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6 views13 pages

w2b Declarations DONE

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Ngọc Nhi Trương Hoàng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Programming

Declarations

Slide credit: HKUST-COMP102


General form of a C++ program
// Program description
#include directives
int main(){

constant declarations khai báo giá trị tuyệt đối

variable declarations khai báo biến

executable statements Các câu lệnh thực thi

return 0;
}
C++ Data Type

A type defines a set of values and a


set of operations that can be applied on
those values. The set of values for each
type is known as the domain for the type.
C++ contains 5 standard types:
Standard
Data Types

void int char float bool


void no value
no operations

Hàm thực hiện thao tác nhưng không trả về bất kì giá trị nào cho người gọi

The void type has no values and no


operations. In other words, both the set
of values and the set of operations are
empty. Although this might seem unusual,
we will see later that it is a very
useful data type.
Integer

An integer type is a number without a


fractional part. It is also known as an
integral number. C++ supports three different
sizes of the integer data type: short int, int
and long int.

sizeof(short int)<= sizeof(int)<= sizeof(long int)

Short int
int
long int
Integer

The type also defines the size of the field in which data can
be stored. In C++, even though the size is machine
dependent, most PCs use the integer sizes shown below.

Type Sign Byte Number Min Value Max Value


Size of Bits
short int Signed 2 16 -32768 32767
unsigned 0 65535
-2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
int Signed 4 32
unsigned 0 4,294,967,295

-2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long int Signed 4 32
4,294,967,295
unsigned 0
Floating Point

A floating-point type is a number with a


fractional part, such as 43.32. The C++
language supports three different sizes of
floating-point: float, double and long double.

sizeof(float)<= sizeof(double)<= sizeof(long double)

float
double
long double
Floating Point

Although the physical size of floating-point types is


machine dependent, many computers support the
sizes shown below.

type Byte size Number of Bits

float 4 32

double 8 64

long double 10 80
Declarations

• Constants and variables must be declared before they can be


used.
• A constant declaration specifies the type, the name and the
value of the constant.
• A variable declaration specifies the type, the name and
possibly the initial value of the variable.
• When you declare a constant or a variable, the compiler:
1. Reserves a memory location in which to store the value of the constant or
variable.
2. Associates the name of the constant or variable with the memory location.
(You will use this name for referring to the constant or variable.)
• For more on declarations, see www.courseware.ust.hk and
choose English--> C++ --> Declarations.
Constant declarations
• Constants are used to store values that never change during the
program execution.
• Using constants makes programs more readable and maintainable.
Syntax:
const <type> <identifier> = <expression>;
Examples:
const double US2VND = 21000.8;
//Exchange rate of US$ to VND$
Variable declarations

• Variables are used to store values that can be changed


during the program execution.
• A variable is best thought of as a container for a value.
3445 y -3.14
Syntax:
< type > < identifier >;
< type > < identifier > = < expression >;

Examples:
int sum;
int total = 3445;
char answer = 'y';
double temperature = -3.14;
Variable declarations

• A variable has a type and it can contain only values of that


type. For example, a variable of the type int can only hold
integer values.
• Variables are not automatically initialized. For example, after
declaration
int sum;
the value of the variable sum can be anything (garbage).
• Thus, it is good practice to initialize variables when they are
declared.
• Once a value has been placed in a variable it stays there until
the program deliberately alters it.
Character data
• A variable or a constant of char type can hold an ASCII character (see
Appendix A of the textbook).
• When initializing a constant or a variable of char type, or when changing
the value of a variable of char type, the value is enclosed in single
quotation marks.

Examples:
const char star = '*';
char letter, one = '1';

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