File and Directory Management
• ls: ls -l /home
• cd: cd /var/log
• pwd: pwd
• mkdir: mkdir new_directory
• rmdir: rmdir empty_directory
• rm: rm file.txt
• cp: cp source.txt destination.txt
• mv: mv oldname.txt newname.txt
• touch: touch newfile.txt
• chmod: chmod 777 script.sh
• chown: chown user:group file.txt
• ln: ln -s /path/to/file symlink
2. File Viewing and Editing
• cat: cat file.txt
• more: more file.txt
• less: less file.txt
• head: head -n 10 file.txt
• tail: tail -n 10 file.txt
• nano: nano file.txt
• vi/vim: vi file.txt
3. File Compression and Archiving
• tar: tar -cvf archive.tar /path/to/directory
• gzip: gzip file.txt
• gunzip: gunzip file.txt.gz
• zip: zip archive.zip file1.txt file2.txt
• unzip: unzip archive.zip
4. File Search
• find: find /home -name "*.txt"
• locate: locate file.txt
• grep: grep "search_term" file.txt
5. System Information and Management
• uname: uname -a
• df: df -h
• du: du -sh /path/to/directory
• top: top
• htop: htop
• ps: ps aux
• free: free -m
• uptime: uptime
• hostname: hostname
6. User and Permission Management
• whoami: whoami
• sudo: sudo apt-get update
• su: su -
• useradd: sudo useradd newuser
• usermod: sudo usermod -aG groupname username
• userdel: sudo userdel username
• groupadd: sudo groupadd newgroup
• groupdel: sudo groupdel oldgroup
7. Networking
• ping: ping google.com
• ifconfig: ifconfig eth0
• ip: ip addr show
• netstat: netstat -tuln
• ss: ss -tuln
• scp: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path/to/destination
• ssh: ssh user@remote_host
• wget: wget http://example.com/file.txt
• curl: curl -O http://example.com/file.txt
8. Package Management
• Debian-based (e.g., Ubuntu):
◦ apt-get: sudo apt-get install package_name
◦ apt-cache: apt-cache search package_name
◦ dpkg: sudo dpkg -i package.deb
• Red Hat-based (e.g., CentOS, Fedora):
◦ yum: sudo yum install package_name
◦ dnf: sudo dnf install package_name
◦ rpm: sudo rpm -i package.rpm
9. Disk Management
• fdisk: sudo fdisk /dev/sda
• mkfs: sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
• mount: sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
• umount: sudo umount /mnt
• fsck: sudo fsck /dev/sda1
10. Process Management
• kill: kill 1234
• killall: killall processname
• pkill: pkill -9 processname
• nohup: nohup command &
11. System Shutdown and Reboot
• shutdown: sudo shutdown -h now
• reboot: sudo reboot
• halt: sudo halt
12. Permissions and Ownership
• chmod: chmod 644 file.txt
• chown: chown user:group file.txt
• chgrp: chgrp group file.txt
