reduce its overall impact on the environment. This can include optimizing the power

consumption of the ESP32 and other components, as well as implementing energy-saving

features such as automated lighting and heating controls.

❖ User Privacy: Ensuring that the system protects user privacy is essential. Future work

can focus on implementing additional privacy measures, such as anonymizing data and

providing users with control over their data.

1.9 Conclusion

This project aims to develop a secure and efficient home automation system by integrating IoT

devices with blockchain technology. By leveraging the capabilities of the ESP32 module and the

security features of blockchain, the proposed system addresses the critical security challenges

faced by traditional home automation systems. The findings of this study not only contribute to

the academic field but also provide practical solutions for enhancing the security and

functionality of home automation systems, paving the way for future innovations in this area.

14
The proposed system offers a comprehensive and scalable solution for home automation,

providing users with the ability to monitor and control their home devices securely and

efficiently. The integration of blockchain technology ensures that all data transactions are secure

and verifiable, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data manipulation. The use of the

ESP32 module makes the system accessible and affordable, while its versatility allows for a wide

range of applications.

Overall, this project demonstrates the potential of combining IoT and blockchain technologies to

create innovative solutions that address real-world problems. By enhancing the security and

functionality of home automation systems, this study encourages further research and

development in this promising area, ultimately contributing to the advancement of smart home

technologies and the improvement of modern living.

15
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Blockchain-Driven IoT Based Smart and Secure Home Automation

System [1]:
Smart home automation is becoming increasingly popular because it offers convenience and

control to homeowners. These smart systems use sensors and wireless connectivity to allow

homeowners to remotely operate appliances like door locks, light bulbs, and power switches.

However, with the rapid growth in the number of these smart devices, significant security

concerns have emerged. These devices often have limited storage and processing power, making

them vulnerable to attacks. Traditional security measures have proven inadequate in addressing

the unique challenges posed by these smart home devices. As a result, researchers are focusing

on developing new security solutions. One promising approach is the use of blockchain

technology—a decentralized, cryptographic database. Blockchain is gaining attention because it

offers a secure alternative to traditional centralized security models, which have notable

shortcomings in meeting the security demands of smart homes. However, further research and

development are required to address the implementation challenges and optimize blockchain

protocols for IoT environments. Future work should focus on developing lightweight consensus

algorithms, enhancing interoperability, and ensuring scalability to accommodate many devices.

Discussion on the rise of smart home technology and associated security risks. It covers the need

for robust security mechanisms to protect smart home environments from cyber threats and

identifies the inadequacy of current security solutions for IoT devices in smart homes. Also

highlights the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional security models due to the limited

computational resources of IoT devices. Proposed the development of a blockchain-based

security framework for smart home systems enhanced the security and resilience of IoT devices

16
by leveraging blockchain's features. The research paper highlights that the exponential growth of

IoT devices in smart homes has outpaced the development of adequate security measures. It

points out that traditional centralized security solutions are not well-suited for the distributed

nature of smart home environments, making a strong case for blockchain's decentralized

approach. The report takes these insights and applies them to a real-world context. By focusing

on the ESP32 Wi-Fi module, a popular choice for IoT devices due to its cost-effectiveness and

versatility, the report provides a tangible implementation strategy. It outlines how blockchain can

be used to create a secure and scalable framework, addressing the challenges of device

authentication, secure communication, and data integrity. The document acknowledges the

technical challenges of integrating blockchain with IoT devices and calls for lightweight

consensus mechanisms, further explores specific algorithms and optimizations that can reduce

the computational burden on IoT devices. This includes exploring proof-of-stake or delegated

proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms, which are less resource-intensive than traditional proof-

of-work. The paper suggests directions for future research and development, such as enhancing

the interoperability of blockchain-based systems with existing smart home protocols and

standards. It also emphasizes the need for rigorous testing and validation to ensure that the

proposed solutions can withstand real-world conditions and threats. The research paper provides

a comprehensive view of the potential for blockchain technology to enhance smart home security

and translates these theories into practical solutions, demonstrating how blockchain can be

effectively integrated with IoT devices to create a secure smart home environment. Further

research and innovation will be crucial to overcoming the remaining technical challenges and

realizing the full potential of this approach.

17
 Figure 7:Smart House Basic Blocks

2.1.1 In Investigating Smart Home Security: Is Blockchain the Answer [1]?

The proliferation of IoT devices such as smart locks, bulbs, and switches presents significant

security challenges. These devices are connected to the home network and can be controlled

remotely, making them attractive targets for cyberattacks. The limited resources in smart home

devices make them vulnerable to attacks, necessitating enhanced security measures. Common

issues include unauthorized access, data breaches, and manipulation of device functionalities.

The paper proposes blockchain technology as a potential solution to enhance the security of

smart home systems due to its decentralized and immutable nature. Blockchain can provide a

secure framework for IoT devices by leveraging cryptographic techniques to ensure data

integrity and authenticity. So, research also examines existing smart home automation systems,

blockchain technology in IoT, and the ESP32 Wi-Fi module. Reviews the current state of

research in both fields and identifies gaps that the proposed framework aims to address. The

research paper's findings offer a detailed model and address specific technical aspects, such as

18
the use of the ESP32 module and practical implementation strategies. Blockchain has emerged as

a major focus of research lately. It's like a digital ledger that's decentralized and secure due to

cryptography. Basically, it lets us make trusted transactions without needing a middleman. Each

transaction is recorded as a block, and these blocks are linked together in a chain with a digital

signature. Since everyone in the system maintains and updates the ledger together, it's really hard

to tamper with or change the information.

Blockchain works through a Peer-to-Peer network where every user can join securely. When

someone new joins, they get a full copy of the ledger. When a new transaction happens, it's

added to the ledger after being verified by everyone in the network. This verification process,

called Proof-of-Work, involves solving complex puzzles using powerful computers. This ensures

that only valid transactions get added to the chain.

To keep things fair, the difficulty of these puzzles adjusts automatically based on how many

transactions are happening. This prevents anyone from gaining too much control over the

network. In simpler applications, the difficulty is kept low to ensure quick responses.

Blockchain can be implemented in different ways. There's the public blockchain, where anyone

can access and contribute to the ledger. Then there's the private blockchain, where only certain

chosen entities have access. Lastly, there's the consortium blockchain, which combines aspects

of both public and private blockchains. It's like a mix of decentralization and controlled access,

19
making it suitable for various applications, including ensuring security and privacy in smart

Figure 8: Adopted smart home architecture using IoT-Blockchain.

Figure 9: Process flow of the proposed architecture.

20
Homes. Therefore, various approaches to using blockchain technology in smart homes have been

proposed, addressing security, privacy, efficiency, and environmental concerns. Each system

offers different benefits and challenges, reflecting the ongoing exploration of blockchain's

potential in IoT applications. Types of Blockchain are as following:

(a) Public Blockchain Systems for Smart Homes [1]:

Security Framework for IoT is proposed using blockchain to create a secure communication

platform for IoT devices in a distributed environment. Smart District Model combines IoT with

blockchain for a power grid access system where users can trade energy using solar panels over

blockchain. Energy Chain is designed as a secure energy trading scheme for automated homes

using blockchain, emphasizing the system's security and efficiency. Used a smart home system

to outline blockchain's core components, conducted security and privacy analysis, and found it

suitable for low-resource IoT devices. a blockchain-based smart door lock system using three

users as nodes for proof-of-work, though it didn't address scenarios with only one user. Smart

Factory IoT is proposed a five-layer IoT architecture using blockchain for smart factories,

enhancing confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Efficient Lightweight Integrated

Blockchain (ELIB) is developed a model using blockchain, cloud, and smart contracts for IoT

systems, reducing processing time but potentially increasing costs. Furthermore, Ethereum-

Based Smart Home is Addressed confidentiality, integrity, and authentication issues using

Ethereum for smart homes but noted computational complexity challenges.

(b) Private Blockchain Systems for Smart Homes [1]:

Secure Lightweight Architecture is proposed as a local blockchain supervised by the home

owner, ensuring data security and protection against DDoS attacks but noted centralization

21
concerns. Efficient and Secure Framework is proposed a five-layer framework focusing on

secure data transmission using blockchain, adaptable for various applications including smart

homes. Lightweight Blockchain and Smart Contract Architecture suggested combining

blockchain and smart contracts to improve smart home security, with local miners processing

transactions. Utilize Ethereum to build smart contracts for smart home applications, though noted

cost and design issues.

(c) Consortium Blockchain Systems for Smart Homes [1]:

Green Cloud Computing and Consortium Blockchain is Combined consortium blockchain with

cloud computing for smart home security, focusing on environmental efficiency. Data Privacy

Model is designed as a consortium blockchain model for data privacy in smart homes, evaluated

by simulation without addressing energy consumption and processing time.

Table 1: Comparison for Blockchain main types.

The core components in the recently proposed blockchain- based smart home architectures

alongside the achieved security have been summarized in the table 2 below:

22
 Table 2: Summary of recently proposed Blockchain based Smart Home architectures.

2.1.2 Benefits of Blockchain:

• Decentralization: Eliminates single points of failure, making the system more robust against

attacks.

• Transparency: Provides a transparent transaction history, which can be audited to detect and

trace security breaches.

• Immutability: Ensures that once data is recorded, it cannot be altered, preventing tampering

and ensuring the integrity of logs and records.

2.2 IoT (Internet of Things), and Home Automation [2]:

The dissertation "Blockchain-Based Security Framework for the Internet of Things and Home

Networks" by Diego M. Mendez Mena provides a comprehensive exploration of the integration

of blockchain technology to enhance the security of IoT devices and networks. The research

highlights the increasing prevalence of IoT devices and the associated security risks. With

millions of IoT devices connected to home and corporate networks, the need for robust security

measures has never been more critical. The dissertation sets out to address these challenges by

23
proposing a blockchain-based framework that leverages the decentralized and immutable

properties of blockchain technology to secure IoT environments. The dissertation delves into the

evolution and current challenges of blockchain technology. It examines the original limitations

of blockchain, and the technical responses developed to overcome these issues. The review also

covers the security challenges specific to IoT devices, such as vulnerabilities to cyberattacks and

the inadequacy of traditional security solutions in the context of resource-constrained IoT

devices. Existing IoT security solutions are analyzed, highlighting their strengths and

weaknesses. It sets the stage for the proposed blockchain-based security framework by

identifying the gaps in current solutions and emphasizing the potential of blockchain to address

these gaps. The core of the dissertation's proposal is the blockchain-based whitelisting

mechanism for consumer IoT devices and home networks. Methods for integrating blockchain

with IoT devices and networks are detailed, demonstrating how this approach can enhance

security by preventing unauthorized access and mitigating cyber threats. Building on the

blockchain-based whitelisting, the dissertation proposes a decentralized actionable Cyber Threat

Intelligence (CTI) network. This system aims to enable real-time sharing of threat information

among various stakeholders, including consumers, businesses, and service providers. By utilizing

blockchain, the CTI network ensures the integrity and privacy of shared data, while also enabling

automated network responses to identified threats. The methods for collecting, analyzing, and

sharing threat intelligence are discussed, along with the statistical analysis of the results obtained

from implementing this system.

2.2.1 Basic Performance for proposed system [3]:

24
"In this new system, each smart home has a special device called a 'miner' that manages all

communication within and outside the home. This miner also keeps a secure record of all

communications using something called a blockchain.

Now, think about how Airbnb works. People rent out their homes, right? Well, imagine using

blockchain and smart devices to make that process even smoother. Instead of waiting for the

owner to hand over keys, tenants can request to stay, pay using digital currency, and then access

the home using a special code provided by the owner.

Smart homes also let tenants control things like lights and appliances, and security cameras can

stream live footage for safety. Sometimes, tenants might use too much electricity or water. With

this system, owners can track usage and charge accordingly, all recorded securely on the

blockchain.

For the tech stuff, we're using AngularJS for the user interface, NodeJS for the backend, and a

system called Ethereum Test RPC to simulate the blockchain. This system also connects with

IoT devices to monitor their activity.

When a tenant checks out, they just scan a code, which notifies the owner. Then, based on other

bookings, the system updates the blockchain to keep everything secure. Only when the owner

confirms can a new tenant check in."

25
 Figure 10: Network and logical diagram.

2.2.2 IoT Five-layer Vertical-based Architecture [3]:

Typically, IoT solutions consist of sensors and actuators connected to a microcontroller that

communicates with a database and mobile/web application using a communication protocol. A

standardized five-layer vertical-based architecture model gives a detailed overview of each

proposed solution.

At the bottom layer, the perception/actuation layer includes sensors, actuators, hardware modules,

and microcontrollers. Sensors detect environmental stimuli and convert them into electrical

signals, while actuators change the surroundings based on microcontroller commands. This layer

can use various sensors and actuators depending on the IoT solution's goals. Microcontrollers,

with computing capabilities, are integrated into boards for easy manipulation and system

integration.

Data collected by microcontrollers is sent to the upper layer for data analytics and decision-

making. A suitable communication protocol is chosen to meet IoT communication constraints,

26
such as bandwidth, coverage extension, quality of service, cost, energy consumption, and battery

life. Standard wireless technologies like WiFi and IoT communication protocols like Bluetooth

and ZigBee are commonly used for connectivity.The middleware layer stores and processes data

to extract information, often using server solutions to handle multiple device accesses. Data is

stored in relational or non-relational databases like MySQL and NoSQL. Device communication

can use client-server or publish/subscribe architectures.The user interface layer provides a

friendly interface for accessing and displaying IoT process information, allowing users to

interact with the application. Finally, the business layer focuses on statistical analysis to create

strategies for investment opportunities and future services and application design.Not all IoT

applications fully implement this standardized architecture. Some projects may eliminate certain

layers for cost-effectiveness or introduce specific layers to meet their functionalities. However,

network and middleware layers are commonly included in many IoT projects due to their

essential functions. The business layer is often seen in IoT projects focusing on profit rather than

a user-centric approach.This work uses the IoT architecture to develop a Smart Lab platform

with a user-centric approach, although it does not include a business layer.

Figure 11: IoT standardized five-layer vertical-based architecture model.

27
2.2.3 Enabling Technologies [3]:
The IoT device landscape has seen significant growth, especially in residential settings where

users can customize their setups. Works in this area can be categorized into homemade-smart

projects, market product solutions, and practical environmental integrated framework projects.

Market product solutions like Echo Dot, Nest Mini, and Home Pod offer voice-controlled

personal assistants that integrate with IoT devices for indoor environment control, such as lights,

plugs, air conditioners, locks, and curtains. However, these devices are sold individually with

different interfaces, leading to low adoption rates.

Homemade smart house projects rely on online tutorials and easy-to-access hardware kits. While

they showcase indoor environmental applications, they often lack practical implementation.

Some prototypes demonstrate home control systems through mobile apps, allowing remote

control of devices via microcontrollers using various protocols.

Figure 12: Smart Lab platform architecture and enabling technologies.

Practical environmental integrated framework projects focus on leveraging IoT-centric

approaches for hardware control with a universal user interface. These projects often use

28
protocols like MQTT for exchanging information and commands. For example, a Smart Campus

project integrates IoT devices for real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making. The

MQTT protocol facilitates asynchronous communication with low resource consumption

compared to other protocols like HTTP.

The MQTT protocol operates on a publish/subscribe architecture model, where clients can

publish information to topics and subscribe to topics of interest. A broker server manages

communication between clients, forwarding messages as needed. This model minimizes

processing, memory, and bandwidth consumption, making it efficient for IoT applications.

Figure 13: Communication architecture between devices using the MQTT-based server Broker as an information
centralizer.

2.2.4 Future Work, Impact and Recommendations for IoT [3]:

The dissertation concludes by discussing future work, summarizing the findings, and providing

recommendations for further research. It emphasizes the need for standardizing CTI protocols

and improving privacy solutions within the blockchain context. The proposed framework's

29
architecture and methodology are revisited, highlighting their potential to revolutionize IoT

security. The summary encapsulates the overall contribution of the research, reaffirming the

importance of blockchain technology in developing advanced security solutions for IoT and

home networks. In its entirety, the dissertation makes a significant contribution to the field of

IoT security by presenting a novel approach that combines blockchain technology with

traditional security measures. The proposed solutions address critical challenges such as device

authentication, data integrity, and threat intelligence sharing. By leveraging blockchain's

decentralized nature, the research provides a scalable and robust security framework that can

adapt to the evolving landscape of IoT threats. The findings and recommendations pave the way

for future innovations in securing IoT environments, underscoring the potential of blockchain as

a cornerstone of modern cybersecurity strategies. This detailed summary encapsulates the

essence of Diego M. Mendez Mena's research, providing a clear understanding of the proposed

solutions and their significance in enhancing IoT security through blockchain technology.

2.3 The Smart Home Architecture [4]:

The architecture of the smart-home system is built on two core principles: separation of concerns

and the use of feedback. Separation of concerns involves dividing the system into distinct layers,

each responsible for different tasks and decisions, which helps manage the complexity of the

system. Each layer collects and processes data to inform its decision-making processes

independently. The use of feedback refers to gathering performance data about the system’s state

and using it to make necessary adjustments and improvements, thereby maintaining and

enhancing the system's overall performance. These principles are integrated to form a three-

layered structure where each layer's feedback loop encloses the next. The primary outer loop is

responsible for determining what should happen within the smart home, using predefined rules to

30
decide the desired state of various elements. It functions at a high level, setting the goals and

objectives for the system. The middle secondary loop then takes these high-level decisions and

translates them into specific actions, determining which devices need to be activated or adjusted

to achieve the desired state defined by the outer loop. This layer ensures that the appropriate

actions are planned in detail. The tertiary innermost loop is responsible for the actual execution,

activating the relevant devices as directed by the secondary loop. This layer directly interacts

with the smart home devices, ensuring that the actions planned by the secondary loop are carried

out. This results in a robust three-layered architecture where there is a constant two-way traffic

between the layers: decisions flow from the outer layers to the inner layers, ultimately causing

actions to be taken at end-point devices, while data flows from sensors through the inner layers

to the outer layers, where it is aggregated and processed to create comprehensive views of the

home's state. The data flow provides the necessary information for decision-making at each layer,

while the control flow ensures that the decisions are implemented effectively. In this architecture,

the data flow and control flow channels are interdependent and flow in opposite directions. Data

from sensors is continuously collected and processed as it moves up through the layers,

providing increasingly detailed and aggregated views of the system's state. This information

feeds into the decision-making processes at each layer, ensuring that the system can adapt and

respond to changing conditions. Conversely, control flows from the higher-level decision-

making layers down to the execution layer, ensuring that the desired actions are carried out

efficiently. This layered and feedback-driven approach allows the smart-home system to operate

in a responsive and adaptive manner, capable of managing a complex array of devices and

conditions. By compartmentalizing the decision-making processes and ensuring continuous

31
feedback, the system can maintain high performance and reliability, adapting to new data and

adjusting as needed to keep the home environment optimized and secure.

Figure 14: The layered architecture of the smart-home system with three levels of feedback loops.

2.3.1 Merged the Data Flow and Control Flow channels [4]:

The smart home architecture operates through an integrated data and control flow system, where

data from sensors feeds into decision-making processes that manage the home environment. For

example, a rule set for Joe’s comfort specifies maintaining his room temperature between 21-23

degrees in the summer mornings. When sensors or Joe himself confirm his presence at home, the

Generic State Manager evaluates the rule and passes a command to the Concrete State Manager.

This secondary layer identifies Joe's room and the necessary devices, translating the command

into an action, such as setting the cooling system to the desired temperature. The specific

Actuator Control Manager then adjusts the cooling system, accordingly, using feedback from

room temperature sensors to maintain the set point. If additional actions are needed, like

adjusting window shutters, the system incorporates these into its response, ensuring an adaptive

and responsive smart home environment.

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 Figure 15: The overall architecture of the smart home system shows both control flow and data flow channels.

2.3.2 Broad Applications and Implications of the Internet of Things (IoT) [5]:

The broad applications and implications of the Internet of Things (IoT), highlighting its

integration into various sectors and the associated safety concerns. It mentions that IoT consists

of web-enabled devices that use processors, sensors, and communication hardware to collect and

process data in real-time. Additionally, technologies like Raspberry Pi, machine learning

algorithms, blockchain for device authentication, and various wireless communication modules

are mentioned as integral components of these IoT systems. The research emphasizes the

extensive application of IoT in real-world scenarios to solve practical problems. They highlight

the importance of IoT in enhancing safety, improving environmental monitoring, and automating

routine tasks. The paper underlines the role of IoT in creating intelligent systems that operate

with minimal human intervention, thus improving efficiency and safety in various domains.

Applications of IoT span across diverse areas including transportation, home automation,

industry, and environmental monitoring. Several IoT-based projects are cited, such as:

33
1. Air Pollution Monitoring: Utilizing sensors for real-time data collection on air quality.

2. Water Quality Monitoring: Employing sensors and Arduino microcontrollers to ensure safe

drinking water.

3. Home Automation: Using ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules, relays, and smartphones to control home

appliances automatically or semi-automatically.

4. Gas Leakage Detection: Implementing systems with sensors like MQ2 and communication

technologies to detect, alert, and control gas leaks, enhancing home and industrial safety.

5. Environmental Monitoring: Using sensors like DHT22 and GSM modules to monitor and

transmit data on temperature and humidity.

6. Flood and Dam Monitoring: Developing systems to control dam operations and monitor river

behavior to mitigate flood impacts.

7. Smart Gardening: Utilizing sensors and Wi-Fi technology to automate garden watering based

on soil moisture levels.

2.4 Security and Privacy [4]:

The security and privacy design of the smart home system uses an innovative approach to access

control. Instead of directly accessing specific devices, users request changes to the state of

controlled variables, which the Concrete Control Manager then translates into device actions.

This method simplifies access control by focusing on state requests rather than device access

permissions. For example, if a user tries to change the temperature in a room that doesn't belong

to them, the system will deny the request based on the state permissions, ensuring that

unauthorized access to devices is prevented. The system employs a comprehensive security

strategy that includes several established methods from related works. It uses a combination of

traffic monitoring, intrusion detection, and agent-based modeling to secure the smart home

34
environment. These methods help to identify and block malicious activities and unauthorized

access by monitoring network traffic, analyzing behaviors, and implementing specific rules for

IoT devices. The security framework incorporates techniques like whitelist-based intrusion

detection and rule-based approaches to enforce specific device behaviors and filter out anomalies.

Our security approach follows the principle of minimal trust, where all communication is

encrypted, users are authenticated, and actions are authorized based on a stringent policy. The

authentication process involves verifying users through schemes like passwords or multi-factor

authentication and issuing signed tickets for further actions. Authorization then uses these tickets

to verify user identities and grant access based on Access Control Lists (ACLs), which detail the

permissions for each user regarding the states they can control. To manage conflicts between

rules set by different users, the system assigns priorities to rule owners, creating a hierarchy

where higher-priority rules override those of lower-priority users. This hierarchical approach

allows for automated conflict resolution, with the Rule Administrator at the top. For instance, the

homeowner can set temperature limits to prevent freezing pipes, overriding any conflicting rules

set by residents. Similarly, entities like electricity providers can be given recommendation-only

permissions, ensuring their suggestions do not interfere with the homeowner’s control unless

explicitly elevated in priority.

35
 Figure 16: Block diagram of a generic development board using sensors and actuators for IoT applications.

2.4.1 Considerations [4]:

In a smart home, multiple devices communicate through a gateway, which can pose risks like

data exposure, privacy breaches, device malfunctions, and harm to users. Without security

standards, integrating diverse devices becomes challenging, hindering smooth service provision.

Therefore, ensuring gateway security is crucial. Here are the security requirements for smart

home gateways:

• Confidentiality: Smart home networks collect sensitive resident data, requiring strict

access control. Blockchain, coupled with encryption algorithms and keys, ensures data

confidentiality.

• Integrity: Data transmission between devices must be tamper-proof. Hash functions

minimize data tampering risks, allowing precise tracking and verification of recorded

data.

36
 • Authentication: Authentication prevents external attackers from maliciously accessing the

network. Blockchain verifies network legitimacy, enabling timely checks for proper

smart home network configuration.

2.5 Modern IoT Security Devices (Specifically ESP32) [9]:

The security landscape of IoT is intricate and multi-faceted, as adversaries can infiltrate and

compromise IoT systems through various entry points such as hardware, firmware, data,

networks, and software. With physical access, attackers can exploit side-channel attacks or use

I/O ports to read sensitive firmware data, overwrite applications, disable device functions, or

perform other malicious activities. Even if these interfaces are disabled, attackers can still read

firmware directly from flash memory if it's stored in plaintext or if the encryption key is

accessible. Unsigned or poorly signed firmware can also be manipulated, allowing adversaries to

upload their own malicious firmware, undermining system integrity. Network security

vulnerabilities, like the lack of secure mutual authentication, confidentiality, and integrity at the

transport layer, can enable attackers to impersonate clients or servers and collect sensitive data.

Software vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows and code injections, can be exploited remotely

to compromise credentials or disrupt application control flows. Without secure over-the-air

updates, vendors cannot reliably patch IoT devices, leaving them vulnerable to attacks. Contrary

to common belief, securing IoT systems is feasible and affordable even with hardware

constraints. Modern IoT devices, like the ESP32 and CC3220, incorporate security features such

as firmware encryption, secure booting, and secure key storage. ARMv8-M processors with

TrustZone technology provide trusted execution environments, while hardware-accelerated

cryptographic functions like RSA and AES enhance network security. Legacy devices can be

paired with external security modules to improve protection. However, software security remains

37
challenging due to the difficulty of writing bug-free software and the wide variety of software

attacks, including buffer overflows, format string attacks, and return-oriented programming. The

same software may exhibit different vulnerabilities on different hardware due to architectural

differences, and even systems protected by advanced features like Trust Zone can be

compromised by sophisticated software attacks. Securing IoT systems requires protecting not

only the end devices but also the entire network, including cloud servers and users. Cloud servers

are critical as they handle authentication, data processing, and traffic relay, but they also present

single points of failure if compromised. Users interact with devices via cloud servers, making

both vulnerable to attacks. MQTT is a widely used protocol for IoT communication due to its

low resource overhead and popularity, but its software security has been underexplored despite

the potential impact of vulnerabilities on millions of devices. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes

the broad application and inherent security challenges of IoT systems. They highlight the

importance of robust security measures across all components of IoT ecosystems, including

devices, networks, and cloud services. The reports underscore the potential risks of inadequate

security and the necessity for secure firmware, reliable authentication, and comprehensive

protection against software vulnerabilities. Research advocates for advanced technologies and

methodologies to enhance IoT security, ensuring the reliability and safety of IoT applications in

various domains such as home automation, environmental monitoring, and industrial safety. To

secure an IoT system, we must address hardware, system, and firmware security, as well as data

protection and secure network communication. We use an Internet-enabled environmental

monitoring system to illustrate these requirements. Further it illustrates concepts:

1. Hardware Security:

o Challenge: Attackers with physical access can manipulate the device.

38
 o Solution: Prevent attackers from reading/changing device data by disabling vulnerable

interfaces like JTAG and UART.

o Disabling JTAG: Set the eFuse bit "JTAG_DISABLE" to permanently disable JTAG.

o Disabling UART: Set eFuse values to disable transparent flash encryption, decryption,

and cache features.

2. System and Firmware Security:

o Secure Key Storage: Use eFuse to store encryption keys securely, preventing

unauthorized access.

o Secure Boot: Ensure all software running on the device is signed and verified.

o Bootloader Security: Use AES and ECDSA keys to validate bootloaders and firmware,

following a chain-of-trust model.

3. Data Security:

o Flash Encryption: Encrypt firmware and application data using AES-256 keys stored in

eFuse.

o Encrypting Flash Partitions: Default encryption for factory and OTA partitions, with

options to encrypt other partitions.

o Encrypting NVS: Store a separate AES-256 key for NVS encryption to secure sensitive

data.

4. Network Security:

o TLS Implementation: Use SSL/TLS for mutual authentication, message encryption, and

integrity.

39
 o Hardware Acceleration: Utilize ESP32’s hardware acceleration for cryptographic

functions like RSA, AES, and SHA-2 to implement efficient TLS.

5. Secure Over-the-Air Updates (OTA):

o OTA Process: Fetch, store, and load new firmware images securely.

o Library Support: ESP32 supports OTA updates over HTTPS.

o Partition Management: Use multiple OTA partitions and a pointer system to manage

updates and revert to previous versions if updates fail.

2.5.1 ESP32 Microcontroller Operation in System [6]:

Figure 17: Result of the bibliometric analysis in VOS viewer for ESP32 board considering SCOPUS database.

The ESP32 microcontroller, along with components like the solenoid lock and flame sensor,

interfaces with the ESP32 CAM via Wi-Fi and FTDI, enabling connectivity to the Blynk app.

Through this setup, users can remotely regulate devices like the solenoid lock and receive alerts

for fire incidents, while also viewing guest images through the app. The project's workflow

40
involves the passive infrared (PIR) sensor detecting nearby infrared light, with passive IR

sensors utilizing pyroelectric sensors to discern heat energy, triggering appropriate alerts or

actions. Additionally, the ESP32-CAM, featuring a built-in camera and microSD card slot,

serves IoT applications requiring advanced camera functionalities. A flame detector sensor

identifies and responds to flames, potentially initiating alarms or safety protocols. FTDI plays a

crucial role in facilitating communication between devices by converting serial communications

to USB signals. Furthermore, the ESP32 microcontroller family, known for its affordability, low

power consumption, and integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, finds utility in various IoT

applications. Blynk simplifies mobile app development by providing an intuitive platform for

creating apps that communicate with microcontrollers or computers, such as Raspberry Pi,

through user-friendly drag-and-drop widgets. Upon detection of a visitor by the PIR sensor, the

Blynk app sends notifications to the user, who can then utilize the ESP32 CAM to gather more

information about the visitor. Similarly, the flame sensor triggers alerts in the Blynk app upon

detecting flames, with the successful execution of code resulting in the illumination of the flame

sensor's red light to signal proper connections. Through this integrated system, users can swiftly

respond to potential security threats or emergencies, ensuring efficient and reliable operation of

their smart home or IoT setup.

41
 Figure 18: Architecture Diagram.

2.5.2 Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF) or ESP32 [8]:

The decision to utilize Arduino for this project primarily stems from the vibrant community

support and extensive library availability. Although the ESP32 boasts its own official

development framework, ESP-IDF, which could potentially offer superior development

capabilities, the wealth of libraries accessible through Arduino significantly streamlines

development processes. With Arduino, it's likely that most sensors and devices encountered

already have compatible libraries, greatly reducing development time. Fortunately, Espressif

Systems also offers tools for ESP32 software development within the Arduino platform, bridging

the gap between ease of use and functionality. Espressif Systems, headquartered in Shanghai,

specializes in IoT solutions and is renowned for their ESP8266 and ESP32 chips and modules.

Despite the ESP8266's affordability and powerful processing capabilities, it lacks crucial security

features like flash encryption and secure boot. These omissions make it susceptible to

modifications, which could be exploited for server attacks. This limitation makes it less suitable

for projects that require robust security measures. The ESP8266's successor, the ESP32,

overcomes these security shortcomings by incorporating flash encryption and secure boot

42
capabilities, ensuring a higher level of protection against unauthorized access and tampering. The

ESP32 also features a more powerful dual-core processor, allowing one core to manage an

encrypted Wi-Fi connection independently. This setup prevents the Wi-Fi connection from

slowing down other functionalities, enhancing overall performance and security. Additionally,

the ESP32's processing power supports more complex cryptographic algorithms, further

strengthening its security features. Despite being slightly more expensive than the ESP8266, the

ESP32's advanced features justify the cost, making it the preferred choice for futureproofing the

project. The ESP32's versatility is reflected in its availability in various modules and

development boards, with options for single-core or dual-core processors, different flash memory

capacities, and diverse antenna configurations. For this project, the ESP32-WROOM-32 module

was selected. It includes 4 megabytes of flash storage and an integrated PCB antenna, providing

ample memory and reliable connectivity. The prototype system will use a development board

based on this module, which includes necessary circuitry for programming and a USB power

supply for convenient power delivery. The development board also features a power LED and

an activity LED connected to one of the digital pins, facilitating easy monitoring and debugging.

The project will utilize the Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF), the official

development framework for the ESP32. Specifically, the project will use the "Arduino core for

the ESP32," allowing seamless integration of ESP32 libraries within the Arduino IDE, along

with other Arduino libraries. This approach combines the ease of Arduino development with the

advanced capabilities of the ESP32. The ESP-IDF documentation will be frequently referenced

during development due to the extensive features it supports, including over-the-air (OTA)

updates, running a file system, Wi-Fi connectivity, making HTTP requests, and running an

HTTP server. These features are crucial for the project's requirements. The system will operate at

43
a logic level voltage of 3.3 volts, as dictated by the ESP32 specifications. However, the

development board requires a 5-volt power supply, which is easily provided by common USB

power supplies. The development board includes an integrated 3.3-volt voltage regulator to step

down the voltage, though this regulator has limited current delivery capabilities. In a production

PCB, a similar power solution will be used, eliminating the need for the development board

while maintaining efficient power management. A comparison table is as shown below:

Figure 19: Comparison of hardware platforms (Arduino 2019h; Raspberry Pi Foundation

2.5.3 Significance/Enhanced Security Concerns [6]:

44
With increasing concerns about home security, protecting our homes has become more

challenging. Whether the homeowner is present or not, ensuring the safety of the family and the

home is a major issue. The current module leverages modern IoT technologies, specifically an

ESP32 camera and an automated solenoid lock, to enhance home security. This system allows

users to recognize guests at the door and provides flame detection capabilities, ensuring

comprehensive protection. This IoT-based security module combines real-time monitoring,

convenient access control, and immediate alert systems to significantly enhance home security,

addressing the growing concerns of homeowners. Few discussed below as:

1. Guest Recognition:

ESP32 Camera: Captures images or video of guests at the door.

Smartphone Integration: The captured data is sent to the homeowner’s smartphone using

the Blynk app, allowing them to see who is at the door.

2. Automated Solenoid Lock:

One-Click Operation: Homeowners can operate the solenoid lock remotely with a single

click on their smartphone via the Blynk app.

Enhanced Access Control: Provides a convenient and secure way to manage entry to the

home.

3. Flame Detection:

Indoor and Outdoor Monitoring: The module detects flames both inside and outside the

door.

Real-Time Alerts: Upon detecting flames, the system sends a notification to the

registered phone number via the Blynk application, ensuring the homeowner is promptly

informed of potential fire hazards.

45
2.6 System’s OSI Model Application Layer Protocol HTTP [8]:

HTTP is commonly utilized in the application layer (layer 7) of the OSI model. When securing

HTTP with HTTPS, it doesn't directly alter layer 7 but instead introduces encryption at layer 6

(the presentation layer). This encryption is provided by the Transport Layer Security (TLS)

protocol, which sits below HTTP. Hence, HTTPS is often referred to as HTTP over TLS,

denoting the use of the HTTP protocol atop the TLS protocol, which ensures secure

communication channels between clients and servers.

Figure 10: OSI model layers.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) serves as the address of an online resource and falls under

the subset of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). Typically, URLs commence with a scheme,

often denoting a protocol such as HTTP, followed by a colon and the scheme-specific part,

commonly formatted as <scheme>://<user>:<password>@<host>:<port>/<url-path>. However,

many URLs simplify to <scheme>://<host>/<url-path>. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and

its secure counterpart HTTPS (HTTP over a secure connection) stand as the most prevalent

protocols. A grasp of HTTP's functionality proves vital, especially for embedded IoT devices,

aiding in the diagnosis of client-server communication issues. HTTP transactions entail a request

from the client and a subsequent response from the server, each composed of a start line, headers,

and a body. While the start line and headers are encoded in ASCII text, the body may consist of

46
text or binary data and can be omitted. Request messages adhere to the syntax: <method>

<request-URL> <version>, followed by headers and an optional body. Methods like GET,

HEAD, or POST indicate the action desired. Response messages follow the format: <version>

<status> <reason-phrase>, supplemented by headers and an optional body. The status code, a

three-digit number, denotes the outcome of the request, with the reason phrase providing human-

readable context. In-depth resources such as MDN (Mozilla Developer Network) or "HTTP -

The Definitive Guide" by David Gourley and Brian Totty offer comprehensive insights into

HTTP methods, headers, and status codes. HTTP's extensibility allows developers to define

custom headers known as "extension headers," facilitating tailored communication between

clients and servers. Additionally, rare extension methods can also be employed. HTTP status

code classes are summarized in the table below:

Table 3: HTTP status code classes

2.7 System Execution Fundamental [7]:

In this section, we delve into the functioning of each component to gain a comprehensive

understanding of how they collectively form a complete system:

47
1. Devices/Sensors: At the outset, sensors or devices gather data from their surroundings, which

can vary from simple temperature readings to comprehensive video streams. Whether standalone

sensors or part of a multifunctional system, these devices collect data from the environment in

the initial stage. For instance, a smartphone encompasses various sensors like a camera,

accelerometer, and GPS, capable of performing diverse actions beyond sensing alone.

2. Interconnectedness: Subsequently, the collected data is transmitted to the cloud, necessitating

a means of connectivity. This could entail cellular networks, radio, WiFi, Bluetooth, or low-

power wide-area networks (LPWAN), either through a gateway/router or directly via ethernet.

Each communication option presents tradeoffs in terms of power consumption, range, and

bandwidth, with the optimal solution contingent on the IoT application's requirements.

Regardless, the overarching objective remains the same: transferring data to the cloud.

3. Information Processing: Once data reaches the cloud, it undergoes processing by machines,

ranging from basic validation of temperature readings to complex tasks like object identification

using computer vision on video footage, such as detecting intruders on a property.

4. User Interface: Subsequently, processed data is rendered useful to end-users through various

means. This could involve sending notifications via email or text messages, such as alerting

about high temperatures in a company's cold storage. Alternatively, consumers may access apps

enabling them to monitor devices remotely or view video feeds. Moreover, bidirectional

communication allows users to interact with and influence devices based on the IoT program's

specifications.

However, a lack of technical standardization poses challenges, with IoT companies often

adopting disparate architectures for simplicity and ease of implementation. This diversity

48
hampers interoperability when integrating diverse hardware and platforms. Addressing these

issues necessitates robust software infrastructure across networks and background servers to

handle smart objects and support services. Additionally, given the dynamic and mobile nature of

IoT devices, ensuring fault tolerance is paramount, requiring adaptive structuring of the Internet

of Things to seamlessly adjust to evolving circumstances.

2.8 Conclusion:
The concept of IoT in home automation is increasingly appealing, but numerous challenges need

to be addressed, particularly regarding security. Smart devices and homes face various attacks,

such as identity spoofing, eavesdropping on public communication networks to gather energy

usage information, and data tampering to manipulate energy pricing. Attackers can also modify

smart meter readings to control access and track energy usage, potentially revealing personal

details. This project explores the implementation of IoT devices in home automation systems and

the associated challenges. IoT facilitates the interconnection of objects and sensors without

human intervention. The article reviews IoT security threats and vulnerabilities, presents an IoT

architecture with multiple controllers, describes the integration and operation of various sensors,

and discusses the use of Ubidots for industrial data cloud recording. A simplistic model using a

consortium blockchain (a blend of public and private blockchains) is proposed to secure smart

homes. In this model, IoT devices, specifically ESP32 devices, act as miners, eliminating the

need for user involvement in the blockchain process. These devices communicate through a

mesh network, with a Super Node (SN) functioning as a P2P server to broadcast blocks and

handle mining. The SN also manages user authorization via a RESTful API and stores the

blockchain. Security checks are applied to incoming requests to ensure confidentiality and

integrity before blockchain processing, enhancing data privacy and trust. An experimental

testbed using ESP32 devices showed that each device takes approximately one second to mine a

49
block at difficulty level 1. Due to the limited computational power of IoT devices, the difficulty

level was kept low, as higher difficulty levels significantly increased the time required to mine a

block. The study concludes that this blockchain-based scheme is cost-effective, secure, and

suitable for smart homes without relying on cloud storage. Future research will address

computational challenges related to hashing, block queuing, and the energy relationship for each

node, with plans to implement Protocols as a Super Node for its superior performance.

Chapter 3: Design/Simulation/Hardware

3.1 Overview

50
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the design, simulation, and hardware

implementation of a blockchain-driven smart home automation system using the ESP32 Wi-Fi

module. The system is designed to integrate various sensors and actuators for home automation,

ensuring enhanced security and data integrity through blockchain technology. This section will

elaborate on each component, communication protocols, software architecture, and the overall

implementation process.

3.2 Hardware Components

The hardware setup for the smart home automation system includes a variety of sensors,

actuators, and modules that work together to create an interconnected, intelligent environment.

Each component is crucial for the system's functionality.

3.2.1 ESP32 Wi-Fi Module

The ESP32 is a powerful, low-cost microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

capabilities. It serves as the main controller in this project, processing data from sensors,

controlling actuators, and managing communication with the local server and blockchain

network.

❖ Specifications:

• Dual-core Tensilica LX6 processor

• Clock speed: Up to 240 MHz

• Flash memory: 4MB

• GPIO Pins: 34

• Connectivity: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE

51
 Figure 11:ESP32 Wi-Fi module

3.2.2 Sensors

Sensors are critical for detecting environmental changes and user interactions. The system

utilizes multiple sensors to gather data and control various home appliances.

3.2.2.1 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Sensor

The LDR sensor detects the intensity of ambient light and adjusts lighting accordingly. It is

essential for energy conservation and automated lighting control.

• Working Principle: The resistance of the LDR decreases with increasing light

intensity, allowing the ESP32 to measure the voltage change and determine the light

level.

• Applications: Automatic adjustment of indoor lighting based on natural light

availability.

52
 Figure 12: LDR Sensor

3.2.2.2 PIR (Passive Infrared) Sensor

The PIR sensor detects motion within its range, providing an efficient method for security and

automated lighting control.

• Working Principle: It senses infrared radiation emitted by warm objects (e.g., humans)

and generates a digital output signal when motion is detected.

• Applications: Triggering lights and alarms upon detecting movement in designated areas.

Figure 13:PIR sensor Module

3.2.2.3 Temperature Sensor

Temperature sensors monitor the room temperature, enabling the system to control fan speed and

operation based on temperature readings.

• Types Used: Digital (DHT11).

53
 • Working Principle: These sensors measure temperature using semiconductor materials

that change resistance or voltage output with temperature variations.

• Applications: Controlling fans, heating systems, and maintaining optimal indoor

temperatures.

Figure 14:DHT11 Temperature and humidity sensor

3.2.2.4 IR (Infrared) Sensor

The IR sensor controls the garage door mechanism, adding convenience and security to the

system.

• Working Principle: It emits infrared light and detects reflections from nearby objects to

sense their presence and distance.

• Applications: Automating garage door operations based on vehicle presence or user

commands.

54
 Figure 15:IR Sensor

3.2.3 Actuators

Actuators perform actions based on commands from the ESP32, such as turning on lights,

adjusting fan speed, and locking doors.

3.2.3.1 Fans

The system includes two fans with distinct operational modes to maintain comfortable indoor

temperatures.

• Fan 1: Activates when the temperature exceeds 25°C.

• Fan 2: Features speed control between 25°C and 50°C, offering variable cooling based

on temperature.

• Control Mechanism: Controlled via PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals from the

ESP32.

55
 Figure 16: 5V fans

3.2.3.2 Lights

Lights are controlled based on inputs from the LDR and PIR sensors, ensuring efficient use of

lighting based on ambient conditions and occupancy.

• Automatic Control: Lights turn on/off based on ambient light levels and detected

motion.

• Manual Override: Users can manually control lights via the web interface.

Figure 17: DC5V bulbs

3.2.3.3 Door Lock

The door lock mechanism provides enhanced security, allowing users to lock/unlock doors

remotely.

56
Manual Control: Users can operate the lock through the web interface, providing convenience

and security.

Integration: Connected to the ESP32 for real-time control and status monitoring.

3.2.4 ESP32 Camera Module

The ESP32 camera module captures images for security purposes, with data stored on the IOTA

blockchain to ensure integrity and immutability.

❖ Specifications:

• Camera model: OV2640

• Resolution: Up to 2 Megapixels

• Connectivity: Directly interfaced with ESP32

Figure 18:ESP32 Camera Module

3.2.5 LCD Display

A 16*2 LCD display shows real-time temperature and fan speed, providing users with immediate

feedback on the system’s status.

❖ Specifications:

• Display size: 16 characters by 2 lines

57
 • Interface: Interfaced with the ESP32 using I2C or parallel communication

Figure 19: LCD 16*2

3.3 Software Components

The software architecture integrates various modules for data collection, processing, control, and

communication. It encompasses the local HTTP server, web interface, and blockchain integration.

3.3.1 Local HTTP Server

The local HTTP server hosted on the ESP32 allows real-time data access and device control

through a web interface.

❖ Functionality:

• Receives HTTP requests from the web interface

• Sends sensor data and device status updates

• Processes commands for controlling actuators

3.3.2 Web Interface

The web interface provides a user-friendly platform for monitoring and controlling the home

automation system.

❖ Features:

58
 • Real-time data visualization (temperature, light levels, etc.)

• Manual control of lights, fans, and door locks

• Security alerts and notifications

Figure 30: Web Interface

3.3.3 Blockchain Integration

The ESP32 camera module connects to the IOTA blockchain, storing image data securely and

ensuring data integrity.

59
 • Blockchain Platform: IOTA Tangle, known for its scalability and feeless transactions.

• Security Measures: Hashing images before storing on the blockchain to prevent

tampering and unauthorized access.

3.4 Communication Protocols

The system uses HTTP for communication between the web interface and the ESP32 module.

Sensor data is transmitted via GPIO pins, and blockchain transactions are managed through the

IOTA Tangle.

3.4.1 HTTP Protocol

The HTTP protocol is utilized for communication between the ESP32's local server and the web

interface, facilitating real-time control and data access.

• Requests: GET requests for retrieving data, POST requests for sending commands.

• Security: Implementing HTTPS for secure communication.

Figure 31: http Client Overflow

3.4.2 GPIO Communication

The ESP32 communicates with sensors and actuators through its GPIO pins, reading sensor data

and sending control signals.

• Digital and Analog Inputs: Reading sensor data.

60
 • PWM Outputs: Controlling fan speed and light intensity.

3.4.3 IOTA Blockchain

The IOTA blockchain ensures secure and immutable storage of image data captured by the

ESP32 camera module.

• Transaction Management: Using the IOTA protocol for secure, feeless transactions.

• Data Integrity: Hashing and storing image data to prevent tampering.

3.5 Sensor Data Collection and Processing

Sensors are connected to the ESP32, which reads data periodically. The LDR and PIR sensors

control lighting, while temperature sensors regulate fan operation. The IR sensor manages the

garage door mechanism. The ESP32 processes sensor data and sends it to the local HTTP server

for monitoring and control.

Figure 32: Circuit Diagram/PCB Layout

61
3.5.1 LDR Sensor Integration

The LDR sensor is connected to an analog input pin on the ESP32, allowing it to measure

voltage changes corresponding to light intensity.

• Data Processing: The ESP32 converts the analog signal to a digital value representing

light levels.

• Control Logic: Lights are turned on/off based on predefined light level thresholds.

3.5.2 PIR Sensor Integration

The PIR sensor is connected to a digital input pin on the ESP32, providing a binary signal

indicating motion detection.

• Data Processing: The ESP32 monitors the digital signal for changes indicating motion.

• Control Logic: Lights and alarms are triggered based on motion detection.

3.5.3 Temperature Sensor Integration

Temperature sensors can be either digital or analog, interfaced with the ESP32 for temperature

readings.

• Digital Sensors: Communicate via I2C or 1-Wire protocol.

• Analog Sensors: Provide a voltage output corresponding to temperature, which is read

by an analog input pin.

3.5.4 IR Sensor Integration

The IR sensor is connected to a digital input pin on the ESP32, detecting the presence of objects.

• Data Processing: The ESP32 interprets the digital signal to determine object proximity.

• Control Logic: The garage door is operated based on object detection.

62
3.6 Device Control Mechanisms

The system offers two modes of operation: automatic and manual, providing flexibility and

convenience for users.

3.6.1 Automatic Mode

In automatic mode, sensors control devices based on predefined thresholds and conditions.

• Light Control: Based on LDR and PIR sensor readings.

• Fan Control: Adjusted according to temperature sensor data.

• Garage Door Control: Operated by the IR sensor.

3.6.2 Manual Mode

Manual mode allows users to control devices via the web interface, overriding automatic settings.

• Web Interface: Provides buttons and sliders for device control.

• Local Server: Receives user commands and updates device status.

3.7 Security Measures

To ensure the security and integrity of the system, the following measures are implemented:

3.7.1 Blockchain for Camera Data

Images captured by the ESP32 camera are hashed and stored on the IOTA blockchain, ensuring

they are tamper-proof and verifiable.

• Data Hashing: Before storing, images are hashed to create a unique identifier.

• Blockchain Storage: Hashes are stored on the IOTA Tangle, securing the data.

3.7.2 Local Server Security

Encryption and authentication mechanisms are employed on the local HTTP server to prevent

unauthorized access.

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 • Encryption: HTTPS ensures secure data transmission.

• Authentication: User login and authentication protocols protect the system.

3.8 Testing Procedures

Each component was tested individually and as part of the integrated system. The sensors were

evaluated for accuracy, actuators for responsiveness, the web interface for usability, and

blockchain integration for data integrity.

3.8.1 Sensor Testing

Sensors were tested under various conditions to ensure accurate readings and reliable

performance.

• LDR Sensor: Tested under different light levels.

• PIR Sensor: Tested for motion detection sensitivity and range.

• Temperature Sensor: Tested across a range of temperatures.

• IR Sensor: Tested for object detection accuracy.

3.8.2 Actuator Testing

Actuators were tested for responsiveness and reliability in different operational scenarios.

• Fans: Tested for speed control and temperature responsiveness.

• Lights: Tested for automatic and manual control.

• Door Lock: Tested for remote operation via the web interface.

3.8.3 Web Interface Testing

The web interface was tested for usability, responsiveness, and real-time data updates.

• Usability: Ensured intuitive and user-friendly design.

• Responsiveness: Verified quick response to user commands.

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 • Data Updates: Confirmed real-time data display and status updates.

Appendix

3.13 Code

The code for the ESP32 and its integration with sensors, actuators, and the web interface is

provided in the appendix. The code includes functions for reading sensor data, controlling

actuators, and managing blockchain transactions.

#include <WiFi.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <ESP32Servo.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

#define DHTPIN 27
int pir = 14;
int ldr = 36;
int fan_pin = 15;
int fan_speed = 0;
int ir_sens = 32;
float h,t = 0;

Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
int servoPin = 23;
int doorLockState = 0; // 0 for unlocked, 1 for locked

#define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

const char* ssid = "Net gate 18";

const char* password = "+92301543";

WiFiServer server(80);
String header;
String relay1State = "off";
String relay2State = "off";
String light_status = "OFF";
String motion_status = "No";
String modeState = "auto";

const int relay1 = 19;

const int relay2 = 18;
const int relay3 = 5;
const int relay4 = 4;
const int AUTO_PIN = 34;

65
unsigned long currentTime = millis();
unsigned long previousTime = 0;
const long timeoutTime = 2000;

int m1 = 17;
int m2 = 16;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);

lcd.init();
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SMART HOME");

pinMode(m2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(m1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ir_sens,INPUT);

pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay4, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
digitalWrite(relay4, LOW);

pinMode(AUTO_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(fan_pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldr, INPUT);
pinMode(pir, INPUT);

Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)

{
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}

Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(WiFi.localIP());
server.begin();
dht.begin();

66
 ESP32PWM::allocateTimer(0);
ESP32PWM::allocateTimer(1);
ESP32PWM::allocateTimer(2);
ESP32PWM::allocateTimer(3);
myservo.setPeriodHertz(50);
myservo.attach(servoPin, 500, 2400);
myservo.write(0);

delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop() {
WiFiClient client = server.available();

if (client)
{
currentTime = millis();
previousTime = currentTime;
Serial.println("New Client.");
String currentLine = "";

while (client.connected() && currentTime - previousTime <= timeoutTime) {

currentTime = millis();
if (client.available()) {
char c = client.read();
Serial.write(c);
header += c;

if (c == '\n') {
if (currentLine.length() == 0) {
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
client.println("Content-type:text/html");
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();

if (header.indexOf("GET /door/lock") >= 0) {

Serial.println("Door locked");
doorLockState = 1;
myservo.write(90); // Lock the door
} else if (header.indexOf("GET /door/unlock") >= 0) {
Serial.println("Door unlocked");
doorLockState = 0;
myservo.write(0); // Unlock the door
}

client.println("<!DOCTYPE html><html>");
client.println("<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">");
client.println("<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"data:,\">");
client.println("<style>html { font-family: Helvetica; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center;}");
client.println(".button { background-color: #4CAF50; border: none; color: white; padding: 16px 40px;");
client.println("text-decoration: none; font-size: 30px; margin: 2px; cursor: pointer;}");
client.println(".button2 {background-color: #555555;}");
client.println(".switch {position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 60px; height: 34px;}");
client.println(".switch input {display:none;}");

67
client.println(".slider {position: absolute; cursor: pointer; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; background-color: #ccc;
-webkit-transition: .4s; transition: .4s;}");
client.println(".slider:before {position: absolute; content: \"\"; height: 26px; width: 26px; left: 4px; bottom: 4px;
background-color: white; -webkit-transition: .4s; transition: .4s;}");
client.println("input:checked + .slider {background-color: #2196F3;}");
client.println("input:focus + .slider {box-shadow: 0 0 1px #2196F3;}");
client.println("input:checked + .slider:before {-webkit-transform: translateX(26px); -ms-transform:
translateX(26px); transform: translateX(26px);}");
client.println("</style></head>");

client.println("<body><h1 style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0; color: #333;\">SMART HOME USING

ESP32</h1>");
client.println("<p>Current system working Mode: " + modeState + "</p>");
client.println("<p>Temperature: " + String(dht.readTemperature()) + "°C</p>");
client.println("<p>Humidity: " + String(dht.readHumidity()) + "%</p>");
client.println("<p>Motion Status: " + motion_status + "</p>");
client.println("<p>: Change mode using the Button key on PCB :</p>");

client.println("<h2>Controls</h2>");
client.println("<p>BULB ROOM1 - State " + relay1State + "</p>");
if (relay1State == "off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/26/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/26/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

client.println("<p>BULB ROOM2 - State " + relay2State + "</p>");

if (relay2State == "off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/27/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/27/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

// Button to control door lock

client.println("<p>Door Lock - State " + String(doorLockState == 0 ? "Unlocked" : "Locked") + "</p>");
if (doorLockState == 0) {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/door/lock\"><button class=\"button\">Lock</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/door/unlock\"><button class=\"button button2\">Unlock</button></a></p>");
}

client.println("</body></html>");

client.println();
break;
} else {
currentLine = "";
}
} else if (c != '\r') {
currentLine += c;
}}}

header = "";
client.stop();
Serial.println("Client disconnected.");
Serial.println("");

68
 }

float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();

int motion_read = digitalRead(pir);

motion_status = (motion_read == HIGH) ? "Yes" : "No";

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("T:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(t);

lcd.setCursor(6,0);
lcd.print("H:");
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print(h);

fan_speed = map(t, 0, 45, 0, 255);

analogWrite(fan_pin, fan_speed);

int ldr_read = digitalRead(ldr);

lcd.setCursor(12,0);
lcd.print(ldr_read);

if(digitalRead(ir_sens) == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(m1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);

digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
}

lcd.setCursor(12,1);
lcd.print(motion_read);

if (ldr_read == HIGH)
{
light_status = "ON";
digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
} else
{
light_status = "OFF";
// digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
// digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);
}
delay(1000);
}

69
 Chapter 4: Results/Case Studies
4.1 Overview

This chapter presents the results and case studies from the implementation and testing of the

blockchain-driven smart home automation system using the ESP32 Wi-Fi module. The primary

focus is on demonstrating the system's effectiveness, reliability, and security in real-world

scenarios. Various tests were conducted to evaluate sensor accuracy, actuator responsiveness,

user interaction through the web interface, and the integrity of data stored on the blockchain.

4.2 System Testing

Testing the smart home automation system involved several steps to ensure each component

functioned as intended. These steps included sensor accuracy tests, actuator performance

evaluations, web interface usability assessments, and blockchain integration verification.

4.2.1 Sensor Accuracy

The sensors used in the system were tested to confirm they provide accurate readings under

different conditions.

• LDR Sensor: The LDR sensor was placed in environments with varying light levels. It

accurately detected changes in ambient light and adjusted the lighting accordingly. The

sensor showed high sensitivity to even minor changes in light intensity, which was

crucial for efficient energy management.

70
 Figure 33: LDR Sensor Setup

• PIR Sensor: The PIR sensor's motion detection capabilities were tested by moving

within its range. The sensor reliably detected motion and triggered the lighting and

security alerts as expected. It was responsive to human presence while filtering out false

positives from non-human movements.

• Temperature Sensor: Both digital and analog temperature sensors were tested over a

wide range of temperatures. The sensors provided consistent and accurate temperature

readings, allowing the system to maintain comfortable indoor conditions by adjusting fan

speed or activating heating systems.

Figure 34: Temprature Sensor Testing

71
4.2.2 Actuator Performance

Actuators, including fans, lights, and door locks, were evaluated to ensure they responded

promptly and reliably to control commands.

• Fans: The fans were tested for their ability to adjust speed based on temperature readings.

Fan 1 activated when the temperature exceeded 25°C, while Fan 2 provided variable

speed control between 25°C and 50°C. The fans responded quickly to temperature

changes and operated smoothly.

Figure 35: Door Lock Remote Operation Test

• Lights: The lighting system was tested in both automatic and manual modes. In

automatic mode, lights adjusted based on LDR and PIR sensor inputs. In manual mode,

users could control lights through the web interface. The lights responded promptly to

commands, providing consistent illumination based on sensor data or user input.

72
 Figure 36: Lighting Control in Automatic and Manual Modes

• Door Lock: The door lock mechanism was tested for remote operation via the web

interface. Users could lock and unlock doors securely and without delay. The lock

provided reliable feedback on its status, enhancing home security.

73
 Figure 37: Door Lock Remote Operation Test

4.2.3 Web Interface Usability

The web interface was assessed for ease of use, responsiveness, and real-time data updates.

• Ease of Use: The interface was designed to be intuitive, with clear navigation and user-

friendly controls. Users could easily monitor sensor data and control actuators from their

devices.

• Responsiveness: The interface provided quick feedback to user commands, ensuring a

seamless experience. Real-time updates of sensor readings and actuator status were

displayed without noticeable lag.

• Real-Time Data: The web interface successfully displayed real-time data from all

connected sensors, allowing users to make informed decisions about home automation

settings. The system reliably updated data and reflected changes instantly.

74
 Figure 38: Web interface

4.2.4 Blockchain Integration Verification

The integration of the IOTA blockchain with the ESP32 camera module was tested to ensure

secure and tamper-proof data storage.

• Image Hashing: Images captured by the camera were hashed before being stored on the

IOTA blockchain. This process ensured that each image had a unique identifier,

preventing unauthorized alterations.

• Blockchain Storage: The hashed images were stored on the IOTA Tangle, a distributed

ledger that provides scalability and feeless transactions. The stored hashes were

successfully retrieved and verified, confirming the integrity and security of the data.

4.3 Case Studies

To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the smart home automation system, two case studies

were conducted in real-world settings.

75
4.3.1 Case Study: Residential Home

Background: The system was installed in a single-family home to automate lighting, climate

control, and security.

Implementation: Sensors and actuators were strategically placed throughout the house. LDR

sensors were installed near windows, PIR sensors in hallways and common areas, temperature

sensors in each room, and IR sensors at the garage entrance. Fans, lights, and door locks were

connected to the ESP32 module.

Figure 39: Residential Home Sensor and Actuator Placement

Results:

76
 • Energy Efficiency: The automatic lighting control significantly reduced electricity

consumption by turning off lights when natural light was sufficient or when rooms were

unoccupied.

• Comfort: Temperature sensors allowed the system to maintain comfortable indoor

temperatures by adjusting fan speeds automatically. This resulted in a consistent and

pleasant living environment.

• Security: The integration of PIR sensors and the ESP32 camera module enhanced home

security. Motion detection triggered alerts and recorded images were securely stored on

the blockchain, providing peace of mind to the homeowners.

• User Feedback: Residents appreciated the convenience and efficiency of the system.

They found the web interface easy to use and valued the ability to monitor and control

their home remotely.

4.4 Analysis

The smart home automation system demonstrated high reliability, responsiveness, and security in

both residential and office settings. Sensor data was accurate and effectively used to control

various actuators, ensuring energy efficiency and comfort. The web interface provided an

intuitive user experience, and blockchain integration ensured data integrity and security.

Key Findings:

• Accuracy: Sensors provided precise readings, enabling effective automation.

• Responsiveness: Actuators responded quickly to control commands, both automatically

and manually.

• Usability: The web interface was user-friendly, offering seamless interaction with the

system.

77
 • Security: Blockchain integration successfully secured data, preventing tampering and

unauthorized access.

4.5 Conclusion

The blockchain-driven smart home automation system using the ESP32 Wi-Fi module proved to

be an effective solution for modern home and office environments. It enhanced energy efficiency,

comfort, and security while providing a user-friendly interface for monitoring and control. The

use of blockchain technology ensured data integrity, making the system reliable and secure.

78
 Chapter 5: Conclusion

This thesis detailed the creation of a blockchain-driven smart home automation system using the

ESP32 Wi-Fi module. The goal was to develop an efficient, secure, and user-friendly solution for

managing home automation tasks while ensuring data integrity through blockchain technology.

The system effectively integrated sensors (LDR, PIR, temperature, and IR) to monitor

environmental conditions and detect human presence. Actuators, including fans, lights, and door

locks, responded accurately to sensor inputs and user commands from a web interface. The

interface was designed to be intuitive, providing real-time updates and seamless control. The

IOTA blockchain was utilized to secure data, particularly images from the ESP32 camera,

ensuring they remained tamper-proof.

Testing confirmed the system's effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Sensors provided accurate

readings, actuators responded promptly, and the web interface was user-friendly. Blockchain

integration successfully protected data integrity.

Case studies in residential and office settings demonstrated practical benefits. In homes, the

system improved energy efficiency, comfort, and security, receiving positive feedback from

users. In offices, it enhanced productivity and energy savings, with staff appreciating the

convenience and security..

In summary, this project demonstrated that combining IoT devices with blockchain can create a

reliable and secure smart home automation system. The successful implementation shows

promise for future enhancements, such as increased scalability, improved user interface, and

integration of machine learning. The system's ability to enhance energy efficiency, comfort, and

security makes it a valuable contribution to smart home technology.

79
 Chapter 6: Suggestions for Future Work

While this thesis successfully developed a blockchain-driven smart home automation system

using the ESP32 Wi-Fi module, several areas for future enhancement have been identified:

6.1 Enhanced Scalability

Future work should focus on expanding the system's scalability to support larger environments

and more devices. Optimizing network architecture will be essential to manage increased data

traffic effectively.

6.2 Advanced User Interface

Developing a more sophisticated web interface with features such as voice control, detailed

analytics, and customizable dashboards could significantly improve user experience. Integrating

voice assistants like Alexa or Google Assistant would offer seamless voice command capabilities.

6.3 Machine Learning Integration

Incorporating machine learning algorithms can enhance the system's ability to predict user

behavior and optimize settings. This would make the smart home more intuitive and efficient,

automatically adjusting to user preferences.

6.4 Exploring Alternative Blockchain Technologies

While IOTA was used for this project, exploring other blockchain technologies like Ethereum or

Hyperledger could provide additional benefits. Evaluating these platforms for security,

transaction speed, and ease of integration will help determine their suitability for smart home

applications.

6.5 Enhanced Security Measures

80
Improving security is crucial. Future research should implement advanced encryption techniques,

multi-factor authentication, and intrusion detection systems to protect against cyber threats and

ensure data integrity.

6.6 Energy Harvesting

Incorporating energy harvesting methods, such as solar-powered sensors and actuators, could

make the system more sustainable. This would reduce reliance on external power sources and

enhance environmental friendliness.

6.7 Compatibility with Other Smart Home Devices

Ensuring compatibility with a broader range of smart home devices and platforms will increase

the system's versatility. Developing protocols and APIs for seamless integration with existing

ecosystems is essential.

81
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1. https://www.google.com/search?q=investigating_smart_home_security_is_blockchain_the_a

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