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Module2 PTP

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23 views

Module2 PTP

Uploaded by

dheerajprashanth05152
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL (PPP)

To control and manage the transfer of data, there is a need for a point-to-point protocol at the data-link
layer. Internet users who need to connect their home computers to the server of an Internet service
provider use PPP.

Services Provided by PPP


PPP defines the format of the frame to be exchanged between devices.
It also defines how two devices can negotiate the establishment of the link and the exchange of data.
PPP is designed to accept payloads from several network layers (not only IP).
Authentication is also provided in the protocol.
One interesting feature of PPP is that it provides network address configuration.
The new version of PPP, called Multilink PPP, provides connections over multiple links.

Services Not Provided by PPP


PPP does not provide flow control.
A sender can send several frames one after another with no concern about overwhelming the receiver.
PPP has a very simple mechanism for error control.
A CRC field is used to detect errors. If the frame is corrupted, it is silently discarded; the upper-layer
protocol needs to take care of the problem. Lack of error control and sequence numbering may cause a
packet to be received out of order.
PPP does not provide a sophisticated addressing mechanism to handle frames in a multipoint
configuration.

Framing
PPP uses a character-oriented (or byte-oriented) frame.

The description of each field follows:


Flag. A PPP frame starts and ends with a 1-byte flag with the bit pattern 01111110.
Address. The address field in this protocol is a constant value and set to 11111111(broadcast address).
Control. This field is set to the constant value 00000011 (imitating unnumbered frames in HDLC). PPP
does not provide any flow control. Error control is also limited to error detection.
Protocol. The protocol field defines what is being carried in the data field: either user data or other
information. This field is by default 2 bytes long, but the two parties can agree to use only 1 byte.
Payload field. This field carries either the user data or other information. The data field is a sequence of
bytes with the default of a maximum of 1500 bytes; but this can be changed during negotiation. The data
field is byte-stuffed(01111101) if the flag byte pattern appears in this field. Because there is no field defining
the size of the data field, padding is needed if the size is less than the maximum default value or the
maximum negotiated value.
FCS. The frame check sequence (FCS) is simply a 2-byte or 4-byte standard CRC.

Transition Phases

Multiplexing
PPP is a link-layer protocol, it uses another set of protocols to establish the link, authenticate the parties
involved, and carry the network-layer data.
Three sets of protocols are defined to make PPP powerful:
 Link Control Protocol (LCP),
 Authentication Protocols (APs),
 several Network Control Protocols (NCPs).
Protocol values: LCP : 0xC021
AP: 0xC023 and 0xC223
NCP: 0x8021 and ....
Data: 0x0021 and ...

Link Control Protocol


The Link Control Protocol (LCP) is responsible for establishing, maintaining, configuring, and terminating
links. It also provides negotiation mechanisms to set options between the two endpoints.

Authentication Protocols
Authentication plays a very important role in PPP because PPP is designed for use over dial-up links where
verification of user identity is necessary. Authentication means validating the identity of a user who needs
to access a set of resources.
PPP has created two protocols for authentication:
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. (CHAP)
PAP
The Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a simple authentication procedure with a two-step
process:
a. The user who wants to access a system sends an authentication identification
(usually the user name) and a password.
b. The system checks the validity of the identification and password and either accepts or denies
connection.
Figure 11.24 shows the three types of packets used by PAP and how they are actually exchanged. When a
PPP frame is carrying any PAP packets, the value of the protocol field is 0xC023. The three PAP packets
are authenticate-request, authenticate-ack, and authenticate-nak. The first packet is used by the user to
send the user name and pass-
word. The second is used by the system to allow access. The third is used by the system to deny access.

CHAP
The Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a three-way hand- shaking authentication
protocol that provides greater security than PAP. In this method, the password is kept secret; it is never
sent online.
a. The system sends the user a challenge packet containing a challenge value, usually a few bytes.
b. The user applies a predefined function that takes the challenge value and the user’s own password and
creates a result. The user sends the result in the response packet to the system.
c. The system does the same. It applies the same function to the password of the user (known to the
system) and the challenge value to create a result.
Network Control Protocols
PPP is a multiple-network-layer protocol.

IPCP
One NCP protocol is the Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP). This protocol configures the link
used to carry IP packets in the Internet.

Data from the Network Layer


After the network-layer configuration is completed by one of the NCP protocols, the users can exchange
data packets from the network layer. Here again, there are different protocol fields for different network
layers. For example, if PPP is carrying data from the IP network layer, the field value is 0021

Multilink PPP
PPP was originally designed for a single-channel point-to-point physical link. The availability of multiple
channels in a single point-to-point link motivated the development of Multilink PPP. In this case, a logical
PPP frame is divided into several actual PPP frames.
Example
Let us go through the phases followed by a network layer packet as it is transmitted through a PPP connection.
Figure 11.29 shows the steps. For simplicity, we assume unidirectional movement of data from the user site to
the system site (such as sending an e-mail through an ISP).

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