INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

TP3: MASS TRANSFER

Lecturer: Dr. PHUONG Hengsim

Group: I4- GCA(B4)

Students name: ID

1. PENH VISOTHIPONG e20210405

2. PEO SOKMEAN e20210589

3. PHAL MUNYBOPHA e20210979

4. PHEAK SANNDY e20211750

5. PEANG SREY E e20211347

6. PHENG VANVICTOR e20210101

7. PHOEM RATHA e20211438

Academic year: 2024-2025

 Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1

2. Principle .............................................................................................................................. 1

3. Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1

4. Methodology....................................................................................................................... 1

4.1. Materials ...................................................................................................................... 1

4.2. Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 2

5. Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................... 2

5.1. Results ......................................................................................................................... 2

5.2. Discussion ................................................................................................................... 5

6. Conclusion and Recommendation ...................................................................................... 6

References .................................................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction
Mass transfer in chemistry refers to the movement of substances from one phase to another,
often involving diffusional or convectional processes. It is crucial in operations like distillation,
where mixtures are separated into components based on vapor-liquid equilibrium (A. Kayode
Coker, 2022). In chemical engineering, mass transfer is critical in various operations, such as
distillation, where vapor-liquid equilibrium is established, and in reaction separations, where
the transport of reactants and products is essential for efficient processing (Talaghata, 2018).
Additionally, mass transfer coefficients, often expressed in terms of dimensionless numbers
like Reynolds and Sherwood numbers, are vital for characterizing the efficiency of these
processes (Talaghata, 2018). Overall, mass transfer plays a significant role in both industrial
applications and natural systems, influencing the behavior of mixtures and the efficiency of
chemical reactions (Nield, 2013).

2. Principle
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation
states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system
must remain constant over time, as the system's mass cannot change, so quantity can neither
be added nor be removed. Therefore, the quantity of mass is conserved over time. The law
implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space,
or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. For example, in chemical reactions,
the mass of the chemical components before the reaction is equal to the mass of the components
after the reaction. Thus, during any chemical reaction and low- energy thermodynamic
processes in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants, or starting materials, must be
equal to the mass of the products.

3. Objective

The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the law of mass conservation for the
reaction between Na2SO4 and CaCl2.

4. Methodology
4.1. Materials

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 Table 4.2. Materials and Reactants used in experiment

Equipment Reactants
Erlenmeyer flask HCL 2M
Electronic balance NaOH 2M
Volumetric flask Methyl orange
Magnetic stirrer Distill water
Pipette and pro-pipette
Plate
Beaker
Burette

4.2. Procedure
First, prepare a 2M solution of HCl and NaOH. Take three Erlenmeyer flasks and pour 5 mL, 10
mL, and 15 mL of the HCl solution into each flask, respectively. Add a few drops of methyl orange
indicator to each flask containing the HCl solution before titrating with NaOH. Record the volume
of NaOH used for each titration. Perform the procedure in triplicate for accuracy. Next, prepare a
plate with wet paper and add approximately 3 mL of the mixed solution (NaOH + HCl + methyl
orange) onto the wet paper. Heat each plate until all moisture has evaporated. Finally, weigh each
plate containing the dried solution to determine its mass.

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Results

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐿𝐿(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) + 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐻𝐻(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) → 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑙𝑙(𝑠𝑠) + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂(𝐿𝐿)(1)

 For the first experiment

+Find 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

By formula 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 × 𝑀𝑀

Since 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Find𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

2
𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ⇒ 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 × 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠

Since 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.005𝐿𝐿

𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 2𝑀𝑀 × 0.005𝐿𝐿 = 0.01𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

By equation (1) 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 0.01𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

⇒ 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0.01𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.585𝑔𝑔

 Calculate the 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 of experiment

Nº Mass of plate Mass salt with plate Mass salt Average

1 2.9925 3.1499 0.1574
2 2.9324 3.1006 0.1682 0.154867
3 2.7137 2.8527 0.139

𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)= 0.154867𝑔𝑔

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = 0.585𝑔𝑔

 For the second experiment

+Find 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

By formula 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 × 𝑀𝑀

Since 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Find𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ⇒ 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 × 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠

Since 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.01𝐿𝐿

𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 2𝑀𝑀 × 0.01𝐿𝐿 = 0.02𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

By equation (1) 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 0.02𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

⇒ 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0.02𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.17𝑔𝑔

Nº Mass of plate Mass salt with plate Mass of salt Average

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 1 2.8935 3.0405 0.1470
2 2.9089 3.0676 0.1587 0.152233
3 2.9350 3.0860 0.1510
 Calculate the 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 of experiment

𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)= 0.152233𝑔𝑔

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = 1.17𝑔𝑔

 For the third experiment

+Find 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

By formula 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 × 𝑀𝑀

Since 𝑀𝑀𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Find𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ⇒ 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 × 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠

Since 𝐶𝐶𝑀𝑀 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 15𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.015𝐿𝐿

𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 2𝑀𝑀 × 0.015𝐿𝐿 = 0.03𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

By equation (1) 𝑛𝑛𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑛𝑛𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 0.03𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

⇒ 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0.03𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 58.5𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.755𝑔𝑔

 Calculate the 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 of experiment

By experiment

mass salt &

Nº mass plate plate mass salt Average
1 5.2054 5.3654 0.16
2 2.7929 2.9323 0.1394 0.154267
3 2.8887 3.0521 0.1634

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0.15467𝑔𝑔

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𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)= 0.15467𝑔𝑔

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = 1.755𝑔𝑔

 Calculate of percentage of Error

𝑚𝑚.𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
By formula %𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑚𝑚.𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 × 100%

0.154867𝑔𝑔
• For thiad1: %𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.585𝑔𝑔
× 100%= 26.5%
0.152233𝑔𝑔
• For thiad2: %𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1.71𝑔𝑔
× 100%= 8.9%
0.15467𝑔𝑔
• For thiad3: %𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1.755𝑔𝑔
× 100%= 8.81%

Table of experiment

Nº Mass Salt Avg Mass Theory VHCL Avg Yield%

1 0.154867 0.585𝑔𝑔 4.93ml 26.5%
2 0.154267 1.71𝑔𝑔 9.9ml 8.9%
3 0.15467𝑔𝑔 1.75𝑔𝑔 14.63ml 8.81%

5.2. Discussion
In this experiment, our objective was to demonstrate the law of mass conservation by
the reaction between NaOH and HCl under specific weight and notice the weight before and
after reaction. Mixing triggers visible signs like a change of color, state, heat and the presence
of precipitation. Gas (bubbles) may form, odors change, and pH adjustments occur with new
substances. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a prototypical
neutralization reaction that generates sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O). When equal
molar amounts are used, this process usually yields a neutral solution, with a pH of ~ 7.
Indicators such as phenolphthalein allow us to observe the pH change that takes place in a
reaction. This is an exothermic reaction, as heat is released when the strong bonds in water and
the ionic lattice of NaCl form. This is a 1:1 molar reaction, which means that one mole of HCl
reacts with one mole of NaOH in order to produce equal numbers of moles of NaCl and water.
Hydrochloric (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) react according to the following equation:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O This is a classic example of a neutralization reaction, in which
we combine an acid with a base to yield salt NaCl and water. This procedure has some

5
importance in chemistry education and even in practical applications such as titrations. The
important results of the reaction are the formation of a soluble NaCl, the evolution of heat (the
reaction is exothermic) and a transition from acid to neutral in pH when the reaction is carried
out that is illustrated by using phenolphthalein. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O paragraphs
demonstrate the law of conservation of mass since all atoms present on one side are equally
present on the other side as well. The limitation which, however, is that although the volumes
of hydrochloric acid can vary as well as the reactants and products that are formed, they will
still not violate mass conservation because excess liquid will simply not react. The causes for
the difference in the mass measured before and after the chemical reaction may include errors
in measurements, loss of mass as a result of evaporation or spillage, scratching the surface of
the container and so on. The mass is known to be altered by chemical stability problems with
decomposition or reaction of certain components with oxygen from the atmosphere. Besides
that, mass loss may also be caused by changes in the physical state of solids and liquids to
gases escaping the solution. To enhance accurate results, careful measurements and the order
of the experiments, with a replication of the experiments, is necessary.

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

The aim of this study was to assess the mass transfer, particularly between HCl and
NaOH in water-based solutions, which is a quick process influenced by a powerful acid-base
interaction. This high level of reactivity leads to quick dispersal and interaction at the boundary
of the two solutions. This quick reaction significantly improves the speed of mass transfer,
increasing the efficiency of the process.
For recommendation, enhance computational models for predicting mass transfer rates
and improving process design. Research new materials and methods like membrane separation
and nanotechnology to enhance mass transfer efficiency. Utilize energy-saving tactics like
utilizing waste heat and optimizing process conditions to lessen environmental repercussions.
Create inventive process intensification methods such as reactive distillation and membrane
reactors to decrease equipment size and energy usage. Encourage teamwork among engineers,
chemists, and materials scientists to tackle intricate mass transfer issues.

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References
A. Kayode Coker, R. S.-G. (2022). Chemical Process Engineering: Design, Analysis,
Simulation and Integration, and Problem Solving With Microsoft Excel – UniSim
Design Software.
Nield, D. A. (2013). In Donald A. Nield, Mass Transfer in a Porous Medium:
Multicomponent and Multiphase Flows (pp. 47-68). New York.
Talaghata, M. R. (2018). An approach for determination of mass transfer parameters using
finite integral transform method and experimental data for regular geometries.
Talaghata, M. R. (2018). An approach for determination of mass transfer parameters using
finite integral transform method and experimental data for regular geometries.