Toples

Module Unit
No. No.

1.0 Introduction

Definition of Disaster, hazard, global and

1.1
scenario, general perspective,importance of
Indian
human life, Direct and indirect effects of
study in
disasters,
|long term effects of disasters. Introduction to
global
warming and climate change. (Refer Chapter 1)
2.0 Natural Disasterand Manmadedisasters
(00
2.1 Natural Disaster: Meaning and nature of
disaster, Flood, Flash flood, drought, cloud natural
burst
Earthquake, Landslides, Avalanches,
eruptions, Mudflow, Cyclone, Storm, StormVolcanic
Surge
climate change, global warming, sea
0ZOne depletion. level rise.
2.2
Manmade Disasters : Chemical,
and Fire Hazards. Industrial, Nuclear
Role of
growing population and subsequent
industrialization,urbanization and changing lifestyle
of human beings in
disasters. frequent occurrencesof
manmade
3.0
Disaster (Refer Chapter2)
JISAster VAnmgement,Policv and
3.1
Disastermanagement: Administration 06

objective of disaster meaning,concept,importance.,

3.2
risks in India,
Paradigmmanagement policy,
shift in disaster disaster
Policy and management
administration
principles of disaster Importance and
and
co-ordinationof inmanagement policies, Command
disaster management, rescue
operations-how to
due course of start with and how to proceed M
entire process. time, study of flowchart showing the
(Refer Chapter 3)
 Module Unit Topics
No.
Hrs.
No.

4.0 InstitutionalFramework for Disaster Management 06

in India

4.1 Importance of public awareness, Preparation and

execution of emergency management program. Scope
and responsibilitiesof National Institute of Disaster
Management (NIDM) and National disaster
management authority (NDMA) in India. Methods
and measures to avoid disasters, Management of
casualties, set up of emergency facilities, importance
of effective communication amongst different
agencies in such situations.
Use of Internet and softwares for effective

disaster management.
|Applicationsof GIS, Remote sensing and GPS in this
regard. (Refer Chapter4)
5.0
FinancingRelief Measures 09

5.1 Ways to raise finance for relief expenditure, role

of government agencies and NGO's in this process,
Legal aspects related to finance raising as well as
overall managementof disasters. Various NGO»s and
the works they have carried out in the past on
the OCCurrence of various disasters, Ways to

approach these teams.

5.2 International relief aid agencies and their role in
extreme events. (Refer ChapterS)
Module Unit
No. No.
Topics Hrs.
6.0
Preventiveand MitigationMeasures 06
6.1 Pre-disaster,during disaster and post-disastermeasures
in some events in
general.
6.2
Structural mapping : Risk mapping, assessment and
analysis, sea walls and embankments, Bio shield,
shelters,early warning and communication.
6.3 Non Structural Mitigation: Community based disaster
preparedness,risk transfer and risk financing, capacity
development and training, awareness and education,
contingencyplans
6.4 Do»s and donts in case of disasters and effective
implementationof reliefaids. (Refer Chapter 6)
Total 39
 DM & MM (MU) Table of Contents

Module 1

Chapter1: Introduction 1-1 to 1-12

1.! Definition of Disaster 1-1

1.2 Causes of Disaster 1-2

1.3 Hazard 1-2

1.3.1 Types of Hazard. .. 1-3

1.3.2 Causes of Hazards ...1-3

14 Natural Hazard Distribution Pattern.. 1-4

1.5 General Perspective... 1-6

1.6 Importanceof study in Human Life 1-7

1.7 Direct and Indirect of Effects of Disasters 1-8

1.8 Long Term Effects of Disasters. 1-10

1.9 Introduction to Global Warming and Climate Change .. 1-12

Module 2

Chapter2: Natural Disasterand Manmade

Disasters 2-1 to 2-24

2.1 Natural Hazards. ...2-1

2.2 Causes of Disaster 2-3

2.2.1 Causes of Natural Disasters. ..2-4

 2.2.2 Causes of Manmade Disasters. ..2-4

2.2.3 Natural Disasters. .2-5

2.3 DescribingVarious Naturals Disasters.. .2-6

2.3.1 Floods .2-6

2.3.2 2013 - Flash floods in Uttarakhand,

Himachal Pradesh, Jammu ..2-6

...2-7
2.3.3 Drought..
2.3.4 Cloud Burst.. ...2-7

2.3.5 Earthquakes ..2-8

2.3.6 Landslides. .2-8

Avalanches... ..2-10
2.3.7

Volcanic Eruptions ..2-10

2.3.8

2.3.9 Mudflow ..2-11

....2-11
2.3.10 Cyclones,Hurricanesor Typhoons
...2-11
2.3.11 Storm
..2-11
2.3.11.1 Thunder Storm..
.2-11
2.3.11.2 HailStorm
..2-12
2.3.11.3 Storm Surge
..2-12
2.3.12 ClimateChange
.2-13
2.3.13 Global Warming.
 DM & MM (MU)
Table of Contents
2.3.14 Sea Level Rise
.2-13
2.3.15 Ozone Depletion.
...2-14
2.3.16 Tsunami
....2-15
2.3.17 2004 - Indian Ocean Tsunami
...2-15
2.4 Causes of Manmade Disasters.
.2-18
2.5 Non-natural Disaster... ..2-19
2.5.1
Toxic/Chemical Release... ...2-19
2.5.2 Industrial Hazards.
...2-19
2.5.3 Explosion..
...2-20
2.5.4 Fire. ...2-20
2.6 Role of growing Populationand Subsequent
Industrialization,Urbanizaitonand Changing
Lifestyleof Human Beingsin FrequentOccurrences
of Manmade... ..2-21

Modue 3

Chapter3: DisasterManagement Policy and

Administration 3-1 to 3-16

3.1 DisasterManagement. ....3-1

3.2 Importanceof DisasterManagement .3-2

3.3 Objectiveof DisasterManagementPolicy... ...3-3
 DM & MM (MU) 4 Table of Contents
34 Disaster Risks in Inda. 3-4

3.4.1 Conscquencesand Mitigation Measures for

Various Hazards .3-4
3.4.2 Overview of Disaster Management in India........5.
3.5 Paradigm Shift in Disaster Management.. 3-7

3.6 Policy and AdministrationIntroduction 3-8

3.7 Importanceand Principlesof Disaster Management

Policies .3-10

3.8 Command and Co-Ordinationof in Disaster

Management(IncidentCommand System (ICS)
in India) ... 3-11
3.8.1 ICS Team Structure at DifferentLevels.............3-12

3.9 Rescue operations-howto start with and how to

proceed in due course of time, study of flowchart

showing the entire process ..3-13

3.9.1 Goals of Search and Rescue ..3-14

3.9.2 DisasterManagement Cycle... ...3-14

3.9.2.1 Mitigation ... 3-15

3.9.2.2 Preparedness ...3-15

3.9.2.3 Response. ..3-15

3.9.2.4 Recovery ...3-16

 Table ot Content9

Module4

Chapter : lnstitutionalFranmeworkfor Disaster

Managementin lndia 4-1 to 4-26

Iywtatofhihi Awareness. 4-1

Begeny ManagementSystems(hogram). 4-1

hewattonand Exution of Emergency

4-2
ManagementSystems (EMS),
Uses of EMS.

Sooe and Responsibiliiesof National Instituteoe

Disaster Management (NDM).

4.3.1 Role of NIDM..

Role of NDMA (NationalDisaster Management

4-6
Authority ).
.4-7
4.4.1 DM Act and NDMA Guidelines...

4.4.2 Role of Media in Ettective Disaster

.4-8
Management.
Disasters .4-9
4.5 Methods and Measuresto avid
..4-11
4.6 Managementof CasualtesDuing Disaster.
 Table of Contents
6
DM & MM (MU)
4-12
Disaster Communication
4.7
Dissemination of
4.7.1 Methods for Effective
..4-12
Information
Effective
4.7.2 Developmentof Professionalfor

Disaster Management .4-13

Management...........4-14
4.8 Remote Sensing and GIS in Disaster
Advantagesof GIS. ...4-15
4.8.1

4.8.2 Applicationof Remote Sensing in Flooding........4-16

4.8.3 Applicationof Remote Sensingand Cyclones..... 4-18

4.8.4 Applicationof RemoteSensing and Earthquakes.4-19
4.8.5 Applicationof Remote Sensing and Landslides....4-20
4.8.6 Applicationof Remote Sensing and
..4-20
VolcanicEruptions
4.9 GIS in DisasterManagemernt .4-21
4.9.1 Mitigation/ Preventionwith GIS .4-21

4.9.2 Preparedness using GIS ..4-23

4.9.3 Recovery using GIS... .24
4.9.4 Decision of Response using GIS. .4-25

4.9.5 Advantagesof Remote Sensing. .4-25

 DM &MM (MU) 7 Table of Contents

Module 5

Chapter 5: Financing Relief Measures 5-1 to 5-10

$.1 Ways to Raise Finance for Relief Expenditure .5-1

$.2 Role of GovernmentAgencies in Raising Funds. .5-3

5.3 Role of Non-Governmentand Inter-Governmental

Agencies in raising funds .. 5-4

5.3.1 Role of Media in Effective Disaster

Management ...5-5

5.3.2 Self Help and Role of NGOs. .5-7

5.3.3 Role of SDMA (State DisasterManagement

Authority). .5-8

Module6
Chapter6: Preventiveand MitigationMeasures 6-1 to 6-21
6.1 Pre-disaster,During Disasterand Post-DisasterMeasures
in Some Events in General ....6-1

6.1.1 Pre-Disaster - Risk Assessment and Analysis ......6-2

6.1.2 Post-Disaster - Damage and Assessment.........3

6.2 Structural Mapping. .6-3

6.2.1 Planning and Design of Infrastructure for

DisasterManagement ..6-3

6.2.2 DisasterSafe Designs and Constructions".............. 6-6

 DM & MM (MU) Table of Contents
Analysis.
6.2.3 Risk Mapping, Assessmentand 6-6
Embankments,Bio Shicld.
6.24 ScaWalls and
Shelters .6-7

6.2.5
Early WarningSystems 6-8

6.2.6 Using Risks-Time Charts to Pian ror the Future

Mitigationof Disasters .6-10
6.3 Non Structural
6.3.1 CommunityBased DisasterPreparedness .....6-11
Videos.
6.3.1.1 Poster and ...6-13
63.12 Street Plays / Dramna at Comnmunity Theatre... 6-14

6.3.1.3 Informal Training.. .6-15

6.3.1.4 Workshops. ...6-16

6.3.1.5 Mass Campaigns. ..6-17

6.3.1.6 Mock Exercises... ..6-18

6.3.2 Risk Transferand Risk Financing .6-18

6.3.3 CapacityDevelopmentand Training. ...6-19

6.3.4 Awareness and Education. ..6-19

.6-19
6.3.5 ContingencyPlans

6.4 Do's and Don'ts in Case of Disastersand

.6-21
EffectiveImplementationof Relief Aids
 cHAPTER
1 Introduction
Module 1

Syllabus
Definition of Disaster, hazard, global and Indian scenario,
general perspective, importance of study in human life, Direct
and indirect effects of disasters, long term effects of disasters.
Introductionto global warming and climate change.

1.1 Definition of Disaster

(1) Disaster is natural or manmade hazard which result into events
causing damages on large scale; destructionof human life and or
changes in environment that can be irreversible.
(2) Disaster can be explained as, tragic set of events such as
draughts, floods, earthquakes, avalanches, fires, tsunamis,
explosions, accidents etc. which consequentlycause damage of
property and life which hamper social, cultural and economical
status of human life.

(3) Disaster can be defined as natural or human caused events which

have negativeimpacts on environmentand human life, disturbing
the normal functionalism of both.
 DM &MM (MU) 1-2 Introduction
(4) Disaster is a sudden calamity that seriously disruptsfunctioning
of a community or society causing loss of life, materials,
environmentand economy.

1.2 Causes of Disaster

Natural disastertakes place due to following reasons :

(i) When natural hazard is affected due to human intervention
such as construction.

(i) Human vulnerability.

(ii) Lack of appropriateemergency management.
Allabove factors leads to greater loss of

Economy
Environment
Human life

) 1.3 Hazard

Definition : Hazard can be defined as threat to

life,
property,environment.Hazard with possibilityresults into health,
risk.
Modes of hazard
(a) Dormant : When Hazard is present but can
people or property then it is said to be cause no harm to
hillside may be unstable and dormant hazard. For e.g. A
hazard of
possible but nothing is below hill, so landslide might be
no harm to
property is possible. human or
 DM & MM (MU) 1-3 Introduction

(b) Armed : Hazard which posses danger to people or property or

environment.

(c) Active : Harmful incident has already taken place. It can be

referred to 'emergency' or 'incident or 'accident'.

A 1.3.1 Types of Hazard

Hazard

Sooiologioal Technologlcal Biological

Industrial hazards Damage caused

due virus bacteria
Physical Crime Arson Civil Terrorism War Power outage parasiteafungi
disorders and foreign toxins
Causing physical such as + Fire
harm i.e. harm riots, etc.
Hazardous materlal
to body radiations Psychological
’ Transportation Created
Human Natural due to stresstul
+ Chemical environment

’ Radiation

Fig. 1.3.1

A 1.3.2 Causes of Hazards

1) Natural hazards : Caused due natural process such as volcanic
eruptions,heavy rainfallfollowed by flooding,cycloneetc.
2) Manmade hazard (Anthropogenichazard) : Caused due to
human errors. E.g. : global warming etc. also called as
anthropogenichazards.
) Deadly force or retribution : Is that hazard involving ready
threat of harm that becomes active due to violation of boundary
i.e. intendedto preventunsafe access of something.
 DM &MM (MU) 1-4
Introduction
Priortization of hazards

Hazards can be prioritizedby smug model.

S Seriousness
M Manageability
U Urgency
G Growth

1.4 Natural Hazard Distribution Pattern

There are some regions of the earth which very often experience
severe natural hazards than others. This is due to various
topographicalon the Earth and due to the extensionof the climate
ZOnes.
The same variation in geology and climate is observed in India as
geographicallyit is widely spread on the globe.
Longitudinal and latitudinal geographical extension of India is
very wide. This variation has resulted in present distribution
pattern of natural hazard.

Earthquakes mostly occur in the areas where ocean floors and

continents move against each other and collide. The long arc of
islands that make up Andaman's and the Laccadive located
outside the East and West coast of India, such collisionzones and
thereforemore often afflictedby earthquakesthan inland area i.e.
Andhra, Maharashtra,M.P. etc.
Volcanoes and meteorite impacts are dangerous threat to the
society and one of greatest among the natural hazards. The
meteorites fall haphazardlyanywhere on the surface of the earth
and may harm large number of lives.
 1-5 Introduction
The voan aivi usually tahes plac in active arcas, where
pi are alradv aware of the hazard. The active volcanocs
Vupr vern small par ot the land area ie. only 0.6%. The
okas which re xtive on the land area are along the coastal
arrs which may also cause earthquakes.
The volcanes which are present on land are hardly within 150
km from the vean floor In India active volcanoes are observed
in Andaman (Barren)Islands.
Cyclones are also unevenly spread. The Indian continent is struck
by many cyclones, mostly coastal area every year but Indo
gangetic plain and surrounding area almost never struck, and
never as severely. The huge cyclones which are very common in
the Pacific Ocean are called as Typhoons.
These typhoons move over eastern Asia. Such large storm
cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean are called hurricanes. These
hurricanes affect southeast U.S., Central America and the West
Indies.
The natural upheavals are created due to
difference in
temperature of ocean currents giving rise to severe climate and
weatherconditionsin polar region.
There are various reasons for the occurrenceof flooding. In India
flooding causes mainly due to heavy rainfall and melting of the in
Himalayanregion.
The occurrences of flooding in Bangladesh are due to
ocean
inundation.Bangladeshis one of the adversely affected places on
the surface of the earth. The average elevation of
landmass in the
country is just few meters above mean sea level. The tropical
cyclone causes inundation of sea water from of Bay of Bengal
inland. This phenomena results a huge disaster for the society
 DM &MM (MU) 1-6 Introduction
taking away large number of lives from the densely populated
poor country.
The flooding situation gets worsened when severe precipitation
takes place in the Himalayas. The water in courseof the Ganges
and Brahmaputrarivers toswellbeyond their boundaries.
In India. the foothills of Himalaya are mainly affected by
flooding. Few rivers get flooded twice a year due to heavy
rainfalland due to Himalayan ice melt. Severe flooding is also
caused by the great rivers, which have changed their courses
several times in historic time.

1.5 General Perspective

The lives and activitiesof human being are constantlyinteracting
social mechanism
with nature. The world elaborate technical and
to ignore
enable human to seek in nature that which is useful and
effects of nature,
that which is harmful, to cope with the harmful
human use
complex sets of human adjustments are found in all
systems.
adjustments can cause
By chance or even by design these
events, and
insufficient to cope with the given set of natural
natural hazard is
serious and hazardouseffects may ensue. Thus a
state of
an interactionof man and nature governed by coexistent
in the
adjustmentin the human use system and the stateof nature
natural event system.
capabilities of the
The extreme events of nature that exceed
effects,
system to reflect, absorb,or buffer that lead to harmful
manytimes dramatic,that characterizeimage of natural hazards.
But it is also the continuous process of adjustment that enables
human being to survive and indeed benefit from the natural
world. Therefore, the burden of hazard is twofold: a continuing
 DM & MM (MU) 1-7 Introduction

effort to make the human use system less vulnerable to vagaries

of nature and of spccific impacts on man and his works arising
from natural events that exceed incorporatedinto the system.
For the past dozen years the collaborators in natural hazard
research have sought to study this process of adjustment. There
are various natural hazards were studied such as coastal storm,
carthquake, drought and snow hazard, Tsunami. These varied
studies employed all or part of research paradigm which sought
to assess the extent of human occupancy in hazard zones
b.
to identify the full range of possiblehuman adjustmentto the
hazard
C. to study how men perceive and estimate the occurrence of
hazard
d to describe the process of adoption of damage reducing
adjustmentsin their social context and
e. to estimate the optimal set of adjustment in terms of
anticipatedsocial consequences.
9 1.6 Importanceof study in Human Life
The study of hazards is very important for human
life.
Identificationof Hazard and Analysis of Risk is a collectiveterm
covers activities involved in identification of
hazards and
evaluation risk at facilities,throughouttheir life cycle, to make
of
certain that risks to human life and or the
environment are
consistentlycontrolled.
These studies typically address three main
risk questions to a
level of detail with analysis objectives,life
cycle stage, available
information,and resources.
 DM & MM (MU) 1-8
Introduction
The three main isk questions are:
In case of Hazard : Possibilitiesof What can go wrong? D

Probable Consequences: How bad could it be?

Likelihood : How often might it happen? 1)

While finding answers to mentioned questions,the objective is to

perform only the level of analysis necessary to reach a decision,
because insufficient analysis may lead to poor decisions and
excessive analysis wastes resources.
Every hazard is harmful to the society in some or other way.
Dependingon the type of the hazard, its intensity,duration, place
and root cause, its consequencesvary largely.
Due to limited resources, combined efforts at the governmental,
private and community levels are necessary.
This level of combination requires a coordinated and organized
effort to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover
from emnergenciesand their effects in the shortestpossible time.

) 1.7 Direct and Indirect of Effectsof Disasters

In case of any disaster, there is huge loss takes place. ii)
The direct losses are related to directly quantifiablelosses such as
the number of people killed and the damage to buildings,
infrastructure and natural resources.

Whereas the indirectlosses include decrease in output or revenue.

and impact on wellbeing of people, and generally arise from
disruptions to the flow of goods and services because of a
disaster.
 DM & MM MU) 1-9 Introduction

Direct Efects of Natural Indirect Effects of Natural

Disasters Disasters

It's quite obvious during There are many indirect effects

disaster as people are of natural disaster on animal
panickedthey want to save population. These can be

their own lives and of their summed up as follows -

family members but
i) Wet conditions, after floods
knowingly or unknowingly or cyclones, enhance the
neglect the safety of pets. chances of infection by
Sometimes animals run internal parasites like round
away in panic. Worms, tapeworms, liver
flukes as well as of many
epidemic diseases, like

Haemorrhagic Septicemia
(HS), Black Quarter (BQ) of
Anthrax.
ii) Death of animals due to ii)
There can be non-specific
collapse of cattle sheds water borne
infections
during disasters like, causing diarrhea and other
carthquakes and landslides. enteric diseases.
Even if there are no

causalities,injuries are quite

often.
 DMA MM (MU) Introduct
Direct Efects of Natural Indireet Effectsof Natural
Disaster Dlsasters

i) iN reportedthat during the i) Wuter and moisture may

earthquake or during the lend to wet hair coats,
cyclone,animals try to free Aticking of blood sucking
themselves of the neck lenches, skin disorders and
ropes metal chains. ectoparasites.
Sometimes, death takes
place in this struggle.

iv) Drowning and washing iv) Moisture leads to many

awny of animals in floods is respiratory disorders in the
mostcommonly reported. animals and birds.

V) Animals and birds are V) LOss of weight in the

reported as being blown animals is possible.
away during cyclone and
high winds.

vi) Animals are stranded on

isolated elevated places in
case of floods or storm
surges.

1.8 Long Term Effects of Disasters

Residual problemsoriginatingfrom anatural disasterare the ones
that will most often lead to long-term consequences.
 DM & MM MU) 1-11
Introduction
People are familiar with the immediate responses to natural
disasters, the measurcs aimed at containing the effects of the
disaster itself. A varicty of cmergency interventionsare nceded to
stabilize the population that was affected the most.
The next phase of recovery is often called the
redevelopment
phase.
During this phase, mental health issues originating from the
devastating occurrence become obvious. The same applies to
communicablediseases.
Outbreaks of malaria, measles, and cholera are pOssible after a
natural disaster,especiallyif vaccinationefforts do not take place
in a timely fashion.
Mental health issues are often as one of most widespread long
term effects of natural disasters. The loss of loved ones, homes,
and livelihoods can alter the lives of multiple individuals. Grief
and shock are normal in the immediate aftermath of a natural
disaster.
When people fail to return to normal life, however, mental health
practitionersmust deal with the lasting psychologicalimpact of
the disaster.

Hygienic problems and the loss of basic infrastructure,on the

other hand, increase the risk of communicable diseases
developing and spreading. Vaccination and the restoration of
proper hygienic measures are the two most important ways in
which such health hazards can be addressed and eradicated.

Research also suggests that the rate of poisoning and infection

increases in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Individuals who
suffer from chronic medical conditionsare particularlyvulnerable
to additionalmedical complications.
 DM & MM (MU) 1-12
Introduction
1.9 Introductionto Global Warming and Climat
Change
Globalwarming is nowadays a crucial issue of discussion for alu
enviro-scientists.The issue which needs an immediate attention
of a humankind. There are throughout the world many major
projects are being carried out to study the reasons and preventive
majors of Global warming. It is a long-term rise in the average
temperature of the Earth's system which comprise all
surroundingsrelated to environment.
The climate change is an aspect understood by temperature
measurementsand by multipleeffects of the global warming. The
study of global warming has revealed many mysteries related to
climate change.
As stated earlier, Global warming refers to the long-term
warming of the planet earth.
The Climate change refers to phenomenaoccurred due to burning
of fossil fuels and ultimately increase in temperature.This rise in
temperature is causing global warming. The climate change is
causing sea level rise and loss of ice mass on globe (Antarctica).

Chapter Ends...
 CHAPTER
2 Natural Disaster and
Manmade Disasters
Module 2

Syllabus
Natural Disaster : Meaning and nature of natural disaster,
Flood, Flash flood, drought, cloud burst, Earthquake, Landslides,
Avalanches, Volcanic eruptions, Mudflow, Cyclone, Storm,
Storm Surge, climate change, global warming, sea level rise,
0zone depletion
Manmade Disasters : Chemical, Industrial, Nuclear and Fire
Hazards. Role of growing population and subsequent
industrialization,urbanization and changing lifestyle of human
beings in frequent occurrencesof manmade disasters.

) 2.1 Natural Hazards

Natural processes or phenomena occurring on and around the

earth surface which may constitute a damaging event resulting
harm to the society directly or indirectly are termed as Natural
Hazards.
Natural hazards may sometimes described by meteorological
department as, intense and relentless conditions of weather and
climate events occurring on the surface of the earth. Such events
occur nearly in all parts of the world. Few regions are more prone
to typical hazards than others.
 DM & MM (MU) Natural Disa. &ManmadeDiso

prone to high rainfall. The

E.g. The north-casternpart of India is
due to heavy rainfallin the
part of UP, MP is prone to flooding
through the states.
catchment areaof the rivers flowing
such extreme events when people and whole communities
During
disturbed, many times their lives, property and livelihoods are
are
into natural disasters.
destroyed. Such natural hazards turn
loss caused by
This destruction of community and property
sustainabledevelopment.
natural disastersis a prime obstacle to
the role of various
Meteorological
In such cases of natural events,
plays a crucial role. The huge loss can be saved by
departments
The warnings which are
precise forecasting and warnings.
shall be easily
broadcasted or disseminated by any means
understood.
people about the preparation
Creating an awareness among the
People shall also be educated
against such hazards is important. lives,
response as hazards may turn to disasters, and
about
property can be saved.
basis of origin.
Natural hazards are classified on the
1. Geological
2. Hydro-meteorological
3. Biological.
hazards may vary in magnitude or intensity, frequency,
These only to
event is concerned not
duration, area of extent etc. Any
managementpersonnelbut the whole community.
emergency
may be affected by a hazard which turns to huge
Everyone
anthropogenic incidents, and resource
natural disasters, major
crises etc.
 DM & MM (MU) 2-3 Natural Disa, &Manrmade Disa.

On the safer side. it is necessary that the communities remain

prepared at all úmes for all types of hazards. This may not be
possible practically. because preparcdness for one hazard or
disaster may increase risk to some other hazard.
E.g. Alight structured house designed in an earthquake prone
arca to withstand shocks during an event may incur or cause
greater damage if there is occurrenceof Cyclone. The better way
to tackle the situation would be to get familiarize with best
practices as much as possible for the most likely disaster.
Types of disaster
Disaster

Natural Hybrid Manmade

Major Minor
Major Minor
Flood Cold wave Fire Accidents
-Cyclone Thunderstorms -Epidernics Riots
-Drought Heat waves Deforestation Food poisoning
Earthquake Storms Pollution Industrialdisaster
Fig. 2.1.1
) 2.2 Causes of Disaster
There are various reasons of disasterevents.
Natural disasters are those, which have natural
reasons for
particulardisasterevent.
Natural disaster takes place due to various
reasons like
Construction at inappropriate places in illegal ways, Human
vuinerabilityand lack of appropriateemergency management.
Mentioned factors result in loss of Economy, Environment and
Human life.
 DM &MM (MU) 2-4 Natural Disa. & ManmadeDisa

a 2.2.1 Causes of Natural Disasters

For example
Natural disasters are those which occur naturally.
(1) Earthquake
(2) Tsunami
(3) Tornado
(4) Storms
(5) Volcaniceruptions
(6) Landslides
(7) Avalanches,etc.

A 2.2.2 Causes of Manmade Disasters

Manmade disasters are caused due to human errorssuch as,

(i) Technological
(ü) Transportation
(iii) Collapseof structures
(iv) Production errors,etc.
For example
(1) Stampeded
(2) Fires
(3) Transportaccidents
(4) Oilpills
(5) Industrialaccidents
(6) Nuclear explosions
(7) Radiations
(8) Wars, etc.
 DM &MM (MU) 2-5 NaturalDisa, &Manmade Disa.

Natural Disa ster

Nstural phenomenon Metrological/

beneath the earth's surtace hydrological
phenomenon
+ Earhquake
+ Windstoms
Tsunamni
(cyclones,hurloane)
’ Tomados
Volcanic
eruptions + Hailstorms / snow stroms

Floods
Natural phenomenon
on earth's surfaoe + Draughts

+Landslides Blological
phenomernon
Avalanches

Intestations Epidemics
+ Cholera

+Dengue
Locust Mealy
Swarms buga Malaria
+Ebola
Measles
’Meningitis
+Yellow fever
AIDS
SARS
+Avian flu

Fig. 2.2.1 +Ebola

a 2.2.3 Natural Disasters

Such types of disaster Occur naturally which cause threat to,
people, society, services,civil infrastructureor propertyetc.
There are many reasons for occurrence of such type of hazards.
Few mnain causes are biological, geological, seismic, hydrologic,
or meteorological conditions or processes in the natural
environment.
Cyclones, Earthquakes, Tsunami, Floods,
Examples
Landslides,Volcanic Eruptionsetc.
 DM &MM (MU) 2-6 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa.

’ 2.3 DescribingVarlous Naturals Disasters

Various Natural disasters are described below.

2.3.1 Floods
In Indian region flooding phenomenon occurs twice a year for
rivers originatingin Himalaya.
In rainy season excessive rain water covers previously dry areas,
i.e., when large amounts of water flow from a source and in
summer season due to melting of ice in higher Himalaya.
Floods sometimes play a crucial role environmentally.As some
river floods bring nutrients to soil such as in case of Indo
gangeticplain which is very fertile.
Innorth India where the annual flooding of the Indus and Ganges
rivers carries nutrients to otherwise dry land.

Floods may be sometimes devastating and have an impact on

society, particularlyif their property loss takes place.
Better understandingof flooding may be usefulto people to be
better preparedto minimizeor preventflood damage.
E.g. June 2013,North India floods.

a 2.3.2 2013- Flash floods in Uttarakhand, Himachal

Pradesh, Jammu
Due to the extrene rainfall in the Nothern part of India, the states
of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhandwere affected drastically.
About 60000 pilgrims were stuck in this calamity and many
people had to lose their lives.
The main cause is the poor stabilityof the soil in the slopes of the
hilly regions.
 DM & MM (MU) 2-7 NaturalDisa. & Manmade Disa.
There are other man made factors such as the
constructionof the
hvdro projects on a very large scale and huge
infrastructuresuch
as roads to fulfill the needs of the
increasingtourism.
Almost 6000 people have lost their lives in this disaster
according
to the survey doneby the governmentof
Uttarakhand.

2.3.3 Drought
Droughts are natural disasters caused due to the extreme weather
i.e. no precipitation on a particular for considerably long
period of
time which causes drying up of area, harming the
vegetation pattern
etc.

A 2.3.4 Cloud Burst

Cloudburst is a phenomena of heavy rainfall in a short span of

time, which results a extreme precipitation.
Cloudburstsare especiallycommon in mountainousareas. This is
probably because the warm air currents of a thunderstormtend to
followthe upward slope of a mountain. The effects of heavy rain
are
especially striking on mountain slopes because the falling
water is concentrated in valleys and
gulleys. Mountain
cloudburstscause sudden and destructivefloods.
June 2013, a multi-day cloudburstcentered on the North Indian
state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides
becoming the country's worst natural disaster after 2004
Tsunami.
 DM &MM (MU) 2-8 Natural Disa. & ManmadeDisa

2.3.5 Earthquakes
surface due to sudden
Earthquakes are vibrations of earth's
which create seiSmiC waves.
release of energy in the Earth's crust
of crust, allthe structures,living and
Earthquakeshakes up a part
non living things existingon it.
strike suddenly, violently, and without warning
Earthquakescan
night.
at any time of the day or
quantitativeenergy released
Earthquakesare usually defined by
scale of 1 - 10. This
which is measured using a logarithm
The magnitude
logarithmscale is referred to as the Richterscale.
of seismic data
of the earthquake is determined by analysis
obtainedfrom seismometers.
measured in Richter
The intensity of an earthquake (formerly
magnitudeis
scale) 'moment magnitude scale', where as the felt
Mercalli
reported using the modified 'Mercalli intensity scale'.
intensityscale ranges from I to XII.
E.g. 26" Jan 2001, GujaratEarthquake.

a 2.3.6 Landslides
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon. In simple
words 'the landslide is slide of a large mass of mud and or rock
down a mountain/hillor cliff.'.
The hill slope becomes unstäbledue to various reasons like slop.
of the hill, rain water, vibrations due to earthquakes, various
types of structures of rocks etc.
Landslide hazard areas occur where the land has certait
characteristics which contribute to the risk of the downhil
movement of material.
DM & MM (MU) 2-9 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa.
These characteristics include :
i) A slope greater than 20 percent through it depends on the
earth material.
i) Landslide activities or movements occurred during the
recent centuries.

iii) Landslide may also cause along the stream due to wave
activity which gradually cause erosion and undercut a bank
or cutinto a bank and makes the surroundingland unstable.
iv) The presence of snow on hills is potential for snow
avalancheswhich is one of the dangeroustypes of landslide.
v) The feature of old stage of river, the formation of an alluvial
fan which also indicatesvulnerabilityto the flow of debris or
sedimentscausing slide.
vi) The presence of-varietiesof impermeablesoils, such as silt
or clay, which are mixed with granular soils such as sand
and gravel may cause mudslide.
Landslides can also be activated due to by other natural hazards
such as rains,floods, earthquakes,as well as human-madecauses,
such as grading, terrain cutting and filling, excessive
developmnent,etc.
The factors affecting landslides can be human-made so the
Occurrence of landslide may not be underestimatedin developed
areas.

Slides may also occur in undeveloped areas if sufficient

precautionsare not taken.
The area where the terrain has been altered for roads, houses,
utilities, buildings,etc.are also prone to the landslides.
E.g. 30" July 2014, Pune, Maharashtra.
 Natural Disa. & Manmade Disa,
DM & MM (MU) 2-10

a 2.3.7 Avalanches
case the
similar to Landslide, but in this flow
This phenomenon is slope underthe influence of gravity.
of snow takes place down the

a 2.3.8 Volcanic Eruptions

with
topographicalgenerally conical structure
Ageological, material and gases come
which hot molten
vent or fissure through
regularlyor intermittentlycalled Volcano'.
Out
reaches earth surface i.
i.e. magma when
The hot molten material
is called Lava'.
the earth surface, the area of upper mantle is under
Deep inside
high temperature nearly melts
the influenceof high pressureand
the rock and forms magma.
high pressure pushes the melt/magma towards the surface
The through
the surface
through weak zone. The magma when rises to
'volcanic pipe.
a pipe like structurecalled 'vent' or
solidous
The volcano when errupts emits gases, lava and some
materialcalled pyroclasts.

Crater
Pyroclasts

Volcanicash Parasitic
Cone

Fig. 2.3.1
 DM & MM (MU) 2-11 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa.

a 2.3.9 Mudflow
It is atypc of Lanslide. (Refer Section 2.3.6 Landslide)

2.3.10 Cyclones, Hurricanes or Typhoons

Cyclones are generated when wind currents are developed, when
hot air over a warm ocean move towards colder region, which in
turn creates convectional air currents.
When conventional air currents are displaced, cyclones occur.
Cyclones are termed as hurricane/typhoonin tropical region or a
"tropicalcyclone".
Cyclones are termed as 'typhoons' in Asia. In the India and
Pacific Oceans theyare called 'cyclones'. In the North Atlantic
and CaribbeanBasin, they are called 'hurricanes'.
Eg. 1999 Orissa cyclone

a 2.3.11 Storm

There are various types storms as follows :

2.3.11.1 Thunder Storm

Thunderstormis storm in combinationwith natural phenomenaof
majorly lightningand thunder.
I is combination of many extreme meteorological situations
which comprise heavy rainfall or cloudburst, fast flowing wind
etc.

2.3.11.2 HalIStorm
When thunderstormcauses hail, it is known as hailstorm.
 2-12 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa
DM &MM (MU)

a 2.3.11.3 Storm Surge

generated by a
is an abnormal rise of water storm,
Storm surge tides.
predictedastronomical Stormsurge and
Over and abovethe
phenomena.
storm tide are different
defined as the water level rise due to th.
Storm surge is
surge and the astronomicaltide. This rise i
combinationof storm
water level can cause extreme
flooding in coastal areac
coincides with normal high tide
particularlywhen storm surge
stornm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some
resulting in
cases.
and
the coast, storm surge is often the greatestthreat to life
Along have
from a hurricane. In the past, large death tolls
property of the
from the rise of the ocean associated with many
resulted
made landfall.
major hurricanesthat have
surge is produced by water being pushedtoward the shore
Storm
force of the winds moving cyclonicallyaround the storm.
by the
pressure associated with intense
The impact on surge of the low
water being forced toward
storms is minimalin comparisonto the
the shore by the wind.

a 2.3.12 Climate Change

Earth's climate is changingcontinuouslyand with a faster change
than at any point in the history of modern civilization,primarily
as a result of human activities.

Globalclimate change has already resulted in a wide range of

impacts across every regionof the globe and many sectors of the
economy that are expected to grow in the coming decades.
Research had been conducted and continuously observation is
going on by researchers around the world have documented
 DM & MM (MU) 2-13 Natural Disa. & Manmade Disa.

inereases in temperature at Earth's surface, as well as in the

atmosphereand oceans.
Many other aspects of global climate are changing as
well. Human activities, especially emissions of heat
trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion,
deforestation,and land-use change, are the primary driver of the
climate changes observed in the industrialera.

a 2.3.13 Global Warming

Global Warming is rise in temperature of the globe and
surrounding.It's not simply due to variationof season.
There are many manmade activitiesresponsiblefor it.
Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has
increasedat the fastest rate in recordedhistory.
Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth's surface.
Normally, this radiation would escape into space-but these
pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the
atmosphere,trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter.
The increase in temperature due to the process is
known as the
greenhouseeffect.

A 2.3.14 Sea Level Rise

The rise in the sea level has many reasons.

For most of themn
human being is solely responsible.
Rise in sea level has many adverse effects on
environment.Many
manmade activitiescause generationof green house.
 Natural Disa. &
DM &MM (MU) 2-14
Manmade Disa
Such activities continue to pour greenhouse gases into the
atmosphereand occans have tempered the effect.
The world's seas have absorbed more than 90 percent of the he.
from these gases, but it's taking a toll on oceans. Oceans are
rising around the world, causing dangerousflooding.

2.3.15 Ozone Depletion

The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the
stratosphere.The altitude ranges between 21 to 30 km (13 to 20
miles)above the earth.
The thickness of ozone layer varies seasonallyand it depends on
geographicallocation.
The ozone layer protects living things from harmful ultraviolet
rays from the sun; without the protection of the ozone layer,
millions of people would develop skin cancer and weakened
immune systems.
Day by day, thinning of Earth's 0zone layer in the

upper atmospherecaused by the release of chemical compounds

containing gaseous chlorineor brominefrom industry and other
human activities.

The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especialy

over Antarctica.

Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it

increases the amount of ultraviolet(UV) radiationthat reaches
Earth's surface, which increases the rate of
skin cancer, ey
cataracts,and genetic and immune system
damage.
 DM & MM (MU) 2-15 Natural Disa, & Manmade Disa.

a 2.3.16 Tsunami

Whencarthquakegenerates on the sea floor, it cause generation

a
of series of water waves due to displacementof large volume of
water called as Tsunami'.
strike a coast.
These cause great devastation and loss of life when
tsunami
The recentearthquake in Indian ocean generated huge
waveS.
coasts of various countries
The tsunami waves arrived at various
its point of
in less than ten (10) minutes to couple of hours from
than 800 to 1,000
origin, meaning it travelledat a speed of more
km/hr.
warning.
When an earthquakeoccurs, one must heed the tsunami
relocate to
E.g. People living in low-lying coastal areas must
higher and safer grounds immediately.
E.g. 26h Dec. 2004. India Ocean Tsunami.

2.3.17 2004 -IndianOcean Tsunami

On 26 December 2004, there was an undersea megathrust
earthquakein the Indian Ocean at 00:58:53UTC.
The epicenter was at the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. This
earthquakeis known as the Sumatra-Andamanearthquakeby the
scientificcommunity.
The earthquake resulted a tsunami which was given various
names, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South Asian
tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas tsunami and the
Boxing Day tsunami.
The Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and that
caused the earthquaketo take place.
 DM &MM (MU) 2-16 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa.

This earthquake triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along

Ocean.
the coasts of most landmassesborderingthe Indian
Almost over 230,000 people were killed in fourteen countries.
(100 ft)
The waves caused by the tsunami were up to 30 meters
most,
high. Indonesia was the country which was affected the
followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
calamity in the
This tsunami is considered the deadliest natural
world history.
recorded on a seismograph.
It is the third largest earthquakeever
Mw 9.1 -9.3.
The magnitudeof this earthquakewas
earthquake took place for about 8.3 minutes to 10 minutes
The
is considered the longest duration ever caused. It caused the
and
centimetre(0.4 inches) and
entire planet to vibrate as much as 1l
riggered other earthquakesas far away as Alaska. Its epicentre
mainland Indonesia.
was between Simeulue and
than 1,800 people were killed and more than hundreds went
More
massiveearthquake.
missing when tsunamistriggeredby a
Richter scale, biggest in four
The earthquakemarked 8.9 on the
Sumatraslammed into the
decades, near the Indonesianislands of
southernpeninsularcoast of India.
effects of Tsunami
The measures used to mitigatethe
control and
Tsunamis,a natural disaster on which human has no
is very harmful to huge society. Though the event is
uncontrollable,it is possibleto minimizeloss occurringdue to the
event. The loss includes degradation of environment,
infrastructuredamage and human deaths etc.
If an effective warning system is designed which can warn the
communityabout the threat in advance and disciplineplanningin
acommunitymay change the scenario of huge loss and
considerableloss due to disaster can be reduced.
 DM & MM (MU) 2-17 Natural Disa, &Marnmade Disa.

Construction is disaster prone area, cspecially ike Tsunami

disaster prone area, is importanttask.
The specificstudy of site with referenceto wave inundationat the
time of event, variable resistance of various structures has vital
importancein designing codes for the area and for zoning of the
area.

The guidelines developed by experts regarding land use help in

planningfor redevelopmentof the area at high risk.
SpeciflcSite PlanningStrateglesto Reduce Tsunami Risk
’ 1. Avoid Inundation Areas

Using latest technologies,it is possible to simulate the picture at

the time of tsunami,studying which may help in identificationof
site which are coveredby ocean water at the time of inundation.
Such sites shall be strictly avoided and for construction of
buildings elevated area may be chosen, which will effectively
reduce the harm.
’ 2. Check Water speed
During an event ocean water inundates in a moment. This water
flows very fastly and carries whatever comes in its way.
The loss is basically due to the speed of water. If speedof water
can be checked by some means considerableloss can be saved.
To check the speed of water various structuremay be build near
shore. Structures like ditches, slopes, or bermscan slow down
waves and filter out debris. Dense forest is also very effective to
reduce the speed of flowing water.
3. Diversion

The flowing water, if can't be stopped, it can be at least diverted

Using scientificallyplaced gabion walls, ditches etc.
 2-18 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa.
DM & MM (MU)
structures can effectively divert the water advancing way
These
and can reduce the impact considerably.
Blocking
and parking structures
The strong walls, hardened terraces, berms
can be built to block waves.

Constructionof such structurescan be planned at the beginning.

be
Tsunamiwarning system can prevent a huge loss which shalI
made mandatory to all state governmentsalong the coast.

2.4 Causes of Manmade Disasters

Manmade disasters are caused due to human errors such as,

(i) Technological (i) Transportation
(iii) Collapseof structures (iv) Production errors, etc.

For example
(1) Stampeded (2) Fires
(3) Transportaccidents (4) Oil pills
(5) Industrialaccidents (6) Nuclear explosions
(7) Radiations (8) Wars, etc.

Manmade/ Non-natural disaster

Socio technical
disaster Wariare

Technological Transportation Structure Producton International

eg: road i railway collapse failure
National
accident

Conventonal Non-conventional
Fig. 2.4.1
 DM & MM (MU) 2-19 Natural Di9A, &Manmade Diss.
2.5 Non-natural Disaster

These are disasterswhich cause due to human actions directly

These types of hazards also involves civilian populations who
suffer loss of in terms of casualties, loss of property. basic
services and means of livelihoodas aresult of war, civil issues or
other conflicts,or policy implementation.
Many times people are forced to leave their homes by situations
which give rise to congregationsof refugees or externallyand/or
internally displaced persons due to various reasons such as civil
conflict, an airplane crash, a major fire, oil spill, epidemic,
terrorism, etc.

a 2.5.1 Toxic/Chemical Release

Rapid surprising releases of toxic vapours may cause death and

severe injuries. This type of release of gaseous chemicals affects
several kilometers from the source point. They are carried with
wind through air.
The chemicals and gases which are easily soluble in water are
carried with water affectingconsumers at a longer distance. Such
release of contaminatedwater into public sewage systems, rivers,
canals and other water courses may result in serious threat to
public.
The effect of this also depends on various factors such as weather
conditions, population density in the hazard prone area and the
effectivenessof the emergencyarrangements.

2.5.2 Industrial Hazards

Industrial hazards consist of four major hazards. The hazards

nich re commonly occurring in the industries are fire, explosion,
toxic release and environmentaldamage.
 DM & MM(MU) 2-20 Natural Disa. &Manmade Disa

a 2.5.3 Explosion
An cxplosionis sudden increase in volume (sound).This process
of
is usually accompaniedby increase in temperatureand release
extreme
energy. This may cause damage to surroundingsand
pressure may kill people.
These also cause collapsing of various civil engineering
structures resulting debris, scattering of glass particles in the air
etc.

There are various types of explosions,e.g. Gas explosions, Dust

explosions.Gas explosions may take place when temperatureof
flammable gas is increased.

2.5.4 Fire
in the history
This hazard is commonly and frequently observed
measures are followed
of the industries. If proper precautionary
large extent.
bythe industry the effects due to it can reduced at a
of skin and
The primary effect of fire on human being is burning
may result in
if severity of exposure and time is more then it
death of the victim. Fire may produce poisonous gases which are
very harmful to human being.
The gases such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and

Cyanides etc. Many physical structures are damaged partially or

totally due to combustion.

The event subsequentlymay damage electricity cables, internal

transportationsystem etc, and finally causing the severe effect on
the process.
 DM & MM MU) 2-21 Naturai Disa. &Manmade Disa.

’ 2.6 Role of growing Populationand

Subsequent Industrialization,
Urbanizaitonand Changing Lifestyle of
Human Beings in Frequent Occurrences
of Manmade

The aim of emergency preparednessprograms is to accomplish a

satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency
situation through various activities that strengthen the technical
and managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and
communities.
These measures can be described as logistical readiness to deal
with disasters.The readiness and effectivenesscan be improved
by having response mechanisms and procedures, mock drills,
developing long-term and short-term strategies, publiceducation
and buildingearly warning systems.
Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring the strategic
reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines and other
essentialsare maintained in cases of national or local emergency
situations.

Preparedness is the primary phase before the occurrence of the

disaster. These are the activities carried out the tackle disaster and
to eliminateor reduce the adverse effects of the disaster.
Preparednessmeasures include following steps :
1. Planning of the activities.
2. Practicingthe activities.
3. Installationof the warning system.
4 Installationof communicationsystem in case of emergency.
5 Evacuationplanning training.
6 Use of media.
 DM & MM (MU) 2-22 Natural Disa. & Manmade Disa

As with mitigation efforts, preparedness actions depend on the

incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional
developmentplans.
(A) EmergencyPreparedness
Actions taken before the onset of a disaster so that a government
its emergency management
can successfully carry On

as establishing authorities and

responsibilities, such
responsibilities for emergency actions and using the resources to
support them.

(B) Logisticalreadiness
mobilize resources in the most
A satisfactory state of readiness to
minimize losses due to
efficient and effective manner in order to
disaster.

(C) Memorandum of Understanding

and details of an agreement
A legal document outlining the terms
requirements and
between parties, including each party's
responsibilities

(D) Disaster Preparedness

Disasterpreparednessis a process involvinga large range of
is
activities and resources from various sectors. The process
continuousand integrated.
To undertake disaster preparednesspositively the process
needs to involve proper approach to response, recovery and
continuity in business. The up to the mark involvement of
factors stands rewardingmanagement.
Disaster preparedness in one of the important phase of
emergencymanagement.This shall be looked at carefully.
DM &MM (MU) 2-23 Natural Disa,& ManmadeDisa.

Only disaster mitigation polcies and measures will not stop

a disaster cspecially a natural one from occurring and
persisting.
The preparedness phase shall also work on mitigation
policies and measures seek to reduce vulnerability. or
increase resilience to, the effects of the inevitable disasters
to which a country is prone.
The phases disaster mitigation and preparedness
are

interdependent and effective management depends on

simultaneous execution of both.

E.g. Disaster preparedness includes implementation of

shall
mitigation measures to ensure existing infrastructure
withstand the forces of disasters or that people can respond
in their communities but at the same time protect
themselves.

The capabilitiesof the country, people, and the government

all together deal with extreme hazards or circumstances.
When a disaster event occurs the loss depends on the
measuresof their collectivepreparedness.
The mitigation is important considering, the regional
situation which prone to particular type of disaster. At the
same time preparedness shall be given more importance.
Disaster preparednessincludes the readiness of communities
and essential service providers in the communities for the
actions that theyare expectedto take in case of disasters.
In such cases, the way in which formal responders act
(Police and Fire Services, Emergency Medical Services
personneland the Military)or prepare to respond to disasters
shall be consideredprimarily.
 E.g. The personnel in these response agencies may
have to
learn the use of new equipment, treatment methods for
diseases or providing services to prevent the escalation of
the effects of disasters that will further destroy lives and
devastateproperty.
The processof disasterpreparednesscan be summarizedas :
Development and testing of warning systems regularly is very
important along with planning measures to be taken during a
disaster alert period to minimize potential loss of life and
physical damage.
Creatingawarenessin the society and educating,training officials
and subsequently to the population at risk to respond to the
disaster is required to save considerable loss due to disaster.
The use of first-aid and emergency response teams training shall
be made mandatory.
Establishing emergency response policies. and setting up
standards, proper organizational arrangements and operational
plans shall be followed by emergencyworkers and other response
entities after a disaster.
Community based disaster management though very effective;
implementationis hardly possible in densely populated area with
high risk of threat.

Chapter Ends..
 cMAPTER
3 DisasterManagement
Policy and Administration
Module 3

Syllabus
Disaster management: meaning, concept, importance,
objective of disaster management policy,disaster risks in India,
Paradigm shift in disaster management
Policy and administration: Importance and principles of
disaster managementpolicies, command and co-ordinationof in
disaster management, rescue operations-howto start with and
how to proceed in due course of time, study of flowchart showing
the entire process.

3.1 Disaster Management

Definition
Disaster management covers a wide area, of which every aspect is
important. It is necessary to study each and every aspect
thoroughly.
the
Disaster management is managing situation before and after
disaster to minimize its adverse effects.
before the
As in the case of earthquake, these are no warnings
disaster but after or during the phenomenonwith few precautions
its effects can be minimized.
 DM & MM(MU) 3-2 Disa. Mgmt. Pollcy &Administration

In case of the rivers which get flooded very frequently, with the
help of weather forecasting and few precautions its adverse
effects can be minimized.
The term disaster management covers wide phenomenon which
can be explainedas :
Organizing,managing resources andresponsibilitiesin order to
overcome all human aspects of emergencies. It involves
preparedness,response,recovery,etc.

3.2 Importanceof Disaster Management

Disasters are events that have a huge impact on humansand the
environment.
Disasters are inevitable, we cannot do anything to prevent these
but disaster preparedness is only in our hand. Disasters
management requires government intervention and a proper
planning as well as funding. It is not necessary that these
disastersare always unpredictable.
Floods take place in valleys and floodplains, droughts in areas
with unstable and low rainfall and oil spills happen in shipping
lanes. This predictability provides opportunities to plan for
preventand to le[sen the impact of disasters.
Disasters are inevitable although we do not always know when
and where they will happen. But their worst effects can be
partially or completely prevented by preparation, early warning
and swift, decisiveresponses.
Disaster managementaims to reduce the occurrenceof disasters
and to reduce the impact of those that cannot be prevented. The
governmentwhite paper and Act on DisasterManagementdefine
the roles of Local Authorities as well as Provincialand National
governmentin disaster management.
 DM &MM (MU) 3-3 Disa. Mgmt. Policy & Administration

Disaster Management forces come into action as soon as a

disaster strikes andhelp out in the relief, rescue and rehabilitation
process.

These are trained individualsand are given extensive training to

perform in the event of disaster or a natural calamity and they
work as a team to reduce the loss of life and helping the locals
getting back to normal life.
3.3 Objecthveof Disaster ManagementPolicy
The primary role and responsibility of the state, including
national and local authorities,in assisting affected populationsduring
natural disasters. The disaster managemnent policy of considers
disaster risk reduction and resilience as essential to
assisting
communitiesto prepare for, respond and adapt to natåral disasters.
The objectives of the national policy on
disaster management
are:

Promoting a culture of prevention,preparednessand resilienceat

all levels through knowledge,innovationand education.
Encouraging mitigation measures based on
traditionalwisdom and environmentalsustainability. technology,
Mainstreaming disaster management into the developmental
planning process.
Establishinginstitutionaland techno-legalframe works to create
an enabling regulatoryenvironmentand a complianceregime.
Ensuring efficient mechanism for identification,assessment and
monitoringof disasterrisks.
Developingcontemporaryforecasting and early warning systems
backed by responsive and failsafe communication with
informationtechnology support.
DM &MM (MU) 3-4 Disa, Mgmt. Policy &Administration
Promoting aproductive partnership with the media to create
awarenessand contributingtowards capacitydevelopment.
Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach
towards the needs of the vulnerablesectionsof the society.
Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster
resilientstructuresand habitatfor ensuringsafer living.
Promoting productive and proactive partnership with media in
disaster management.
3.4 Disaster Risks in India

3.4.1 Consequencesand MitigationMeasuresfor

Various Hazards
Disaster management is a crucial strategic job. It is not only
related to particularplace but there are many other factors related
to it. The appearance and disappearance of a disaster may be
sometimes quick but the management of a disaster is not that
quick.
The disaster management involves much more human effort and
financial support. So it is necessary to utilize availableresources
efficientlywith the help of appropriatemanagement.
Every hazard is harmful to the society in some or
other way.
Dependingon the type of the hazard, its intensity,duration,place
and root cause, its consequencesvary largely.
Due to limited resources, combined efforts at the
private and community levels are necessary. This level
governmental.
of
combination requires a coordinated and organized effort to
mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover
from
emergenciesand their effects in the shortest possible time.
 DM &MM(MU) 3-5 Disa. Mgmt. Policy & Adrministration

Natural disasters cause huge casualty and loss of property;

leaving people homeless and helpless.The common issues people
keep on facing in areas affected by disastersare :
1. Wounds caused by debris.
2 Loss of human and animal life.
3. Total or partial destructionand damage to buildings.
4. Disturbanceto communicationand transport.
5 Distraction of common facilities like electricity, water,
telephones/etc.
6. Fires during an event.
7. Floodingin some areas.
8 Landslidesin hilly areas.
9. Exposureto disease and danger of epidemics.
10. Widespreadpanic and loss confidence.
Mitigation measures are activities carried out to avoid or
substantiallyreduce significantenvironmentaland social impacts.

a 3.4.2 Overviewof Disaster Managementin India

As discussed earlier and history recorded India is disaster prone
country. India has witnessed many natural and unnatural
disasters.
Most of the times, unfortunatelythe disasters and its management
discussed aftermath (post disaster), whereas it is expected to
preplan tackling strategiesand effectivemitigation. Any disaster
causes disturbances for a long time and life threatening
environment.
The North Indian region, which is also known as extra-peninsular
India made up of Himalayan range and is the contact of Indian
and Eurasian plate which is seismicallyvery active.
DM &MM (MU) 3-6 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration
which is very
This area is covered under seismic zone IV and V
agencies in
much prone to earthquakes.The disastermanagement
constructions of various
North India provide guidelines about
structureswhich can withstandthe probableshocks.
and Killari, Latur
The Earthquake of Bhuj (Gujarat)
was
(Maharashtra)had paid a great death toll. The Deccan trap
never expectedto experiencesuch a great earthquake.
once during
The rivers in North India get flooded twice a year,
summer due to ice
rainy season due to high rainfall while during
melt. The flood lines are marked place to place.
been made
An attempt of setting up of early warning system has
not only for floodingbut also for earthquake
disaster.
rise to landslides
The shocksin the hilly area many a times give
lives.
causing disturbanceto transportationand human
research institutes
The disaster management agencies and other
the hilly terrain.
are also workingcontinuouslyon stabilizingof
also in western
The landslides occur not only in Himalaya but
Landslide in
Maharashtra, very well known as Konkan region.
this region causes disturbanceto railway lines nearly every year.
than 6
During 1991to 2000, natural disasters have killed more
a
million people, whereas unnaturaldisastercaused loss of nearly
millionpeople.
Managementof any disaster is a versatile dynamic process. The
process involves proper planning, organizing, staffing, leading
and controlling. Disaster management also requires the
synchronizationin planning of the various organization works
together.
The process to be tackled all together comprises prevention.
mitigation,responseand recoveryfrom the effects of disaster.
 DM & MM (MU) 3-7 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration

Every year millions of people are affected by various types of

disasters in India.
Inere are innumerable causes for vulnerability out of which
primarily important are hasty and unplanned growths of urban
area. Suburban and rural poverty,
incapability of managing
natural resources causing degradation of. the
environment,
insufficientinvestmentof governmentin proper policies, etc. are
appendingreasons for increasingvulnerability.
J 3.5 Paradigm Shift in DisasterManagement
India is one of the most disaster prone
has had some of the world's
countries of the world. It
most severe droughts, famines,
cyclones, earthquakes,chemical disasters, mid-air head-on
collisions,rail accidents, and road accidents. India is also one air
of
the most terroristprone countries.
India was, until recently,reactive and only
and providedrelief from calamity.
respondedto disasters
It was a relief driven disaster
mnanagementsystem. India also has
world's oldest famine relief codes. In recent timnes, there has
been
a paradigm shift and India has
become or is becoming more
proactive with emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation and
preparedness.
India traditionally accepted internationalhelp in
responding to
disasters.However, after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, India
refused to accept internationalresponse assistance from foreign
governments.

Not only that, India deployed its defense personnel, medical

teams, disaster experts, ships, helicopters, and other type of
human, material, and equipment resources to help Sri Lanka,
Mauritius, and Indonesia.
DM & MM (MU) 3-8 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration
It may be noted that India itself suffered from the tsunami and
was internally responding at the same time. India is also lower
income group country,while Indonesia is middle-incomegroup
country.
After studying the disaster history in India, it is learnt that every
year millions of people get affected badly and there is
considerableloss of propertytakes place.
India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number of
natural as well as manmade disaster. On 23rd December 2005, the
Government of India took an important decision of enacting the
DM Act, 200.
This act covered all the proactive approaches from response,
prevention, mitigation, preparedness to rehabilitation,
reconstruction and recovery. This Act was a paradigm shift for
disaster management in India.
Disaster management is managing situation before and after the
disaster to minimize its adverse effects.

3.6 Policy and Administration Introduction

There is no scope or time for trials, when disasters strike.
Education and public awareness are essential supportive
components of community participation and are, therefore.
essentialfactors in DisasterPreparednessand Management.
There is necessity of formation and implementation of broa
education and awareness program to ensure the population
totallyinvolvedin disasterpreparednessand management.
It isevery individual'sresponsibilityand right as well to prep
and participatein disaster preparednessand management. Ec!
single individual should be aware of effects of disasters
individualsare most prone to disasters.
ADM &
MM (MU) 3-9 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration

Due to this, individuals in the communities should

partic1pate in
the important decisions making about the Disaster
and Managementprogram. Preparedness
India is affected by many adverse natural
events. In the last
decade, earthquake and floods caused nearly 50 percent
all the extreme disaster events in
losses of
the country. Apart irom
earthquake and floods, huge loss has been taken place during
2004 when tsunamiwaves
inundatedcoastal part of eastern India
killing over 15000.
Many NGOs, government,statutory agencies shall
play an
active
role for effective emergency
management system, which will
work for arrangements at national, state/
territory and local
government levels to promote the development of a true
community safety partnership.
Though there is support from government almost at all
is community who needs to be
levels, it
prepared all time; a prepared
community is a safer community.
Individuals shall help themselves and others in their community
by consideringfollowingpoints :
They shallbe aware of local hazards and the risks which
may
result from them.

Individual shall take appropriateprecautionsagainst possible

risks.

They shall be actively involved in community-based

voluntary programs.
They shallhelp voluntarilyfor effectivearrangements.
Voluntary organizations play a vital part in emergency
managementat community level when effectivelyintegratedinto
local emergencymanagementarrangements.
 DM & MM(MU) 3-10 Disa. Mgmt. Policy & Administration

community resources and

They not only in give access to
informationchain
expertisebut also act like a link in the essential
agencies and the
between government, emergency management
public.
individual and
During emergencies, the help extended by
be an
community self-help is readily-availableand proves to
effective relief.
external
There, however could be delay in assistance from
delay for other
sources and their doubt about limited and
demands on resources.

In such situations, government and community organizations,

provide the basis for organizing effective and immediately.
availablecommunity self-help.

) 3.7 Importanceand Principlesof Disaster

Management Policies

All events, whether natural or caused by human activity, should

be managed as directed by NDMA and any relevant disaster
managementguidelines.
Disastermanagemnentis based on four principles:
comprehensiveapproach
all hazards approach
local disaster managementcapability
support by the state group and district groups to loca
governments.
DM& MM (MU) 3-11 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration
3.8 Command andCo-Ordinationof in Disaster
Management (IncidentCommand System
(ICS) in India)
In the history of the world, many disasters have
taken place
leading to huge casualty and loss of property; leaving people
homeless and helpless.
The loss from these disasters is due to the
combined effect of the
natural and human activities.
India has experiencedvarieties of disasters in its
history, which
include landslides in Northern Himalayas, Floods,
Avalanches,
Cyclones,Droughts and many more.
After experiencing the severity and
type of response to the
calamities there was a strong need felt of proper disaster
management team.
The response type was lacking in many ways including
planning,
logistics,finance, mobilizingand deploymentof resources etc.
In order to address these issues Ministry of Home Affairs (ndia)
in collaborationwith United States Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service (USFS) and United States Agency for
InternationalDevelopment(USAID) has developeda program for
institutionalizingIncidentCommandSystem (1CS) in India.
ICS is a standardized method of managingdisasters.
This program of institutionalization
ICS system provides:
1. A standardized/structuredIncidentManagementCommand
System for emergencyresponse.
2. A formalized, professionallytrained and accountablesystem
for operationsand logisticssupport.
 DM &MM (MU) 3-12 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administratlon
is decided
The responsibility of responding to any disaster
stepwiseas follows:
dealt by
1 The disasters at small (block/ circle) level to be
officer will be
block developmentofficer/Circleofficer, that
in charge as of the operation.
2. Further depending on the severity and complexity of the
charge of the
calamity higher authorities will take
adverse
event/incidence and work on it to minimize the
effect.

3. After Circle officer the next higher authority to take charge

Collector/ District
as Incident Commander is Sub Collector.
after Sub
magistrate is next to act as Incident Commander
Collector in case of complex disaster.
State
4. State Administrationled by the Chief Secretary and the
Relief Commissioneris involved in mobilizingresources or
decidingpriorities.

a 3.8.1 ICS Team Structure at Different Levels

Level of Disaster Incident Commander

Sr.
No.

1. National Level CS

2. State Level ICS ChiefSecretary/

State Relief Commissioner

3. District Level ICS Collector/

Districtmagistrate
 DM & MM (MU)
3-13 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration
Sr.
Level of Disaster Incident Commander
No.

4.
Sub-divisionLevel ICS Sub Collector
5. Block Level ICS Block developmentofficer/
Circle officer
6.
Special ICSteams (to deal Special Officers
with disasterslike industrial
(Appointedby Authoriti
accidents,chemical accidents
etc.)
For smooth functioningof ICS, it is
divided into following sections :
(a) Operations
(b) Planning
(c) Logistics
(d) Finance/Administration

3.9 Rescue operations-howto start with and

how to proceed in due course of time, study
of flowchart showing the entire process

The first response to trapped survivors immediately after almost

every disaster is by spontaneous,untrained, and well-intentioned
persons who rush to the site of a collapsein an attempt to free the
survivors.
More often than not, these spontaneous rescue efforts result in
serious injuriesand compoundedproblems.
 DM &MM (MU) 3-14 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration

Rescue efforts should be planncd and practiced in advance.

People, including rescuers,have died when the rescuers weren't
preparedand trained.

a 3.9.1 Goals of Search and Rescue

The goals of searchand rescue operationsare to:
Rescue the greatest number of people in the shortest amount of
time
Get the walking wounded and ambulatorysurvivorsout first
Rescue lightly trapped survivorsnext

a 3.9.2 DisasterManagementCycle

Mitigation
Risk reduction

Recovery

Prevention

Awareness

Preparedness

Response Disaster

Fig. 3.9.1
 DM &MM (MU) 3-15 Disa. Mgmt.Policy &Administration

Disaster

Preparedness Respon8e
Disaster
Mitigation management Rehabilitation
cycle

Prevention
Reconstruction

Development
Fig. 3.9.2
Disaster ManagementCycle Phases

A 3.9.2.1 Mitigation
Measures put in place to minimizethe results from a
disaster.
Examples Building codes and zoning; vulnerability
:
public education. analyses;
A 3.9.2.2 Preparedness

Planninghow to respond.
Examples : preparedness plans; emergency
warning systems. exercises/training:
a 3.9.2.3 Response
Response is first actions taken immediately after
the event. It also comprises occurrence of
activities carried to minimize the hazards
created by a disaster.
a DM&MM(MU) 3-16 Disa. Mgmt. Policy &Administration

Examples : Evacuation, Search and Rescue, Emergency Relief

etc.

a 3.9.2.4 Recovery

Recovery is the process of returning the community to normal.

The affected area recovers until it is put in a original condition or
better than it was before the disaster.

Examples : Tents, Earthquakeresistant structures,medical care

etc.

Chapter Ends...
D00
 cHAPTER
5
FinancingRelief Measures
Module 5

Syllabus
Ways to raise finance for relief expenditure,Role of government
agencies and NGO»'s in this process, Legal aspects related to
finance raising as wellas overall management of disasters.
Various NGO»s and the works they have carried out in the past
on the oCcurrenceof various disasters,Ways to approach these
teams.International relief aid agencies and their role in extreme
events.

5.1 Ways to Raise Finance for Relief

Expenditure

There is a growing awareness of risk and the need to plan

financial resources to face losses due to the disasters.

An insurance plan for damages to the property allows efficient

allocationof resources for emergencyinterventions.
Effective disaster management is based on elements
1) prevention 2) mitigation
3) preparedness 4) response

6) rehabilitation.
5) relief
 DM &MM (MU) 5-2 FinancingRelief Measures
The various personnel in this process arc policy makers, decision
makers, administration,professionals,professional institutions,R&n
institutions,financialinstitutions,insurancesector, community,NGO
and the common man. Insurance plays a very important role. The
advanced countries have developedthe insurance system and made it
effective and mandatory. It has resulted in comparativelyless loss of
lives and property.
In India, most of the losses suffered in natural disasters are not
insured, for reasons such as lack of purchasingpower, lock of interest
in insurance,lack of awareness and ignorance of availabilityof such
covers. Quite large numbers of agencies provide the insurancecover
and foreign insurancecompanieshave already ventured in such areas.
Commercial and private sector can also play an essential role in
disastermitigation.
Insurance can play a key role in facilitating public-private
partnershipsfor dealing with the losses from disasters.
There is a growing awareness of risk and the need to plan
financial resourcesto face losses due to the disasters.
An insurance plan for damages to the property allows efficient
allocationof resourcesfor emergencyinterventions.
The insuranceguaranteesfixed compensationamount priorly.
Insurancemarketof India is in developingstage.The cover under
the insurancefor natural disasters is limited.
Insurance is limited to major industrial and commercial
properties.
Role of insurance agencies in disaster managemnent needs to
given more importance.
The highly vulnerableareas shall be mandatorilyinsuredfor lives
and propertyas well.
 DM & MM (MU) 5-3 Financing Relief Measures
The micro insurance can cover sudden onset events, such as
earthquakes,floods, and cyclones few slow onset events are also
covered under micro-insurancee.g. drought.
A volunteer assistance is a group of people or organizationsthat
are willing to assist on voluntary basis. Such group of people
organizationprovide predictable,safe and sanitary environmentin the
aftermath of a disaster in the communities. They participate in the
community activities and provide co-ordination for relief from the
wider community. Next level of volunteer assistance comes from
organizationswithin the nationalboundaries.
Voluntaryactivistsand group involvedin activitieslike :
(1)Directhelp at the site.
(2) Providingdonation.
(3) Raising funds through various programmes.
(4) Organizingvarious activitiesto be done
In few cases disasters may lead to sudden developmentof
many programs with help of government, NGOS and other
funding agencies. The political focus on damage and its
reconstructionmay work as a real vital mediumfor change.
’ 5.2 Role of GovernmentAgencies in Raising
Funds

Emergency management during disaster event is a shared

responsibility between government and citizens of a country
towards building a sustainable, disaster-resilientsociety. The
Governmentusually exercisesleadershipat the nationallevel.
State governmentenjoins DisasterManagementfor financing the
activitiesto be carried out under state plans.
 DM & MM (MU) 5-4 Financing Relief Measures

5.3 Role of Non-Governmentand Inter

Governmental Agencies in Raising Funds
The role of the NGO's during a disaster is to have a quick
response and to help save as many lives as possible with the
given funds. NGOs are non-profit making organization. They
appeal to various other agencies and sources for financial
assistance

An intergovernmental organization (1GO) or international

organization is an organizations formed by primarily of
sovereign states. The participating states are also referred as
memberstates, or of other intergovernmentalorganizations.IGOs
are establishedby a treaty, which acts as a charter creating the
group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives
(governments)of several states go through a ratificationprocess,
providingthe IGO with an internationallegal personality.
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)vary in purposes of
establishment, membership, and membership criteria. They have
various goals and scopes, often outlinedin the treaty.
The role and contribution of the international organizationsand
foreign non-government organizations whether from the UN
Agencies, Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, foreign government,
and non-governmentinternational organizationshas been supporting
the enrichment and strengtheningdisaster mitigation efforts, reduce
disasterhazards and risks, reduce the sufferingof affectedpeople and
acceleratecommunityrecovery.
The international organizations and foreign non-government
organizationsmay take their role on disaster managementin case the
Government of the disaster affected country announcesthe needs
and/or acceptthe offer of assistance in line with the regulation and
needs in the affected area.
A 5.3.1 Role of Media inEftectiveDisasterManagement
Indsa covers geograrhicalyvery large area and stanis sV0 in
population.It is vuinerableto natural disasters.
Natural disasters like floods, droughts, cyclones, carthquake and
landside are common in India.

Wheneverany disasterhits, millions of people are affected in the

country.
Disseminating any message regarding the disaster was hot an
easy task until media like, radio, T.V. came into ex istence. In
recent times we have social networkingwebsites, cell phones ote.
The media plays an important role in disseminatingtimely and
correctinformationto the public.
In India, there are more than 50 thousand newspupers and
periodicalsactively working for various purposes. More thun 200
radio stations broadcasting, reaching almost 100% of the
population.
AIR (All India Radio) broadcasts in 24 languages, There are
many TV news channels broadcasting24 x 7. Internet is being
used to share, disseminate news and viewS on issues of public
interests.

Above mentioned all type of media is a very methodical and

planned way of reaching a largenumber of people quickly and
spreadingthe important information.
This media can play a key role in all stages of disaster
management.

Media can be heipfuland effectivebefore a disaster by edcating

people about the hazard. preventionand action o be taken during
DM &MM (MU) 5-6 Financing Relief Measures

Media is also helpful after disaster in providing useful

informationand an unbiased coverage.
During an event media like T.V. and radio can guide people
trapped in remote area and can help in preparationof community
contingencyplan.
Media can effectivelybe used in early warning system. The early
informationof likely disaster can save many human beings and
livestock.

Media can create awarenessabout various types of disasters.

The response to the disaster may take long time. Rehabilitation
may be followed lately. Media keeps an eye on the progressof all
the activities.

The pressure of media may acceleratethe work in aconstructive

manner for the benefitof the society.
Media is useful in appealing local people for help so that quick
responseprocessis initiated.
Social media and social networking can be used as a tool to
emergency response communications.

Text messagingsuch as Twitterand the social networkingsystem

such as Facebook can be used as a channel of communicationin
disasterresponse.
Examples of suggested applications of social media and social
networkinginclude:
Blogs can be rapidly used to publicize the need for
assistancegrants.
Create ge0-taggedphoto groups to documentdamage.
Publicize volunteers willing to share recovery-relevant
expertise.
 DM &MM (MU) 5-7 Financing ReliefMeasures

Use map-based mashups (combinations of data in web

pages) todisplay relevantlocal information.

a 5.3.2 Self Help and Role of NGGOs

Many NGOs, government, statutory agencies shall play an active
role for effective emergency management system, which will
Work for arrangements at national, state/ territory and local
government levels to promote the development of a true
communitysafety partnership.
Though there is support from governmentalmost at all levels, it
is community who needs to be prepared all time; a prepared
communityis a safer community.
Individuals shall help themselves and others in their community
by consideringfollowingpoints:
1. They shall be aware of local hazards and the risks which
may resultfrom them.
2. Individualshall take appropriateprecautionsagainst possible
risks.
3. They shall be actively involved in community-based
voluntaryprograms.
4. They shall help voluntarilyfor effectivearrangements.
Voluntary organizations play a vital part in emergency
managementat community level when effectivelyintegratédinto
local emergencymanagementarrangements.
They not only in give access to community resources and
expertise but also act like a link in the essential informationchain
between government, emergency management agencies and the
public.
 DM &MM (MU) 5-8 Financing Rolief Measures

During emergencies, the help extended by individual and

community self-help is readily-availableand proves to be an
effective relief.
There, however could be delay in assistance from external
sources and their doubt about limited and delay for other
demands on resources.

In such situations, government and community organisations,

provide the basis for organising effective and immediately
availablecommunityself-help.

a 5.3.3 Role of SDMA (State Disaster Management

Authority)
The DM Act 2005 states that, there shall be a state wise disaster
managementplan. It also gives guidelinesabout the plan content
and requirementsof consolationin formulatingthe state plans.
DM Act also providesannual review and updationof state plans.
State government enjoins DM for financing the activities to be
carried out under state plans.
The state plans are preparedby SEC (State ExecutiveCommittee)
for SDMA with the guidelineslaid by NDMA.
The plans preparedby SEC shall be approvedby SDMA.
SDMA is responsible for laying down appropriate policies and
plans for disastermanagementin the state.
SDMA lays down guidelines to be followed by the departments
of the Governmentof the State for the purposes of integrationof
measures for prevention of disasters and mitigation in their
developmentplans and projects and provide necessary technical
assistancetherefore.
DM &MM (MU) 5-9 FinancingRelief Measures

SDMA is also responsiblefor coordinatingthe implementationof

the state plan.
SDMA recommends provision of funds for mitigation and
preparednessmeasuresto the state governmentand NDMA.
SDMA is also responsiblefor activitiesmentionedbelow :
For Development of Disaster awareness and its

implementationcampaignstrategiesin the state.

For Development of Human Resource Plan for
implementationduring the occurrenceof a disasterand at the
same time developmentof training programmnes and related
stuff.

To Prepare and or if required up gradation of the state

disaster management plan to ensure the emphasis on the
issues of DRR.

To initiate surveys related to risk and vulnerability

assessmentand preparationof annual vulnerabilityand risk
reductionreportsdependingon the work carriedout.
To prepare the instructions to include DRR into
developmentprocess.
To maintain a follow up with various line departments to
ensure that DRR issues have been emphasized in the
respectivedevelopmentplans.
To prepare for Disaster Risk Reduction Projects in varied
sectors.

To carry out DRR audit of the developmentplans prepared

by correspondingline departments.
To develop a recovery planned structure for the state.
To develop a platform for information and
sharing in DRR.
knowledge
DM & MM (MU) 5-10 Financing Relief Measures
To suggest variousprograms and formulateprojects as apart
of the national schemes which are to be practiced.
Tobe preparedfor minimum standardsof relief.
To be prepared for various disasters management policies
dependingon various types of disasters.
To prepare for mitigationplans for varied hazards according
to the need.

Coordination and monitoring various National Policy,

NationalPlan and State Plan implementation.
To prepare instructionsfor the laying down of DMP by
various departmentsdependingon the need.
To Lay down guidelines for safe construction practices of
damaged infrastructure and ensure completion of such
projects.
To provision of required technical support or to provide
advisoryhelp to DistrictAuthorities.
To prepare,revise and if requiredupdate state level response
plansand guidelines.
To ensure the conduction of mock drills regularly SO as to
educate masses and create awareness by using practical
means.

Chapter Ends..
CRAPTE
6 Preventlve andMitlgatlon
Measures
Modute

Syllabus
Pre-disaster, During disaster and post-disaster measures in
Some events in general.
Structuralmapping : Risk mapping, Assessment and analysis,
Sea walls and embankments,Bio shield, Shelters,Early
and communication. warning
Non Structural Mitigation : Community based
disaster
preparedness, Risk transfer and risk financing, Capacity
deveiopment and training. awareness and education,
contingencyplans.
Do's and don'ts in case of disasters and effective
implementationof relief aids.

6.1 Pre-disaster,During Disaster and

Post-DisasterMeasures in Some Events in
General

II is impossible to stop the natural disaster but following few

precautionary measures before disaster takes place, during
disaste and post disaster the harm can be reduced upto some
extent.

Few precautionarymeasures and activitiesduring various stages

of disaster mentioned below.
 DM & MM(MU) 6-2 Prevontive and Mitigation Measures
6.1.1 Pre-Disaster- Rlsk Assessmentand Analysis
Kisk is the probable disaster lOsses which could occur to a
particularcommunityor a society over some specified future time
period.
Risk is the considerationof probable harmful effects or expected
losses in terms of casualty injuries, property,
livelihoods,
economicactivity disruptionor environmentallydamaged etc.
Resulting naturallyor due to human activities or combined with
vulnerableconditions.
Equationfor calculationof risk,
Risk = Probabilityof hazard x Degree of vulnerability
Risk can be dealt differentways.
1. Risk Acceptance
It is an informed decision to accept the
possible consequences
and likelihoodof a particularrisk.
2, Risk Avoidance

It is an informned decision to avoid involvement in activities

leading to risk realization.
3. Risk Reduction

It refers to the applicationof appropriate

techniquesto reduce the
likelihoodof risk occurrenceand its consequences.
4. Risk Transfer

It involyes transferringof the load of risk to another party.

One of
the most common forms of risk transferis Insurance
a DM &MM(MU) 6-3 Preventiveand MitigationMeasures

6.1.2 Post-Disaster- Damage and Assessment

The primary need of the objectives of assessment is to identify
and relief, to develop strategies for recovery, post-disaster
situationmake concisepictureclear.
This humanitarianaid determinesthe best use existing resources,
or torequest assistancewith the option to develop fixes.
Restoration of CriticalInfrastructure
During this stage of medium to long recovery is carried out. The
work is focused on restoration of structures and reconstruction
social structures.
As permanent housing is being rebuilt, the social co-ordination
between communitiesis strengthened.Childrenstart returningto
proper school buildings.
Adults have renewed opportunitiesto improve their livelihoods
and restore their family economics. Life is finally beginning to
feel stable once more.

S 6.2 StructuralMapping
Structural mapping of the disaster prone area is one of most
importantwork to be carriedout. This work can be classifiedas

6.2.1 Planning and Design of Infrastructure for

Disaster Management
The physical infrastructuresector is an important part of most
country's economy. Urban and industrial infrastructureis many
times unplannedand or non-approvedbut built and operated.
DM &MM (MU) 6-4 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

But many large scale urban infrastructureprojects are planned

and approved according to standard rules and criteriaset by
competentauthorities.Such infrastructureis safe.
Setting up of the standards and rules is a major issue for
governments and industry.Vital community infrastructuremust
go on working after natural and other disasters to ensure rapid
recovery.
Some infrastructuresuch as emergencyresponse teams, hospitals
and waste treatment and disposal facilities are there to deal with
the consequencesof disasters.
Consultancy firms, self employed engineers are largely
responsiblefor designing,planning and managing infrastructure.
The profession has huge potential to contribute to disaster
reduction and recovery.
According to the International Federation of Consulting
Engineers (FIDIC), for more than 1millionprofessionalswork in
44,000 firms worldwide.
An importantrole of FIDIC is tomaximizethe capacityof private
sector consultants in order to maxinmize their contribution to
disaster reduction.

Member associations are advised to actively participate in

developmentof nationalbest-practiceguidelinesand procedures.
The response phase, which is the most visible part of disaster
management, starts with search and rescue. The engineers who
are a part of this phase are given expert training of survivalskills.
The response team is entitled with the responsibility of following
up a safety evaluationof critical infrastructuresuch as hospitals
and dams before extendingto transportand serviceutilities.
Many industry associations have developed preparedness
mechanismsfor infrastructurefacilitieswith which member firms
DM & MM (MU) 6-5 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

already have links. This helps them get timely access to trained
engincers.
The subsequent response phase is evaluation of various
structures,buildingsafety ctc. generallycarriedout in partnership
with local authorities.
The procurementof remedial infrastructureis the next immediate
step
International, national and local registers of professionals and
firms that have demonstrated disaster-preventionand response
capacity and skills are the best possible partners for any such
venture.

In the long run, risk reduction strategies are pivotal to take a

systematicapproach todisasteravoidance.
Long term systematic approach study needs inclusion of risk
identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning for
upcoming risks such as soil degradation, deforestation and,
climate change and from developmentpatterns and urbanization
etc.

Consultingengineers have to play a crucial role while designing

and delivering the plans of sustainable infrastructure. Future
developments should consider issues of soil/land degradation,
climate change, deforestationon priority for the core planning
process.
Reductionstrategiesare necessarilyto be implementedand need
to be operationalfrom start to end of land use planning, use of
construction codes, accepting and following of environmental
management systems in continuing processes. Use of project
sustainabilitycriteriais increasingthat helps to move forward the
progress towards goals.
 DM &MM (MU) 6-6 Preventive and Mitigation Measures

6.2.2 Disaster Safe Designs and Constructions

In an ecological and sustainable model of disaster management
assumes that disaster planning, preparedness, response and
recovery all occur at various levels of organization.These steps
or levels of increasingcomplexity include the individual/family.
the organizational, the community, the state, the Country i.e.
macro levels.

The ecologicalmodel also hypothesizesthat these levels interact

with one another and these interactions together determine the
overall disaster planning, preparedness, response and recovery
outcomnes.

In addition to the features of the hazard/disasteritself, it is also

assumed that similar or parallel disaster planning, preparedness
and response elements as well as logisticalchallenges, the need
for flexibilityand sustainabilityand rehabilitationelements occur
at each level of ecologicalmodeldependingon the disasterphase.
It is also expectedevaluationof response and recoveryefforts can
and should inform and enhance future planning and preparedness
efforts at every level. Finally, strengths and limitations of the
ecologicalmodel of disaster managementare considered.
The ecologicalmodel of disaster managementis acomprehensive
systems model of disaster planning, preparedness,response and
recovery.

6.2.3 Risk Mapping, Assessmentand Analysis

Risk control is important for proper business management
consideringthe competitiveeconomic background.Risk mapping is a
preconditiontosetting up a risk control policy.
 DM & MM (MU) 6-7 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

The risk mnappingand control depends on :

(1) The efforts taken by an organizationto find out list of risks it has
to face : Fire,Doubtful acts, Environment,etc.
(2) A vulnerability analysis in order to assess the organization's
exposure or more types of threats. Identify and quantify the
consequences of the risks. Various risks are recorded according
to its probabilityand its severity.
(3) The action plan in order to reduce degree of vulnerabilitythat is
acceptable for society. The actions can involve protection by
reducing their severity should they occur or prevention by
reducing their probability of occurrence. A budget estimate is
producedby assessingimpact on the risk level.
The optimal and cost-efficientsolution for the company can then
be chosen by the risk manager.

A 6.2.4 Sea Walls and Embankments, Bio Shield,

Shelters
emphasis on
Adopting integrated multi-hazard approach with
TMImplementation
cyclone and tsunamirisk mitigationin coastalareas
tsunamisTMStreamliningthe
of early warning system for cyclonesand
affected areas (preparationof a
relief distributionsystem in disaster
hazard proneareas)
data baseof people living in tsunami
Construction of Cyclone
Construction of cyclone shelters :
areas.
sheltersis importantin the cycloneprone
mangroves and
Development of Bio-shield : Plantation of
along the coast line helps in reducing the speed of
coastal forests Bio-shield can be
due to tsunami.
water entering land area
sanctuary,which
management
developedas coastal zone disaster
plantation and public spaces for public
must have thick
demonstration.
awareness,disseminationand
 DM & MM (MU) 6-8 Preventive and Mitigatlon Measures
Embankments : Constructionof well designed embankments is
important. The embankments with water front slopes, walls and
buttress to resist saturatedsoils without water in front.

a 6.2.5 Early Warning Systems

Great loss of lives has been taken place during last decade by
disasterscaused by storms, droughts,floods.
Due to some unavoidable material losses especially when very
large and infrequent events occur, and in few cases loss of lives
could have been avoided if precautions and preventionarysteps
had been in place. This would have been the case for the
December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which caused huge
casualtiesleading to death of a quarter of a millionhumans.
Due to unavailabilityof early warning system in Sri Lanka and in
eastern coast of India over 34,000 people lost their lives. If
coastal populationwould have been warned in advance about
the
tsunami with the help of early warning system, considerableloss
would have saved significant lives. The awareness about the
tsunami, training to respond the situation,execution of sufficient
measures were few reasons for a great loss of lives during the
disaster.
People-centre early warning systems are very effective for
community to prepare for and tackle the power of natural
hazards.The efficiencyof the systemns is quantified on the basis
of lives saved and reduction in losses. The efficient use of the
system is directly related to the execution of probable response
by the people and communityat the timne of warning is issued.
Disadvantageof early warning systems can be in terms of saving
lives of people, if these systems are not integrated with people
centered"networks.
 For effective early warning system, it must be clear and
reasonable. System should be trustworthy and relevant to the
communitieswhich they serve. Trainingthe masses appropriately
to an approaching hazard which is fruitful at the time of
emergency only then warnings can have little value. The
InternationalFederation, for disaster management supports the
developmnentof warning systems but emphasizes the importance
on following factors.
To Establish local networks that can both receive and act on
warnings that create awareness and educate communities to
take action to ensure their safety;
Using these local networks to develop warning systems
gradually so that it meets the needs of the communities and
situationsfor which they are designedis fulfilled;
To be ready for a multi-hazard approach to ensure
sustainability by providing active alert, awareness and
relevance when a disaster or am hazard strikes.

Future
a 6.2.6 Using Risks-Time Charts to Plan for the
Disasterrisk forecastingmethodologiesare developedto estimate
due to disasters.
changes in expected economic losses over time
relative effects of
The methodologiesare capable to quantify the
post-disaster
various factors which affect the losses. In almost all
affected the
studies it is seen that building inventory changes
losses considerably.
vulnerability and
Changes in building code affect building
and depend on
intensityof effects keep on increasingover time
high.
intensityof disasteri.e. from moderateto
mitigationplans
The risks - time charts are helpful in scheming
generatedconsideringthe typical conditionsof the built
those are
 &MM (MU)
DM & 6-10 Preventive and Mitigation Measures
environment. As relative contributionsof different factors to the
totalrisk are quantified,mitigationplans are devised to target the
critical factors and achieve desired risk reduction.
The probabilityof occurrenceof the particulardisasterevent, at a
particular region in near future can be determined. Various
methods may estimate risk quantitatively for various growth
scenarios,and appropriatemitigationsteps can be taken.
3 6.3 Non Structural Mitigation of Disasters
(a) Structural mitigation : The structural mitigation is concerned
with constructionprojects which help in reducing economic and
social impacts.
(b) Non-structuralactivities : These are the policies and practices
which are useful in creating awareness of hazards or encourage
developmentsin the society, these also help to reduce the impact
of disasters.

Reconstructionof severely damaged physical infrastructureand

the restoration of all servíces and local infrastructure,
revitalizationof the economyand the constructionof permanent
or is likely to change gradually in this phase. (inchuding
agriculture).
Fully taking into account the risk of future disaster
reconstruction,it is necessary to integrate the current long-term
development plan with the help of Structural engineering
guidelines (Standard codes). As well as the gathering of
appropriate mitigationmeasures must carefully consider the
possibilicythat they will reduce your risk.
Damagedstructuresand services may not necessarilybe restored
in their previous form or locations. It may include the
DM & MM (MU) 6-11 Preventive and Mitigation Measures

replacementof any temporary arrangementsestablishedas a part

of the emergency esponse or rehabilitation.Under conditionsof
conflict, however, rehabilitationand reconstructionmay not be
feasible.
For obvious reasons of safety and security, activities in
rehabilitation and reconstruction may need to wait until peace
allows them. The process of rehabilitation includes actions
required to take immediately after a disaster to provide services
to continueday to day life with basic requirements.
Rehabilitationalso focuses on helping victims' self-help efforts
facilitatethe
to repair dwellings and community facilities,and to
revival of economicactivitieswhich also includesagriculture.
Rehabilitation focuses on life of more or - less Common victims
Rehabilitationmay
to bring them back to pre-disasterpatterns.
immediate
also be considered as transformationstage between
of continuing
relief and long-term reconstructionand follow up
development.

Preparedness
6.3.1 Community Based Disaster
have suffered
Individuals within communities who actually
informationand resources to
during the disaster/s have valuable
consequencesof disasters.
share on the probablecauses and
participatein
Individualsshall be given rights and obligationsto upon
and they shall be called
key decisionsthat affect their lives
respondto disasters.
to participate,preparefor and
At all levels,governmentshall
provide appropriatemechanisms
all processes of disaster
and space for participation in
preparednessand management.
DM & MM (MU) 6-12 Preventive and Mitigation Measures

Few of disaster responses are characterized as command and

control structure, one that is top down and with logisticcentre
approach.
This results in lack of community participationwhich in turn
results in failure in meeting the appropriate and vital human
needs. This also leads to unnecessaryincreasein requirementfor
external resources, and general dissatisfactionover performance
despite the use of exceptionalmanagementmeasures.
On keeping these limitations in mind, the Community Based
Disaster Management approach shall promote a bottom-up
approach working according to the top - down approach, to
address the challengesand difficulties.
In order to make the disaster management effective, local
communities must be supported into analyzing their hazardous
conditions, their vulnerabilities and capacities as they see
themselves.
The people of the community are hit the hardest when disaster
strikes as they are the one directly affected by it. They are
however the first ones to become vulnerableto the effects of such
hazardousevents.
They, on the other hand, can also reduce the impact of disasters
on their community. This is the major thought behind
community-baseddisaster management where communities are
put at the forefront.
Due to CBDM (Community Based Disaster Management),
people's capacity to respond to emergencies is increased. They
then become more powerful as they have more access to and
Control over resources and basic social services.
Using a community-based approach to managing
disasters
certainly has its advantages. With the help of CBDM, it is
DM &MM (MU) 6-13 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

expected that communities will be strengthenedtoenable them

undertake any program of development including disaster
preparednessand mitigation.
The CBDM approach is a highly practicalapproachas it gives the
local community an opportunity to evaluate their own situation
based on their own experiencesinitially.
Under CBDM approach, the local community takes part in
creating plan, decision making and becomes a major part in its
implementation.
CBDM does not ignore the importanceof scientificand objective
risk, although the community is given greater roles in the
decision-makingand implementationprocesses,
Amongst the many advantages of an effective prevention
strategy, one is that along with saving financial loss it willalso
save a thousand lives.

The costs of prevention have to be paid in the present, whose

returns can be reaped in the future. The benefits however are not
tangible. Moreover they are the disasters that did not happen.
This means that it's a prepaid expense for an anticipateddisaster.

6.3.1.1 Poster and Videos

Posters and leaflets on natural, technical and manmade disasters

and their impacts can be generated depending on availabilityof
distributed
the genuine informationand the informationshall be
easily accessible
or put up on communitynotice boards which are
to all communitymembers.
broadcasted for
The videos on past disasters shall also be
communitiesto highlight important issues in preparationfor or in
response to disaster.
 DM & MM (MU) 6-14 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

If thefloor shakeslyou....
OOROP coVER HOLD ON
FAST FAST "FAST

Shake out Earthquake!

Fig. 6.3.1

a 6.3.1.2 Street Plays / Drama at Community Theatre

Fig. 6.3.2
 DM & MM (MU) 6-15 Preventiveand MitigationMeasures

A different but exciting method used in the dissemination of

informationthat is through communitytheatres.
The skill of theatre groups to perform disaster management
awarenessmessage is a medium which is very powerful.
During various occasions, festivals the awareness through
dramas, street plays can highlight the event with classical
importantmessages and cooperateto the social work.
This is also a highly effective means of creating awareness in
society,as the many of people are illiteratein developingcountry
and may not have access tO newspapersand television.

Using theatre as a medium to depict the actual problems that are

affectingthe people helps put across the point better.
of
Disastervictims can give first-handinformationabout the kind
disastertheir communityis prone to.
This not only entertains but also educates people about the
happenings and makes people more aware and alert in terms of
being preparedfor any unforeseendisasters.

a 6.3.1.3 Informal Training

Informal training is an efficient tool to prepare communitiesin
Based
the event that disaster strikes used by The Community
Approachto Educationand Awarenessin DisasterManagement.
These kinds of informal training are financiallysupportedby the
government,NGOs or other funding agencies.
This kind of training is usually meant for community leaders. It
cOvers
crucial information for people in disaster prone
communities.
 DM & MM (MU) 6-16 Preventiveand MitigationMeasures

The ruling governmentand the local structuresshould executethe

basis for the facilitation and implementing of the awareness
trainingprogram, progress and process.
It goes without saying that the awareness must be evoked across
sectors. The incorporationand active participationfor disaster
managementis required to deal by everyonebut the crucial focus
should be within the communities.
There should be a steady advancement shift from disaster
response to disaster management.
The awareness training among communities is nothing but
gearing their understandingtowards managing the hazard and to
mitigate the risks arising.
The responsibility is not only on the shoulders of the
communities. The public and private sectors should also
cooperate and actively participate in discouraging risk
contributingactivities.

a 6.3.1.4 Workshops
Conductingworkshopsis one of the best way of informal training
that needs to be providedto the community.
Workshop of a sufficientlong duration under guidanceof experts
in disaster management for community leaders can covers
enough information, examples, activities and discussion to
adequately prepare them in the event that disaster strikes, further
they can disseminate the knowledge in the
community.
corresponding
Teachers and educationist at various levels will be involved
within their own structure for better
awareness about the
hazardousevent.
DM &MM (MU) 6-17 Preventiveand Mitigation Measures

The GovernmentOfficers which includes education staff, in the

divisions should form teams to organize the workshops for the
communities.This helps in the transfer of knowledge from them
toother members of the community.
This is done by gathering all the members of the community at
community hall or any other traditional meeting place.
Informationis then shared to the all members of the community.
By this, the community at large is more aware and better
prepared to fight back the disasterthat strikes in their community.

6.3.1.5 Mass Campaigns

The mass campaign is a simply a mass mission for aparticular
reason.In case of disaster awareness mass campaigningplays a
important role where the entire Islands, countries and
internationalagencies participate
The cooperation between many funding agencies, non
government organizations(NGOS) and governments is required
for attracting the resources.
Proper planning of all the steps is necessary to meet expected
result of the objectives.
The communitymeetings and social gatheringare suitablevenues
to make people aware and advice the probable effects of that
disaster may result into and preparedness,response and recovery
procedureto follow up.
Youth ASsociations. Youth make up major part of any society
and they are the future disaster managers, Awareness among such
associations leads to future leaders to tackle eritical situations
particularlyat the implementationstage.
a 6.3.1.6 Mock Exerclses
for information
Mock exercises are different type of approach
communitylevel
disseminationas informal training given at the
This is useful in reducingdisasterrisks.
community are
The influential peoples in the high risk
encouragedto organize special practice exercises to make aware
and understandthe correspondingcommunity about the escaping
tricks, routes and safe area torush during an event etc.

6.3.2 Risk Transferand Risk Financing

As discussed earlier Risk transfer involves transferring of the
load of risk to another party. One of the most common forms of
risk transfer is Insurance.

The financial losses caused by natural disasters continue to rise,

and developingcountriesexperiencethe greatestimnpacts. Natural
disasters generate significantfiscal risk and create major budget
volatility.
Even countries with robust disaster risk
management programs
can also be exposed economicallyand fiscal shocks caused by
major disasters. The Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance
Program (DRFIP) helps countries ensure that their populations
are financiallyprotectedin the event of a disaster.
Through funding and expertise, DRI supports countries to
develop and implement tailored financial protection strategies
that increase the ability of national and local
governments,
homeowners,businesses, agriculturalproducers, and low income
populations torespond more quickly and resilientlyto disasters.
 DM & MM (MU) 6-19 Preventive and Mitigation Measuros

a 6.3.3 CapacityDevelopmentand Tralning

It is acontinuous process which provides a system to officials,
stakeholdersand the community to escalate their functionsin a
better way at the time of disaster.
In the process of capacity building, the elements of human
resourcedevelopmentare included.
The human resource development includes individual training,
organizational development by improving the functioning of
groups, organizationsand institutionaldevelopment.
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) is the
capacity building instituteat National level and at the States level
have disaster management cells in the State. They perform the
function of capacity building for effective and efficient disaster
management.
There are many training institutes which provide in training and
capacity building in the area of disaster management.

6.3.4 Awareness and Education

Awareness and educationof disaster managementis importantto
the public. Followingare few ways by which awareness about disaster
and its managementcan be shared with public.

a 6.3.5 Contingency Plans

Role of Insurance Sector

Effective disaster management is based on elements :

1) prevention 2) mitigation
3) preparedness 4) response

5) relief 6) rehabilitation.
 a DM &MM (MU) 6-20 Preventiveand Mitigation Moasures
The various personnel in this process are policy makers, decision
makers, administration, professionals, professional institutions,
R&D institutions, financial institutions, insurance sector,
community,NGOs and the common man. Insuranceplays a very
important role. The advanced countries have developed the
insurance system and made it effective and mandatory. It has
resulted in comparativelyless loss of lives and property. In India,
mostof the losses suffered in natural disasters are not insured, for
reasons such as lack of purchasing power, lock of interest in
insurance, lack of awareness and ignorance of availabilityof such
covers. Quite large numbers of agencies provide the insurance
cover and foreign insurance companieshave already ventured in
such areas. Commercial and private sector can also play an

essential role in disaster mitigation.

Insurance can play a key role in facilitating public-private
partnershipsfor dealing with the losses from disasters.
to plan
There is a growing awareness of risk and the need
financial resources to face losses due to the disasters.
efficient
An insurance plan for damages to the property allows
allocation of resources for emergency interventions.
The insurance guarantees fixed compensationamount priory.
Insurance market of India is in developingstage. The cover under
limited.
the insurance for natural disasters is
commercial
Insurance is limited to major industrial and
properties.
management needs to
Role of insurance agencies in disaster
given more importance.
highly vulnerable areas shall be mandatorilyinsured for lives
The
and property as well.
 DM &MM (MU) 6-21 Preventive andMitigationMeasures

The micro insurance can cover sudden onset events, such as

earthquakes,floods, and cyclones few slow onset events are also
covered under micro-insurancee.g. drought.

6.4 Do's and Don'ts In Case of Disastersand

Effective Implementationof Relief Alds
The do's and don'ts for specificdisastervary.
Few instructionsmentionedby NDMA are mentionedbelow.

Duringthe disaster
1 Obey orders by governmentand shift to a safer place.
2. Be at safe place and they try to collect correctinformation.
3. Switch of electricalsupply and don't touch open wires.
4. Don't get carried away by rumors and don not spread rumors.
5. Switch off electrical and gas appliances, and turn off
services off at the mains.

6. Carry your emergency kit and let your friends and family
know where you are going.

ChapterEnds...
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