MODULE IN

MATH 2 CALCULUS

i
 Table of Contents
CHAPTER IV: Differentiation of Transcendental Functions ............................................................. 1
A. Rules of Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions ............................................................ 2
B. Rules of Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions................................................ 7
C. Rules of Differentiation of Exponential Functions ............................................................... 9
D. Rules of Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions ................................................................ 9
E. Rules of Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions ................................................................. 9
F. Rules of Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ...................................................... 11
CHAPTER V: APPLIICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES ....................................................................... 12
A. Derivative as a Rate of Change ........................................................................................ 13
B. Equations of Tangents and Normal .................................................................................. 14
C. Angles between Two Curves ............................................................................................ 15
D. Increasing and Decreasing Functions ............................................................................... 16
E. Maximum and Minimum Value of a Functions .................................................................. 18
F. Significance of Second Derivative ........................................................................................ 24
G. Application of Maxima and Minima ................................................................................... 28
H. Related Rates ................................................................................................................... 31
I. Rectilinear Motion ................................................................................................................ 32
CHAPTER VI Indeterminate Forms ............................................................................................... 34
A. Indeterminate Forms 0/0 and -∞/∞.................................................................................... 35
B. Indeterminate Forms 0 ● ±∞ and ∞ - ∞ ............................................................................. 36
C. Indeterminate Forms 0⁰, 1∞ and ∞0 .................................................................................. 37
D. L’Hopitals Rule .................................................................................................................. 38
CHAPTER VII The Differential ....................................................................................................... 42
A. Partial Differentiation......................................................................................................... 43
B. Total Differentiation ........................................................................................................... 44
Chapter VIII: Basic Integration Formula ......................................................................................... 48
Chapter IX: The Definite and Indefinite Integral ............................................................................. 51
List of Students ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

ii
 CHAPTER IV:
Differentiation of
Transcendental
Functions

1
 A. Rules of Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The six trigonometric functions also have differentiation formulas that can be used in
application problems of the derivative. The rules are summarized as follows:
• d/dx sin u = cos u [du/dx] - sine
• d/dx cos u = -sin u [du/dx] - cosine
• d/dx tan u = sec²u [du/dx] - tangent
• d/dx cot u = -csc u [du/dx] - cotangent
• d/dx sec u = (sec u)(tan u) [du/dx] - secant
• d/dx csc u = -(csc u)(cot u) [du/dx] – cosecant

Rules of differentiation
1.) Constant rule
Formula: d/dx (c) = 0
Ex.
y=5
dy/dx = 0

2.) General rule

Formula: d/dx (x) = 1
Ex.
A.) y = 5 - x B.) y + 6 = 3 + x
y‘ = 0 - 1 y' + 0 = 0 + 1
y‘ = -1 y‘ = 1

3.) Power rule

Formula: d/dx [ x n ] = nx n -1
Ex1. Find the derivative of x³ with respect to x
d/dx [x³] = 3x³-1 = 3x²

Ex2. Find the derivative of x^-3 with respect to x

d/dx [x −3 ] = 3x −3-1 = −3x −4
Ex3. Find the derivative of y = x³ - 6

2
y' = 3x² - 6
y = 3x²

4.) Constant multiple rule

Formula: d/dx [c • f(x)] = c • f'(x)
A.) Find the derivative of y = 5x² - x + 5
y = 5x² - x + 5
y' = 5 [2x] - x + 0
y' = 10x – 1

5.) Sum and difference rule

Formula: d/dx [f(x) ± g(x)] =d/dx f(x) ± d/dx g(x)
A.) Find the derivative of y = (3x³-6) - (2x² + x)
y'= 9x²- [ 4x + 1 ]
y'= 9x²- 4x - 1

6.) Product rule

Formula: d/dx [f(x) • g(x)] =f(x) • g'(x) + g(x) • f'(x)
A.) Find the derivative of y = ( 5x + 6 ) ( 3x²-7)
y = (5x + 6) (3x²-7)
y' = (5x + 6) (6x) + (3x²-7) (5)
y' = 30x² + 36x + 15x² - 35
y' = 45x² + 36x -35

7.) Quotient rule

Use this formula: d/dx [f(x)/g(x)] = g(x) • f'(x) - f(x) - g'(x) / [g (x)]²
Ex. Find the derivative of y'= 10x³-3x / x
y' = x [ 30x² - 3 ] - 10x³ + 3x -(1) / x²
y' = 30x³ - 3x - 10x³ + 3x / x²
y' = 30x³ - 10x³ - 3x + 3x / x²
y' = 20x³ - / x²
y' = 20x

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8.) Chain rule
Formula: d/dx [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) • g'(x)
Ex1.
Find the derivative of y= (5x + 1)²
f(x) = 2
g(x) = 5x + 1
y' = 2(5x + 1)(5)
y = 10(5x +1)

Applying the product rule on trigonometry.

Formula: d/dx [f(x) • g(x)] =f(x) • g'(x) + g(x) • f'(x)
Ex1.
Find the derivative of y = x² • sin x
y' = x²(cos x) + sin x(2x)
y' = x²cos x + 2x sin x
Ex2.
Find the derivative of y = x² cos x + 2x sin x - 2 cos x
y' = x² [ -sin x (1)] + cos x (2x) + 2x (cos x)(1) + sin x (2) - 2 (-sin x)(1)
y' = -x² sin x + 2x cos x + 2x cos x + 2 sin x + 2 sin x
y' = -x² sin x + 4x cos x + 4 sin x

Applying the power rule on trigonometry.

Formula: d/dx [x n ] = nx n -1
Ex1.
Find the derivative of y = sec³ 2x - 3sec 2x
y' = 3sec² 2x[ sec 2x tan 2x ] (2) - 3sec 2x tan 2x (2)
y' = 6sec³ 2x tan 2x - 6sec 2x tan 2x
y' = 6sec 2x tan 2x 2(sec² 2x -1) ; tan² x = sec² - 1
y' = 6sec 2x tan 2x (tan² 2x)
y' = 6sec 2x tan³ 2x

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Applying the Quotient rule on trigonometry.
Formula: d/dx [f(x)/g(x)] = g(x) • f'(x) - f(x) - g'(x) / [g (x)] ²

Ex1.
f(x)= 2csct - 1 f'(x)= 2 –csc t cot t g(x)= csc t + 2 g'(x)= -csc t cot t
Find the derivative of y'= 2csc t - 1 / csc t + 2
y' = ( csc t + 2 ) ( 2 (-csc t cot t )) - ( 2csct - 1 ) ( -csc t cot t )/ (csc t + 2)²
y' = -2 csc² t cot t - 4 csc t cot t + 2 csc² t cot t – csc t cot t / (csc t + 2)²
y' = -2 csc² t cot t - 4 csc t cot t + 2csc² t cot t – csc t cot t / (csc t + 2)²
y' = - 4 csc t cot t – csc t cot t / (csc t + 2)²
y' = - 5 csc t cot t / (csc t + 2)²

Applying the Chain rule on trigonometry.

Formula: d/dx [ f(g(x)) ] = f'(g(x)) • g'(x)

a.) Find the derivative of y = sin2x

y = sin (2x)
y'= cos (2x) • 2
y'= 2 cos 2x
b.) Find the derivative of y = cos3x²
y'= cos (3x²)
y = -sin (3x²) • 6x
y'= -6 sin 3x²

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6
 B. Rules of Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Each of the six basic trigonometric functions have corresponding inverse functions when
appropriate restrictions are placed on the domain of the original functions. All the inverse
trigonometric functions have derivatives, which are summarized as follows:

d du/dx
• (sin-1 u) = √1−u2
dx
d du/dx
• (cos-1 u) = -√1−u2
dx
d du/dx
• (tan-1 u) = √1+u2
dx
d du/dx
• (csc-1 u) =
dx u√u2 −1
d du/dx
• (sec-1 u) =
dx u√u2 −1
d −du/dx
• (cot-1 u) =
dx 1+u2

Example:
d
1.) (sin-1 2x)
dx

Solution:
d du/dx
(sin-1 u) = √1−u2
dx
2
=
√1−(2x)2

2
= √1−4x2

d
2.) dx (cos-1 x2)

Solution:
d du/dx
(cos-1 u) = -√1−u2
dx
−(2x)
=
√1−(x2 )2

−2x
= √1−x4

d x
3.) dx (tan-1 2)

Solution:
d du/dx
(tan-1 u) = √1+u2
dx

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 1
2
= x
1+( )2
2

1
2
= x2
1+
4

2
= 4 + x2

d
4.) dx (cot-1 3x)

Solution:
d −du/dx
(cot-1 u) =
dx 1+u2
−3
= 1+(3x)2
−3
= 1+ 9x2

5.) Find f ′ (x)if f(x) = cos−1 (5x)

Solution:
d du/dx
(cos-1 u) = - √1−u2
dx
−5
=
√1−(5x)2

−5
=√1−25x2

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 C. Rules of Differentiation of Exponential Functions

Rules:
1. If f(x) = 𝑒 𝑢 , then f'(x) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′
Example:
𝑑
a. (𝑒 5𝑥+3 ) = 𝑒 5𝑥+3 ∙ 5 = 5𝑒 5𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2 2
b. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

2. If f(x) = 𝑎𝑢 , then f'(x) = 𝑎𝑢 ∙ 𝑢′ ∙ ln 𝑎

Example:
𝑑
a. (72𝑥−5 ) = 72𝑥−5 (2) ln(7)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 3
b. (9𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )ln (9)
𝑑𝑥

D. Rules of Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

Rules:
𝑢′
1. If f(x) = ln 𝑢, then f'(x) = 𝑢

Example:
𝑑 3𝑥 2 3∙𝑥 ∙𝑥 3
a. (ln 𝑥 3 ) = = 𝑥 ∙𝑥 ∙𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
𝑑 2𝑥
b. (ln 𝑥 2 + 4) = 𝑥 2 +4
𝑑𝑥

𝑢′
2. If f(x) = log 𝑎 𝑢, then f'(x) = 𝑢 ln 𝑎

Example:
𝑑 1
a. (log 3 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 3
𝑑 2𝑥 2∙𝑥 2
b. (log 4 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 ln 4 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ln 4 = 𝑥 ln 4
𝑑𝑥

E. Rules of Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

Definitions of the Hyperbolic Functions:

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1 2
sinh 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1 2
cosh 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2

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 sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1 cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 coth 𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 = = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥

Derivatives of the Hyperbolic Functions:

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 (csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 (sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tanh 𝑢) = sech2 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 (coth 𝑢) = − csch2 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example:
a. 𝑦 = coth(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = − csch2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) ∙ (−2𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 csch2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )
b. 𝑦 = tanh(4𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = sech2 (4𝑥) ∙ 4
𝑦 ′ = 4 sech2 (4𝑥)

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 F. Rules of Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sinh−1 𝑢) = √𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 +1
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(cosh−1 𝑢) = √𝑢2 ∙ ,𝑢 > 1
𝑑𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(tanh−1 𝑢) = 1−𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 , |𝑢| < 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(coth−1 𝑢) = 1−𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 , |𝑢| > 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sech−1 𝑢) = ∙ 𝑑𝑥 , 0 < 𝑢 < 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1−𝑢2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(csch−1 𝑢) = − |𝑢|√1+𝑢2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥

Example:
a. 𝑦 = 8 coth−1 (21𝑥 3 )
1 𝑑(21𝑥 3 )
𝑦 ′ = 8 ∙ 1−(21𝑥 3)2 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = 8 ∙ 1−(21𝑥 3)2 ∙ 63𝑥 2
1
𝑦 ′ = 504𝑥 2 ∙ 1−441𝑥 6
504𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 1−441𝑥 6
b. 𝑦 = 6𝑥 −4 − cosh−1 (4𝑥 7 )
𝑑(6𝑥 −4 ) 1 𝑑(4𝑥 7 )
𝑦′ = −[ ]∙
𝑑𝑥 √(4𝑥7 )2 −1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦′ = −24𝑥 −5 − (√16𝑥 14 ) ∙ 28𝑥 6
−1
24 28𝑥 6
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥 5 − √16𝑥 14
−1

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 CHAPTER V:
APPLIICATIONS OF
DERIVATIVES

12
 A. Derivative as a Rate of Change

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠(𝑡)𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑑 st
𝑠(𝑡) =v(t) 1 derivative is velocity
𝑑𝑡

nd
𝑑2 2 derivative is acceleration
𝑠(𝑡) = a(t)
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑3 rd
𝑠(𝑡) = j (t) 3 derivative is jerk/joules
𝑑𝑡 3

The position of a particle is given by the equation.

Where t measured in seconds and f(t) in meters.
a) Find the velocity at t
b) What is the velocity after 5 sec? After 7sec?
c) Find the acceleration at time t and after 5secs.

v(7) = 3(7)2 − 12(7) + 9

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡
v(7) = 147 − 84 + 9

s(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡
= 72 𝑚/𝑠

v(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 9

v(5) = 3(5)2 − 12(5) + 9

v(5) = 75 − 60 + 9 V’’(𝑡) = 6𝑡 − 12 = 𝑎(𝑡)

a(5) = 6(5) − 12
= 24 𝑚/𝑠
a(5) = 30 − 12

a(5) = 18 𝑚/𝑠 2

13
 B. Equations of Tangents and Normal

Rules to get the slope

a. Get the first derivative of curve to get the slope of the curve
b. Substitute the value to the slope at a certain point to get the slope of the tangent
c. Use 𝑚1 ∙ 𝑚2 = −1 to get the slope of the normal

Example:
Find the equation of the Tangent and Normal of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ; 𝑎𝑡 (−1,1)
𝑑 4
(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

𝑚1 = 4𝑥 3
𝑚1 = 4(−1)3
𝑚1 = −4 → 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

1
𝑚2 = −
𝑚1
1
𝑚2 = −
−4
1
𝑚2 = → 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
4

Rules to get the equation

a. Use 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) with respect to the given points to get the equation of the tangent
b. Use 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) with respect to the given points to get the equation of the normal
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 1 = −4(𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 − 1 = −4(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 − 1 = −4𝑥 − 4
𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 4 + 1
𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 3 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 − (−1))
4
1
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)
4
𝑥 1
𝑦−1= +
4 4
𝑥 1
𝑦 = + +1
4 4
𝑥 5
𝑦= + → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
4 4

14
 C. Angles between Two Curves

Steps to get the Angles between Two Curves

a. Get the intersection of the two curves
b. Get the slopes of each curve using the first derivative and the point of
intersection
𝑚2 −𝑚1
c. Use tan 𝜃 = 1+𝑚 to get the Angles
1𝑚 2

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 (2,2)

1
𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥 𝑚2 = y 3𝑥 2 + 1 = 3(2)2 + 1 = 3
2
13−1 12 6
3
𝑥 =8 𝑚1 = 3𝑦1 = 1 → 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 1+1(13) = 14 = 7
𝑥=2 6
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 arctan = 40.6∘
7

15
 D. Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Theorem
Let I =[a, b] be any interval where = f(x) is continuous and which does not contain any critical
Value of f(x)

Law or rule

1.) if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 (or + in sign ) for all a < x < b,

the 𝒇(𝒙) is increasing in the interval I

2.) if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 (or + in sign ) for all a < x < b,

the 𝒇(𝒙) is decreasing in the interval I

Steps to Identify Increasing and Decreasing Functions

A. Get the derivative of the function
B. Equate the derivative of the function to 0 and get the value of x
C. Identify the increasing and decreasing positions of the function using a number line

EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION:
c.) 0 4
3 2
1.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 4
a.)𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
−∞ +∞
′ (𝑥) 2
b.)𝑓 = 3𝑥 − 12𝑥 = 0
𝐼1 = (−∞, 0]
3𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝐼2 = (0,4]
3𝑥 = 0 𝑥−4=0 𝐼3 = (4, ∞]

𝑥 =0 𝑥=4
d.) 𝐼1 : 𝑥 = −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝐼2 : 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 ′ (−1) = 3(−1)2 − 12(−1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 𝑓 ′ (−1) = 15 > 0 (𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺)
𝑓 ′ (1) = 3(1)2 − 12(1)
𝑓 ′ (1) = −9 < 0 (DECREASING )
𝐼3 : 𝑥 = 5 16
 EXAMPLE 2

𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 → 𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑁 𝐹𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

[𝟏, 𝟑] → 𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑉𝐴𝐿

a.) f ′ (x) = 6 + 6𝑥 − 12𝑥 2
𝒃. ) 𝐼1 : 𝑥 = 2

𝒇′ (𝟐) = 6 + 6(2) − 12(2)2

𝒇′ (𝟐) = −30 < 0(𝐷𝐸𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺)

17
 E. Maximum and Minimum Value of a Functions

● Relative maximum
A relative maximum point is a point where the function changes direction from increasing to
decreasing (making that point a "peak" in the graph).
● Relative minimum
A relative minimum point is a point where the function changes direction from decreasing to
increasing (making that point a "bottom" in the graph).
● Absolute maximum
An absolute maximum point is a point where the function obtains its greatest possible value.
● Absolute minimum
An absolute minimum point is a point where the function obtains its least possible value.
Example 1:
IDENTIFY THE ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES OF THE FUNCTION: 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9 with the interval [1,4]
1. Get the first derivative of the function and equate it to zero.
0 = 2(𝑥1 ) − 4(1) + (0)
0 = 2𝑥 − 4
2. Solve for x (critical point).
0 = 2𝑥 − 4
2𝑥 = 4
2𝑥 4
=2
2

𝑥=2
3. Identify if x is a relative maximum or minimum

𝑥 < 2: 2(1) − 4 𝑥 > 2: 2(3) − 4

𝑥 = −2 𝑥 = +2
𝑥 = 2 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

18
4. Make a table and determine all the y values for each point you have.

𝑓(1) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9;
𝑓(1) = (1)2 − 4(1) + 9;
𝑓(1) = 1 − 4 + 9;
𝑓(1) = 6

𝑓(2) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9;
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 4(2) + 9;
𝑓(2) = 4 − 8 + 9;
𝑓(2) = 5

19
 𝑓(4) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9;
𝑓(4) = (4)2 − 4(4) + 9;
𝑓(4) = 16 − 16 + 9;
𝑓(4) = 9
5. Assess the values that you have obtained.

 ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE
MINIMUM

 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM

20
Example 2:
IDENTIFY THE ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE EXTREME VALUES OF THE FUNCTION: 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 with the interval [-1,2]
1. Get the first derivative of the function and equate it to zero.
0 = 3(2x 2 ) − 2(3x1 ) − 12(1)
0 = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12
(FACTOR)
0 = 6(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
2. Solve for x (critical points).
0 = 6(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 = 1 ; 𝑥 = −2
3. Identify if x is a relative maximum or minimum

𝑥 < −2: 6[(−3) − 1][(−3) + 2] −2 < 𝑥 < 1: 6[(0) − 1][(0) + 2]

𝑥 = 24 𝑥 = −12

𝑥 > 1: 6[(2) − 1][(2) + 2]

𝑥 =24
𝑥 = −2 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚; 𝑥 = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
4. Make a table and determine all the y values for each point you have.

21
2
𝑓(−2) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − 12(−2)
𝑓(−2) = −16 + 12 + 24
𝑓(−2) = 20

𝑓(−1) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 12(−1)
𝑓(−1) = −2 + 3 + 12
𝑓(−1) = 13

22
2

𝑓(1) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 − 12(1)
𝑓(1) = 2 + 3 − 12
𝑓(1) = −7

2 4

𝑓(2) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 12(2)
𝑓(2) = 16 + 12 − 24
𝑓(2) = 4

23
5. Assess the values that you have obtained.

 ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE
MINIMUM

 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM

2 4

F. Significance of Second
Derivative

INTRODUCTION
SECOND DERIVATIVES is one of the HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES measures the
instantaneous rate of change that represents the momentum of a variable of the first derivative. It
defines the slope of the tangent line whether it is increasing or decreasing. It actually tells us that it
will applied the second derivative to derive to original function of first derivative again.
First Derivative Second Derivative

IMPORTANCE
• Use the second derivative test to determine any relative extrema in the function.
• Second derivative expands on the knowledge that we gain from finding the first
derivative.
• Graphically, the first derivative is the slope at a point and the second derivative
explains how the slope changes over x-axis.

24
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
1. If f”(c) > 0 = (c, f(c))
Local Minimum and 2nd Derivative is POSITIVE.

2. If f”(c) < 0 = (c, f(c))

Local Maximum and 2nd Derivative is NEGATIVE.

3. If f”(c) = 0 = any possible value of maximum and minimum

STEPS TO SECOND DERIVATIVE AND CONCAVITY PROBLEMS
A. Find the first and second derivative of the given function.
B. Find the critical points of the function. Classify each as a local minimum or maximum.
C. Determine where the function is concave up and where it is concave down.
EXAMPLE 1:
❑ Solve for 1st and 2nd Derivative

❑ Find the critical point

25
 max min

-∞ -1
-1/3 +∞

Concave downward to Concave upward

26
 EXAMPLE 2:
❑ Solve for 1st and 2nd Derivative

❑ Find the critical point

min max
0 1 2 -∞
INTERVAL VALUES: CU (+∞, 1) and CD (1, -∞)

➢ If f”(x) > 0 then f(x) is CONCAVE UP

➢ If f”(x) < 0 then f(x) is CONCAVE DOWN

27
G. Application of Maxima and Minima

INTRODUCTION
• Upon learning how to find the maxima and minima of function, there are many situations
that utilizes differentiation of finding the extreme value. Example field of work could be
engineering, accounting, medical etc.
• Steps on finding the maxima and minima
• Find the derivative of a function f(x)
• Find the value of x when f’(x) = 0, that is your stationary point
• Find the second derivative of a function f(x)
• If f’’(x) < 0, the stationary point is maxima
• If f’’(x) > 0, the stationary point is minima
Example 1
• Find the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 1000 meters so that the area of the
rectangle is a maximum.
• Let x be length and y be width, since we have a perimeter we can make the formula from P
= 2L + 2W into
1000 = 2x + 2y
• We need to find y in terms of x
1000 = 2x + 2y
2
500 = x + y
y = 500 - x

• To find the dimensions, we need to find the area with formula A = xy. Since we have a
value of y, we can substitute it to the formula
A = x(500 -x)
A = 500x – x2
• In order to find the stationary point, we need to differentiate the formula then make A’ = 0.
A’ = 500 – 2x = 0
500 = 2x
250 = x
• To know whether the stationary point is maxima or minima, we need the second derivative
of the function A
A’ = 500 – 2x
A’’ = -2 , means that the stationary point is at maxima
28
• We can substitute the stationary point to the function to find maximum value
A(250) = 500(250) – (250)2
= 125,000 – 62,500
= 62,500, the maximum dimension of the rectangle is 62,500 square meters at length of
250 meters
Example 2:
• A cubic container with a base length twice its width is to be made with 48 m2 of metal
including the lid. Find the maximum volume of the container.
• With the surface area of 48 m2, find h in terms of x with
the formula, 6 x sides2
48 = (2) x (hx) + (2) x (2x2) + (2) x (2hx)
48 = 2hx + 4x2 + 4hx
48 = 4x2 + 6hx
2
24 = 2x2 + 3hx
3hx = 24 – 2x2
3x
h = 24 – 2x2
3x

• Find the volume in terms of x

V = h * x * 2x
V = 24 – 2x2 * x * 2x
3x
V = 48x – 4x3
3
• Find the stationary point with V
V‘ = 48 – 12x2 = 0
3
48 – 12x2 = 0
12x2 = 48
12
x2 = 4
x=2

29
• Now check whether it is maxima or minima
V’’ = -24x
3
= -8x
= -8(2)
=-16, the stationary point is maxima
• Now find the volume with the stationary point
V (2) = 48 x 2 – 4 x 23
3
V = 21.3, the volume of the container is 21.3 m3 at a height of 2m2
Example 3:
• A tank is to be constructed with a horizontal, square base and vertical, rectangular sides.
There is no top. The tank must hold 4 cubic meters of water. The material of which the tank
is to be constructed costs $10 per square meter. What dimensions for the tank minimizes
the cost of material? x
• Find the length and height for the dimensions
• Let x be the length and y be the height, the square base is x 2 and
the 4 rectangle sides are xy. This makes the area formula
A = x2 + 4xy
• Find the value of y in terms of x with volume value y
V= x2y
4 = x2y
x2
4=y
x2
• With the area formula, we can now find the derivative and its stationary points
A = x + 4x * 4
x2
A = x2 + 16
x
A’ = 2x - 16 = 0
x2
2x = 16
x2
2x3 = 16
x3 = 8
x=2

30
 • Determine if the its maxima or minima
A’’ = 2 + 48
x3
= 2 + 48
23
= 2 + 48 , stationary point is at minima
8
• Now find the dimensions of the box
y=4
x2
y=4
22
y = 1, the length of the box is 2 meters while the height is 1 meters

H. Related Rates

Related Rates – Taking derivatives with respect to TIME.

𝒅
➢ Take the derivative of every variables, and Every variables is multiplied by “𝒅𝒕” because every
variables is “Changing over time”.
➢ When you see the words Rate or Fast or Speed think “Derivative”.
➢ Focus on what you do know and create a “Side-Bar”, then focus on what the question is
asking for.
Example 1:
A pebble is dropped into a calm pond, causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius
of the outer ripples is increasing at a constant rates of 1 ft. per. Seconds. When the radius is 4ft, at
what rate is the total area of the disturbed water changing?

A = π𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑡 = 2πr 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 2π(4)(1)
= +1 ft/sec. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 8π 𝑓𝑡 2 /sec.
𝑑𝑡
r = 4ft.

=?

31
Example 2:
A boat is pulled in by means of a winch on a dock 12ft above the deck of the boat. The winch
pulls in the rope at the rate of 4 ft per second. Determine the speed of the boat when there is 13
ft of rope out.

I. Rectilinear Motion

a. Position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line.

b. When an object moves in a straight line, then it is said to be in a rectilinear motion. Ex:
A car moving on a straight road.
EXAMPLE:
Assume that,
x (t) = or s (t) = position
v (t) = velocity
a (t) = acceleration
TRY:

, at t = 1sec

ANSWERS: slowing down

1. When it stopped?

32
2. When is it speeding up/slowing down?

v (0,2) = slowing down

2 5 (
(2, 3.5) = speeding up
(3.5, 5) = slowing down
(5, ∞) = speeding up

3.5

33
 CHAPTER VI
Indeterminate
Forms

34
A. Indeterminate Forms 0/0 and -∞/∞

The term “indeterminate” means an unknown value. The indeterminate form is a

Mathematical expression that means that we cannot be able to determine the original value even
after the substitution of the limits.

❖ Indeterminate Forms 0/0

Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions such that

Then the function f(x)g(x) has the indeterminate form 00 at x=a. To find the limit at x=a when
the function f(x)g(x) has the indeterminate form 00 at this point, we must factor the numerator
and denominator and then reduce the terms that approach zero.
Note: In this chapter, we do not apply L’Hopital’s rule.

❖ Indeterminate Forms ∞/∞

Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions such that

where a where a is a real number, or +∞ or −∞.

It is said that the function f(x)/g(x) has the indeterminate form ∞/∞ at this point.
To find the limit, we must divide the numerator and denominator by x of highest degree.
❖ Indeterminate Forms - Infinity Minus Infinity
𝑑
∞-∞ 1 1 sin(𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 − Cross multiply 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑑 L’ Hospital Rule
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
cos (𝑥) − 1
sin (𝑥) − 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→0 sin(x) + xcos (𝑥) Steps
𝑥→0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
1 1 1.) Convert to 0/0 or
𝑙𝑖𝑚 − cos (0) − 1
𝑥→0 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 sin (0) − 0 𝑙𝑖𝑚 infinity / infinity
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + (0)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0)
𝑥→0 0𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)
1 1 2.) Use LHR (L hospital
𝑙𝑖𝑚 − rule)
𝑥→0 0 0
0 1−1 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→0 0 Since its back to 0/0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∞ − ∞ 𝑥→0 0 𝑥→0 0+0
𝑥→0 apply LHR again

35
 𝑑 Steps
cos (𝑥) − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑥→0 𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1.) Convert to 0/0 or infinity /
sin(x) + xcos (𝑥) 𝑥→0 2 − 0
𝑑𝑥 infinity

−sin (𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚

0
=0 2.) Use LHR (L hospital rule)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→0 2
𝑥→0 2 cos(𝑥) − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

B. Indeterminate Forms 0 ● ±∞ and ∞ - ∞

Indeterminate forms of these types can usually be treated by putting them into one of the
forms

❖ Indeterminate Forms - Zero times Infinity

ln (𝑥) 𝑑
0⋅∞ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛𝑥 1 1
𝑥→0 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 − ÷ 2
𝑥→0 1 𝑑 𝑥→0 𝑥1 𝑥 Steps
𝑥
ln (0) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −( )(𝑥 2 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 1.) Convert to 0/0 or infinity /
𝑥→0 1 𝑥2
(0) 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 − infinity
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (0)ln ( 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥→0
1 2.) Use LHR (L hospital rule)
𝑥→0
− 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −(𝑥 2−1 )
𝑥 𝑥→0
−∞
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (0) − ∞ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 ∞ 𝑥→0
Simplify

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (0)(−∞) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 −(0) = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

36
 C. Indeterminate Forms 0⁰, 1∞ and ∞0

Indeterminate forms of these types can usually be treated by putting them into one of the
forms

❖ Indeterminate Forms - 00 1∞ ∞0
−∞
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 (0)𝑙𝑛(0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 ∞ Apply L’ Hospital rule
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (0)(0) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 (0)(−∞) Steps

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1.) Take the ln of the term (rewrite the term in
𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 exp form)
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 2.) Convert to 0/0 or infinity / infinity
−∞ 3.) Use LHR (L hospital’s rule)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 ∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Form Steps to determine the Limit

0 ∞ Use LHR (L hospital’s rule)
𝑜𝑟
0 ∞
0∙∞ 1.) Convert to 0/0 or infinity / infinity
∞−∞ 2.) Use LHR (L hospital rule)
00 1.) Take the ln of the term (rewrite the term in exp form)
1∞ 2.) Convert to 0/0 or infinity / infinity
∞0 3.) Use LHR (L hospital’s rule)

Integral of Natural Log of x (lnx)

∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

Value of each terms:

𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑢=𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑣=𝑥
37
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 or ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝐶 is the constant of natural log of x which is always be equals to 0.

D. L’Hopitals Rule

sin 𝑥
a. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

So, we have already established that this is a 0/0 indeterminate form so let’s just apply
L’Hospital’s Rule. So, we have already established that this is a 0/0 indeterminate form
so let’s just apply L’Hospital’s Rule.

5𝑡 4 −4𝑡 2 −1
b. lim
𝑡→1 10−𝑡−9𝑡 3

In this case we also have a 0/0 indeterminate form and if we were really good at factoring,
we could factor the numerator and denominator, simplify and take the limit. However,
that’s going to be more work than just using L’Hospital’s Rule.

𝑒𝑥
c. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2

This was the other limit that we started off looking at and we know that it’s the
indeterminate form ∞/∞ so let’s apply L’Hospital’s Rule.

Now we have a small problem. This new limit is also a ∞/∞ indeterminate form.
However, it’s not really a problem. We know how to deal with these kinds of limits. Just
apply L’Hospital’s Rule.

38
❖ Methods:
• Factoring
• Conjugate
• L`Hospital
Example #1: Factoring

𝑥10 − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥 5 − 1

(𝑥 5 − 1)(𝑥 5 + 1)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥5 − 1
lim 𝑥 5 + 1
𝑥→1

lim(1)5 + 1
𝑥→1

=2

Example #2: Factoring

𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 + 4
𝑥→−2

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (−2) + 4
𝑥→−2

=2

39
Example #3: Factoring

𝑥 2 − 16
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 + 4
𝑥→4

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (4) + 4
𝑥→−2

=8

Example #1: Conjugate

𝑥−4 √𝑥 + 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 ×
𝑥→4 √𝑥 −2 √𝑥 + 2
(𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 (√𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 + 2)

(𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥 + 2√𝑥 − 2√𝑥 − 4
(𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 √𝑥 + 2
𝑥→4

𝑙𝑖𝑚 √(4) + 2
𝑥→4

=4

Example #1: L`Hospital

𝑥10 − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 5 𝑑
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥10 − 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥
(1)10 − 1 𝑥→1 5 𝑑
𝑥 −1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→1 (1)5 − 1
10𝑥 9
1−1 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥→1 5𝑥 4
𝑥→1 1 − 1
10(1)9
0 𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑥→1 5(1)4
0
10
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→1 5

=2

40
Example #1: L’Hospital Rule
Direct Substitution:

𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥+1

𝑙𝑛∞ 1
lim ∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑒∞ + 1 lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒∞ + 0

∞
0
∞ →0
∞

Example #2: L’Hospital Rule

Direct Substitution:

𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
lim lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥

∞+1 2𝑥
lim lim
∞ ∙ 𝑙𝑛∞ 𝑥→∞ 1
𝑥→∞ 1 ∙ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥

∞
2𝑥
∞ lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1
s 2
lim
𝑥→∞ 1
𝑥
lim 2𝑥
𝑥→∞

lim 2 ∙ ∞ ∞
𝑥→∞
∞

41
 CHAPTER VII
The Differential

42
 A. Partial Differentiation

The differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f(x) with respect to
changes in the independent variable. The differential dy is defined by. where is the derivative of f
with respect to x, and dx is an additional real variable (so that dy is a function of x and dx).

The Definition of the Partial Derivative

If you know how to take a derivative, then you can take partial derivatives. Suppose f is
a multivariable function, that is, a function having more than one independent variable, x, y, z, etc.
The partial derivative with respect to a given variable, say x, is defined as taking the derivative
of f as if it were a function of x while regarding the other variables, y, z, etc., as constants. For
example, if f is a function of x, y, and z, then there are three different partial derivatives for f -- one
with respect to x, one with respect to y, and one with respect to z.
Common notations for the partial derivatives include the following (here, we are looking at a function
of two variables, but the notations are similar for any number of variables).

Partial derivative of z = f ( x , y )
… with respect to x:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
𝑓𝑥 = ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
… with respect to y:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
𝑓𝑦 = ,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

For example:

1.) If 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 = ,
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Solution:

𝑓𝑥 = 4 (3𝑥 2 ) − 3𝑦 2 (2𝑥) + 2 + 0

𝒇𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐

𝑓𝑦 = 0 − 3𝑥 2 (2𝑦) + 0 + 3

𝒇𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑

2. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 − 5𝑥 7 + 4𝑦 8 ; 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦

43
Solution:

𝑓𝑥 = 3(2𝑥)𝑦 4 − 5(7𝑥 6 ) + 0

𝒇𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟒 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟔

𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 (4𝑦 3 ) − 0 + 4(8𝑦 7 )

𝒇𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝟐𝒚𝟕

B. Total Differentiation

Given a function of two or more independent variables where all the independent variables are
assumed to be independent of each other so that each can vary by it self without affecting the others,
the total differential measures the total change in the dependent variable due change in all the
independent variables.

Let us consider the function

𝒛 = 𝒇( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )

Where “x “and “y “are assumed to be independent of each other.

The total change in z denoted by dz due to change in variable x and y is

𝒅𝒁 = 𝒇𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚

Or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒁 = ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + ∗ 𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Now, the rate of change of Z due to a small change in x keeping y constant is the partial derivative
𝝏𝒛
of Z with respect to x that is 𝒇𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝝏𝒙

If the change in x is denoted by dx then the measured change in Z due to change in x will be
𝝏𝒛
equal to 𝒇𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝝏𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙

Similarly, the rate of change of Z due to a small change in y keeping x constant is the partial
𝝏𝒛
derivative of Z with respect to y that is 𝒇𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝝏𝒚
If that change in y is denoted by dy then the measured change in Z due to change in y will be
𝝏𝒛
equal to 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝝏𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚

Thus, the total change in Z denoted by dZ when variable x change by dx and variable y change
by dy

44
The expression dZ which is the sum of the change in Z due to change in x and y is called total
differential.

𝒅𝒁 = 𝒇𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚

or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒅𝒁 = ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + ∗ 𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

For example:

Find the total differential of:

1. 𝑦 = 5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥23

Solution:

Given: 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥23

To find: Total differential, dy

The total differential for the given function can be written as

𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇𝒙𝟏 ∗ 𝒅𝒙𝟏 + 𝒇𝒙𝟐 ∗ 𝒅𝒙𝟐

𝜕𝑦 𝜕
𝑓𝑥1 = = (5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥23 )
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝜕𝑥 6𝑥23
1 𝜕𝑥1 1

𝜕 𝜕
= 5 𝜕𝑥 𝑥13 − 12𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝑥1 − 0
1 1

= 5 ∗ 3 𝑥12 − 12𝑥2 ∗ 1

𝝏𝒚
𝒇𝒙𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝟏

𝜕𝑦 𝜕
𝑓𝑥2 = = (5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 6𝑥23 )
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 5𝑥13 − 12𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝜕𝑥 6𝑥23
2 𝜕𝑥2 2

𝜕 𝜕
= 0 − 12𝑥1 𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 − 6 𝜕𝑥 𝑥23
2 2

= − 12𝑥1 ∗ 1 − 6 ∗ 3𝑥22

45
 𝝏𝒚
𝒇𝒙𝟐 = = − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝟐

Total differential formula:

𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇𝒙𝟏 ∗ 𝒅𝒙𝟏 + 𝒇𝒙𝟐 ∗ 𝒅𝒙𝟐

𝑑𝑦 = (15𝑥12 − 12𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥1 + (− 12𝑥1 − 18𝑥22 ) 𝑑𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 = 3(5𝑥12 − 4𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥1 + (−3)( 4𝑥1 + 6𝑥22 ) 𝑑𝑥2

∴ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟑(𝟓𝒙𝟐𝟏 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑( 𝟒𝒙𝟏 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙𝟐

2. 𝑧 = (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)(8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )

Solution:

Given: 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)(8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )

To find: Total differential, dz

The total differential for the given function can be written as

𝒅𝒛 = 𝒇𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚

𝜕𝑧 𝜕
𝑓𝑥 = = (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)(8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝜕𝑥 (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦) ( 𝜕𝑥 8𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 3 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) (𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 3 + 𝜕𝑥 2𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦) ( 8 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 − 0) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) (3 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 + 0)

= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)( 8 ∗ 1) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )(3 ∗ 3𝑥 2 )

= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)( 8) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )(9𝑥 2 )

= (24𝑥 3 + 16𝑦) + (72𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )

𝝏𝒛
𝒇𝒙 = = 𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒙

46
 𝜕𝑧 𝜕
𝑓𝑦 = = (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)(8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝜕𝑦 (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦) ( 𝜕𝑦 8𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 3 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) (𝜕𝑦 3𝑥 3 + 𝜕𝑦 2𝑦)

𝜕
= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)( 0 − 3𝑦 2 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) (0 + 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑦)

= (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑦)( −3𝑦 2 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )(2.1)

= −9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 3 ) + (8𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )(2)

= −9𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 3 ) + (16𝑥 − 2𝑦 3 )

𝝏𝒛
𝒇𝒚 = = −𝟗𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙
𝝏𝒚

Total differential formula:

𝒅𝒛 = 𝒇𝒙 ∗ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒇𝒚 ∗ 𝒅𝒚

∴ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 + (−𝟗𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙)𝒅𝒚

47
 Chapter VIII:
Basic Integration
Formula

48
Integral Calculus – Branch of calculus that deals with theory and application of integrals.
Integration – the process of getting the integral of a derived function. It is also known a “anti-
differentation ”

∫ F ′ (x)dx = F(x) + C

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫ o dx = c , constant
2. ∫ a dx = ax + c, where a is any constant
3. ∫ a f (x)dx = a ∫ f (x)dx
4. ∫[f (x) ± g (x)] dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g (x)dx
xn+1
5. ∫ x n dx = + c. n ≠ −1
n+1

Sample Problems:
x 5+1 x6 1
1. ∫ x 5 dx = +c= +c= x6 + c
5+1 6 6
dx −2 x−2+1 x−1 −1
2. ∫ x2 − ∫ x dx = +c= +c= +c
−2+1 −1 x

Integration by Substitution
u11 (x+1)11
1. ∫(x + 1)10 dx = ∫ u10 du = +c = +c
11 11
u3 (x2 +1)3
2. ∫(x 2 + 1)2 2xdx = ∫ u2 du = +c= +c
3 3
u3/2 2 2 3
3. ∫ 3x 2 √x 3 + 1 dx = ∫(x 3 + 1) 1/2
. 3x 2 dx = ∫ u1/2 du = +c= u3/2 + c = 3 (x 3 + 1) 2 + c
3/2 3
1 1 1 u3 1
4. ∫ x (x 2 + 1)2 dx = ∫(x 2 + 1)2 xdx = ∫(x 2 + 1)2 . 2xdx = ∫ u2 du = ( )+c= (X 3 +
2 2 2 3 6
1)3 + c
3
1 1 1
2 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 u2
5. ∫ x √x 3 + dx = ∫(x + 1) x dx = 2 ∫(x + 1) . 3x dx =
2 ∫ u . du =
2 [ 3 ]+c=
3 3 3
2
3 3
1 2 2
(3) (3) u2 + c = 9 ( x 3 + 1)2 + c

Integrals involving Exponential, natural logarithm, Trigonometric functions

dx
∫ x
= |n|x| + c ∫ cscxdx = |n|cscx − cot x| + c
x
∫ e dx = ex + c ∫ sec 2 xdx = tanx + c
ax
∫ ax dx = |na
+c ∫ secxtanx = secx + c

∫ sinxdx = − cos x + c ∫ csc 2 x = − cot x + c

∫ cosxdx = sinx + c ∫ csc x cotx dx = −cscx + c
∫ secxdx = |n|secx + tanx| + c
∫ tanxdx = |n|secx| + c
Sample Problems :
dx 1
1. ∫ = ∫ x dx = |n|x| + c
x
dx 1
2. ∫ x+2 = ∫ x+2 dx = |n|x + 2| + c
49
 dx 1 1 1 2dx 1 du 1 1
3. ∫ 2x−3 = ∫ 2x−3 dx = .2xdx = ∫ 2x−3 = ∫ = |n|u |+c = | n|2x − 3| + c
2x−3 2 2 u 2 2
xdx 1 1 1 1 2xdx 1 du 1
4. ∫ x2 −1 = ∫ x2−1 . xdx = ∫ x2−1 . 2xdx = ∫ x2−1 = ∫ = 2 |n|u| + c =
2 2 2 u

1
|n|x 2 − 1| + c
2

x2 dx 1 1 −6x2 dx −1 du −1 −1
5. ∫ 1−2x3 = ∫ 1−2x3 . −6x 2 dx = − ∫ = ∫ = |n|u| + c = |n|1 − 2x 3 + c
6 1−2x3 6 u 6 6

50
 Chapter IX:
The Definite and
Indefinite Integral

51
Definite Integrals – Represents a number where the upper and lower limits on the integrals are
constants.
The definite integral of f(x) is a NUMBER and represents the area under the curve f(x) from x=a to
x=b. Thus the definite integral of f from A to B equal to F(b) – F(a), where the uppercase of F is
the antiderivative of f(x).
𝐛
∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐅(𝐛) − 𝐅(𝐚)
Example No. 1:
𝟓
∫𝟑 𝟗𝒅𝒙
Subsitute:
5
∫3 9𝑑𝑥 = [9(5)] – [9(3)]
5
∫3 9𝑑𝑥 = 45 – 17
5
∫3 9𝑑𝑥 = 18
Example No. 2:
𝟔
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙
𝑥 𝑛+1
Apply the power rule: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = 𝑛+1

𝟔 4𝑥 1+1=2 2𝑥 6
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥]
2 1 3
Apply the sum rule: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝟔 4(6)2 4(3)2
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = [ 2
− 2(6)] − [ 2
− 2(3)]
𝟔 144 36
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = ( − 12) – ( 2 − 6)
2
𝟔
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = (72 – 12) – (18 – 6)
𝟔
∫𝟑 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = 60 -12 = 48
Example No. 3:
𝟒 𝟐
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐

Take the constant out:∫ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∗ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑

𝟒 𝟐 4 4
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 ∫2 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥]
𝒙𝟐 2

𝑥 𝑛+1
Apply the power rule: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = 𝑛+1

𝟒 𝟐 𝑥 −2+1 4
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 [ −2+1 ]
𝒙𝟐 2
𝟒 𝟐 −1 4
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 [−𝑥]
𝒙𝟐 2

52
Simplify:
𝟒 𝟐 1 1
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 [− 4] − [− 2]
𝒙𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 2 4
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 [− 8] − [− 8]
𝒙𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 2 2 𝟏
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 x = =
𝒙𝟐 8 4 𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 1
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 2 x
𝒙𝟐 4
𝟒 𝟐 2 𝟏
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = =
𝒙𝟐 4 𝟐

Indefinite Integrals – Have no upper and lower limits on the integral here. The process of finding
the indefinite integral is called integration or integrating f(x).

Integral Sign Variable of Integration

The Indefinite Integral
Integrand The Constant of
Integral
Example No. 1:
∫(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙
Use the FOIL Method:
∫(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(22 − 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 15)𝑑𝑥
Find the Antiderivatives:
∫(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(22 + 7𝑥 − 15)𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝟕𝒙𝟐
∫(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑
+ 𝟐
− 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪

Example No. 2:
∫ 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗𝒅𝒙
Apply the sum rule: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

53
∫ 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 9𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
Find the Antiderivatives by using power rule: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = 𝑛+1

𝑥5 3𝑥 2
∫ 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗𝒅𝒙 = 5
+ 2
− 9𝑥 + 𝐶
1 3
∫ 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗𝒅𝒙 = 5 𝑥 5 + 2 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝐶

Example No. 3:

∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(6𝑥 2 + 𝑥1/2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
Apply the power rule: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 dx = 𝑛+1

6𝑥 3 𝑥 3/2
∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 3
+ 3/2

Find the Antiderivatives by using sum rule: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 3 2𝑥 3/2
∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 3
+ 3
+C
2
∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 2𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥 3/2 + C

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