SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT – I – BASIC CONCEPTS – SCIA1502

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 UNIT – I – BASIC CONCEPTS
Properties of Reinforced concrete materials - Stress - Strain diagrams of concrete and
steel-Design philosophies (Principles of Elastic method, ultimate load and limit state
method)-Design code and specification- Behavior of RC beams in bond development
length and Anchorage-Loading standard as per IS 875-Behavior of RC structural systems
under gravity and lateral load.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixtures in an adequate proportion. It

is a rock like material. Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of
cement, sand, gravel and water in predetermined proportions. It has enough strength in
compression, but has little strength in tension. Due to this, concrete is weak in bending, shear
and torsion. Hence to overcome the issues reinforcement in concrete was obtained to withstand
the properties required for a structure.

Properties of Fresh Concrete

Concrete should be such that it can be transported, placed, compacted and finished without
harmful segregation. The mix should maintain its uniformity and not bleed excessively; these
two are collectively called as workability .Bleeding is movement and appearance of water at
the surface of freshly-placed concrete, due to settlement of heavier particles. Consistency is a
measure of its wetness and fluidity .Measured by the slump test and Workability dependent on
water content, fineness of cement, and surface area of aggregates.

Properties of Hardened Concrete:

The important properties of concrete are

a. Compressive strength

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 b. Tensile strength

c. Shear strength

d. Bond strength

e. Density

f. Impermeability

g. Durability

h. Ductility

Among these properties, compressive strength of concrete is the most valuable and can be
easily tested in laboratory.

This is generally measured on concrete cubes or cylinders.

 Many of the properties of concrete can be inferred from compressive strength,

using correlation that has been established.

 Quality of concrete depends on the compressive strength.

 Dependent on strength (compressive, tension and flexure), Modulus of elasticity,

Durability, Creep and shrinkage

 Concrete is classified under different grades depending upon its characteristic

strength.

“Characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than
5 percent of the test results are expected to fall”.
 Strength of concrete varies for the same concrete mix, which give different
compressive strength in laboratory tests.
 Variability in strength evidently depends on degree of quality control.

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  Variability in strength is measured in terms of either the “Standard Deviation” or the
Coefficient of Variation (COV), which is the ratio of standard deviation to mean
strength.
 Due to significant variability in strength, it is necessary to ensure that the designer has a
reasonable assurance of a certain minimum strength of concrete.
 Characteristic strength provides minimum guaranteed strength.
What is a stress-strain diagram?
 It is a tool for understanding material behavior under load.
 A stress strain diagram help engineers to select the right materials for specific loading
conditions. In other words, It is a graph that represents how a part behaves under an
increasing load, and used by engineers when selecting materials for specific designs
 A stress-strain diagram generally contains three regions:
 Elastic region: This portion is generally represented as a linear relationship
between stress and strain. If the load is released the specimen will return to its
original dimensions.
 Plastic region: In this portion, the specimen begins to yield. The maximum
strength of the specimen occurs in this zone. The specimen endures some
permanent deformation that remains after the load is released.
 Rupture: The point at which a specimen breaks into two parts.
Stress - Strain diagram of concrete
 Concrete is mostly used in compression that is why its compressive stress strain
curve is of major attention.
 The stress and strain of concrete is obtained by testing concrete cylinder
specimen at age of 28 days, using compressive test machine.
 The stress strain curve of concrete allows designers and engineers to anticipate
the behavior of concrete used in building constructions.
 Stress strain curve of concrete is a graphical representation of concrete behavior
under load.
 It is produced by plotting concrete compressive strain at various interval of
concrete compressive stress (which is the loading).
 The S-S curve for hardened concrete is almost linear.

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  The aggregate is more rigid than the cement paste and will therefore deform less(
that is it will have lower strain) under same applied stress.
 The S-S curve of concrete lies between the aggregate and the cement paste.
 However, this relationship is non-linear over the most of the range, that is why
micro cracks are formed.
 The cracks are formed
 at the interface between aggregate particles and cement paste as a result of the
differential movement between the two phases
 Within the cement paste.
 These cracks are formed as result of changes in temperature, moisture and
application of load.
 The experimental or actual stress strain curve for concrete is very difficult to use
in design. Therefore, IS code 456:2000 has simplified as below.

Fig 1 Stress Strain Curve for Concrete

 For design purpose, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure in taken as 0.67
times the characteristic strength.
 The 0.67 factor is introduced to account for the difference in the strength indicated by a
cube test and the strength of concrete in actual structure.

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 The partial safety factor equal to 1.5 is applied in addition to this 0.67 factor.
 The initial portion of the curve is parabolic. After a strain of 0.002 (0.2%), the stress
becomes constant with increasing load, until a strain of 0.0035 is reached and here the
concrete is assumed to have failed.
 As per IS specifications, for M30 grade concrete.
 Up to 0.002 of strain the curve will be parabolic for a concrete cube
 And then the slope becomes zero up to ultimate strain of 0.0035
As per IS specifications
a) The earlier given was for the characteristic strength of a standard 150x150x150 mm
size of concrete cube.
b) But when the design is for a entire structure then the compressive strength of the
concrete will get reduced due to the influence of the soil as given in the figure.
c) For design purpose Limit state method is adopted as in IS codes. So a partial safety
factor of 1.5 is considered.
d) Therefore the design stress of concrete is taken as [(0.67*fck )/ 1.5] = 0.45 fck
e) Hence for the design problems the design stress of concrete is taken as 0.45 f ck and
the ultimate strain of concrete is taken as 0.0035.
f) Thus finally results in a design curve as shown in figure.

Fig 2 Stress Strain design Curve for Concrete cube

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Stress - Strain diagram of mild steel
 If the force is considerably large the material will experience elastic deformation but the
ratio of stress and strain will not be proportional. (Point A to B). This is the elastic limit.
 Beyond that point the material will experience plastic deformation.
 The point where plastic deformations starts is the yield point which is shown in the figure
as point B. 0-B is the upper yield point.
 Resulting graph will not be straight line anymore. C is the lower yield point.
 D is the maximum ultimate stress.
 E is the breaking stress. It is the area of the whole curve (point 0-E). Energy absorbed at
unit volume up to breaking point.
 If tensile force is applied to a steel bar it will have some extension.
 If the force is small the ratio of the stress and strain will remain proportional

Fig 3 Stress Strain Curve for mild steel

Stress - Strain diagram HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed) bars

 There is no specified yield point for HYSD bars, the code gives the characteristic curve
as given above.
 So considering the strain value of 0.002 the yield stress is noted.
 The design curve almost same as mild steel and the design stress is also 0.87 fy.
 But the strain at this point is different as given above.

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 Fig 4 Stress Strain Curve for HYSD bars

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
 A design philosophy is a set of assumptions and procedures which are used to meet the
conditions of serviceability, safety, economy and functionality of the structure. Some of
the design philosophies that has been used by engineers are
1. Working Stress Method (WSM)
2. Ultimate Load Method (ULM)
3. Limit State Method (LSM)
Working Stress Method
 The sections of the members of the structure are designed assuming straight line
stress-strain relationships ensuring that at service loads the stresses in the steel and
concrete do not exceed the allowable working stresses.
 The allowable stresses are taken as fixed proportions of the ultimate or yield strength

of the materials.

 The B.Ms and forces that act on statically indeterminate structures are
calculated assuming linear – elastic behaviour.
 Reinforced concrete sections behave in elastically at high loads. Hence elastic
theory cannot give a reliable prediction of the ultimate strength of the

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 members because inelastic strains are not taken into account.
 For structures designed by the working stress method, the exact load factor is
unknown and varies from structures to structure.
Ultimate Load Method:

 Sections of members of the structures are designed taking inelastic strains into account
to reach ultimate (maximum) strength when an ultimate load, equal to the sum of each
service load multiplied by its respective load factor, is applied to the structure.
 The beginning moments and forces that act as statically indeterminate structures at the
ultimate load are calculated assuming non linear elastic behaviour of the structure up to
the ultimate load. i.e., redistribution of same actions is taking place due to nonlinear
relationship between actions and deformations.
 Ultimate strength design makes more efficient use of high strength reinforcement and
smaller beam depths can be used without compression steel.

 Ultimate strength design allows the designer to assess the ductility of the structure in
the post-elastic range.
 If the sections are designed based on ultimate strength design, there is a danger that
although the load factor is adequate. The cracking and the deflections at the service
loads may be excessive.
 Cracking may be excessive if the steel stresses are high or if the bars are badly
distributed.
 Deflections may be critical if the shallow sections, which are possible in USD, are used
and the stresses are high.
 To ensure a satisfactory design, the crack widths and deflections at service loads must be
checked to make sure that this lies within reasonable limiting values, as per functional
requirements of the structure. This is done by use of elastic theory.
Limit state method of design

The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable
probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in its lifetime for the use for which it
is intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state
 A structure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand

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 safely.
 All loads that are reliable to act on it throughout its life and it should
also satisfy the sustainability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection and cracking.
 It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during
and after accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure i.e. limit sate
must be consider in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and
serviceability
 The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in
design are as follows Limit state of collapse - Flexure, Compression,
Shear and Torsion Limit state of serviceability
 This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

DESIGN CODE AND SPECIFICATION

Objectives

 To provide adequate structural safety

 To specify simple design procedures, design table and formula
 To provide legal validity and to protect structural engineers
 To provide uniform set of guidelines

Hand books are:

 SP: 16 – 1980 - Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

 SP: 24 – 1983 - Explanatory handbook on Indian standard code of practice for plain and

reinforced concrete

 SP: 34 – 1987 - Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing

Code Book is
IS: 456 – 2000 - Indian Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE OF
PRACTICE (Fourth Revision)

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Deflection Criteria

Deflection of structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of
structure or finishes or partitions.
Deflection shall generally be limited to the following:

i. Final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from as-cast level of supports of floors, roofs and all
other horizontal members should not normally exceed span/250.
ii. Deflection including effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after
erection of partitions and application of finishes should not normally exceed
(span/350) or 20mm whichever is less.

Factors influencing limits on deflection in flexural members

 Aesthetic/psychological discomfort
 Crack width limitation
 Effect on attached structural and non structural elements
 Ponding in (roof) slabs
DESIGN FOR BOND IN RC

 Bond stress: stress developed between surface of steel reinforcement and surrounding
concrete by which slip occurs when concrete and steel act together in structural
member by transferring stress between each other.
 Slip: relative displacement between reinforcement and surrounding concrete.
 Bond stresses are, in effect, longitudinal shearing stresses developed on surface
between steel and surrounding concrete wherever stress in a bar changes.
 Importance of determining bond stress in tensile reinforcing bars has increased due to
the following reasons
 More frequent use of high grade steel with larger bar diameter and
 Adopting refined ultimate strength design procedures

DISTRIBUTION OF BOND STRESS

 Bond stress in a beam or wall is neither uniform nor gradually varying from point to point
 Very large bond stresses develop adjacent to tension crack

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  Essentially ultimate bond stresses exist close by on the same bar, even reversed
in direction in many cases.
 Thus there is a practical problem as to how to describe or measure or evaluate such
a fluctuating stress condition.
BOND MECHANISM
Bond can be thought of as shearing stress or force between a bar and surrounding
concrete Bond resistance is offered by
 Chemical Adhesion – gel like hydration products
 Friction–surface roughness and concrete shrinkage
 Mechanical Interaction - ribs in deformed bars Importance of Bond
Ultimate Limit State
– Anchorage of Reinforcement
– Control of Hinge rotations in flexural members
– Maintenance of Composite action
Serviceability Limit State
– Control of Flexural Cracking
– Control of Member Deformations

Factors affecting bond strength

 Type of Reinforcement – Plain or Deformed
 Diameter of bars
 Grade of Concrete
 Cover to reinforcement
 Confinement of Concrete
 Direction of Casting
 Top bar effect
 Spacing of bars
 Relative rib area of bars
 Quality of reinforcement
 Coating to reinforcement

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Types of Bond

 Flexural bond: arises in flexural members on account of shear or variation in

bending moment-critical at points where shear is significant.
 Anchorage bond: arises over a length of anchorage provided for a bar or near the
end of a reinforcing bar and resists pulling out of bar in tension.

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT LENGTH?

Fig 5 Development length

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Table 1 Difference between three lengths

Development length Anchorage length Lap length

Development length must be Anchorage is the length of Lap is required when a

provided for the required reinforcement that needs to reinforcement bar needs to
amount of reinforcement(as be embedded into the be spliced at a section. This
per moment) on either sides support for complete stress is again to ensure sufficient
of every section in the transfer. development length at every
member so that the Anchorage bars are section. The bar that ends
reinforcement doesn’t slip as different for bars in tension midway lacks the sufficient
it approaches the ultimate and compression. development length at the
stress at that section Bends are taken as 4 times sections closer to its end and
the diameter of the bar for the bar that begins midway
45 degree bend, 8 times the lacks the development
diameter of the bar for 90 length at the beginning
degree bend, 16 times the sections. In order to satisfy
diameter of the bar for 135 both the requirements the
degree bend. U-hooks shall bars are overlapped for a
be taken 16 times the sufficient length on either
diameter of the bar. sides of the intended splice
point.

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SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT – II – BEAMS – SCIA1502

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 UNIT – II – BEAMS
Flexure of RCC beams of rectangular section - Balanced, Under Reinforced and Over
Reinforced Sections - Analysis and Design of Singly and Doubly Reinforced beams -
Design of flanged Sections (T and L beams) and Continuous Beams - Analysis and
design with and without shear reinforcement as per IS: 456

BEAM
 A Beam is an inevitable horizontal or sloping structural element to resist the load of
the structure.
 The main function of the beam is designed to resist the external or internal load such
as wall, slab and floors of the building and distribute the load to the foundation
through the column.
 The horizontal beam carries an only transverse (vertical) load and the sloping beams
carry both transverse and axial load.
LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN
 The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable
probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in it’s lifetime use for which it
is intended.
 A structure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand safety.
 It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after
accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure. i.e. limit sate must be consider in
design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability

 The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as
follows Limit state of collapse
 Flexure
 Compression
 Shear
 Torsion
 This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

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 Fig 1 Types of stresses

WHAT IS DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS?

 Neutral axis is the axis at which the stresses are zero and it is situated at the centre of
gravity of the section, which is neither compression nor tension.
 The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile steel will reach its
yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is avoided.
WHAT IS EFFECTIVE DEPTH?
 The effective depth of the beam is the distance from the tension steel to the edge of
the compression fiber.

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  Therefore, we can say that the effective depth of a beam section is a distance as
measured from top fiber of beam to centroid of steel reinforcement.
WHAT IS EFFECTIVE COVER?
 Effective cover is taken as distance taken from bottom concrete fiber section from the
center level of the reinforcement.

Effective cover = overall depth – effective depth (OR) clear cover + (diameter of bar/2)

WHAT IS CLEAR COVER?

 Clear cover is the distance measured from the exposed concrete surface (Without
plaster and other finishes) to the nearest surface of the reinforcing bar.

WHY EFFECTIVE COVER IS PROVIDED?

 To protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to prevent
their corrosion;
 To provide thermal insulation, which protects the reinforcement bars from fire, and;
 To give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed without
slipping.

FLEXURE OF RCC BEAMS OF RECTANGULAR SECTION

 Flexural members are slender members that deform primarily by bending
moments caused by concentrated couples or transverse forces.
 In modern construction, these members may be joists, beams, girders, lintels, and
other specially named elements.
 But their behavior in every case is essentially the same.
 Unless otherwise specified in a problem, flexural members will be referred to as
beams here.

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 Fig 2 stresses in a beam member

Assumptions to determine Moment of resistance of

Reinforced concrete beams
1. Plane sections remain plane before and after bending. This means that strains are
proportional to distance from the neural axis.
2. Ultimate limit state of bending failure is assumed to have been reached when the
strain in the concrete at the extreme bending compression fiber reaches 0.0035.
3. The stress distribution across compression face will correspond to the stress-strain
diagram for concrete in compression.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected as the section is assumed to be
cracked up to the neutral axis.
5. The stress in steel will correspond to the corresponding strain in the steel
6. As given in assumption 2 above that the reinforced concrete section in bending is
assumed to fail when the compression strain in concrete reaches the failure
strain in bending compression equal to 0.0035.

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STRESS STRAIN PROFILE FOR BEAM

Fig 3 stress strain profile for beam

TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
 Singly reinforced beam
 Doubly reinforced beam
 Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams
 Continuous beams

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

 The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is known as singly
reinforced beam.
 In such beams, the final bending moment and the stress because of bending are
carried by the reinforcement, while this compression is carried by the concrete.
 But it is not possible to provide reinforcement only in the tension zone, because we
need to tie the stirrups.
 Therefore, two rebars/ holding bars are used in the compression zone to tie the
stirrups, and the rebars act as false members only to hold the stirrups

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 Fig 4 Singly reinforced section
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
 The beam that is reinforced with steel in the tension and compression zone is known
as the doubly reinforced beam.
 The doubly reinforced beams have compression reinforcement in addition to
the tension reinforcement, and this compression reinforcement can be on both sides of
the beam (top or bottom face), depending on the type of beam, that is, simply
supported or cantilever, respectively

Fig 5 Doubly reinforced section

WHY A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM?
 This type of beam will be considered necessary when, due to the consideration of
headroom or architecture, the depth of the beam is restricted.
 And when the singly reinforced section is insufficient to resist the bending moment on
the section additional tension and compression reinforcement are designed based on
steel beam theory.
 The doubly reinforced beam (DRB) section is used where the span is more, where
cross section will also be increased.

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  Depth can be reduced and the Ast can be increased.
 In DRB, the top and bottom reinforcement must be designed.

SINGLY OR DOUBLY REINFORCED FLANGED BEAMS

 The flanged beam may be considered as a rectangular beam of width bf and effective
depth d, if the neutral axis is in the flange as the concrete in tension is ignored.
However, if the neutral axis is in the web, the compression is taken by the flange and
a part of the web

Fig 6Flanged beams

CONTINUOUS BEAMS
 Beams are made continuous over the supports to increase structural integrity.
 A continuous beam provides an alternate load path in the case of failure at a section.
 In regions with high seismic risk, continuous beams and frames are preferred in
buildings and bridges.
 A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate structure.

Fig 7 Continuous beams

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Balanced, Under-Reinforced and Over-Reinforced Beam Sections

Balanced Beam Section

 Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel also reaches yield
strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches the failure strain in bending are
called balanced sections.
 Steel bars, inside fail first and then the concrete (i.e.,) Steel failure to concrete failure
Under-Reinforced Beam Section
 Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the steel reaches yield strain at loads
lower than the load at which the concrete reaches failure strain are called under-
reinforced sections.
 The concrete has maximum yield strain (i.e.,) steel reaches yield strain at lower load
than concrete
Over-Reinforced Beam Sections
 Reinforced concrete beam sections, in which the failure strain in concrete is
reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is reached, are called over-reinforced
beam sections.
 The concrete fails first then the steel (i.e.,) concrete failure to steel failure

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Depth of Neutral axis
Consider a rectangular beam section,
b- Width of section
d- Effective depth
Ast- Area of steel reinforcement = πd2/4
Xu- depth of neutral axis
For equilibrium of forces at the limit state of collapse Pg. No. 96
Limiting values of (Xumax/d) for different grades of steel forming table Ref Pg. no. 70
Grades of steel X u,max /d Expression for Mu limit

Fe250 0.53 0.149fck.b.d²

Fe415 0.48 0.138fck.b.d²
Fe500 0.46 0.149fck.b.d²
Steps to calculate Mu:
Find d
Step 1; to find Mu, find depth, d.
To find d, we have to equate compression force = tension force (i.e)
So equate C =T
0.36 fck b Xu=0.87 fy Ast
Find neutral axis co-efficient which is Xu/d
Xu = (0.87 fy Ast) / (0.36 fck b)

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For Fe415:
If Xu/d is equal to 0.48, then it is balanced section
[ Mu = Mu,lim]
If Xu/d is less than limiting value 0.48, under reinforced section
[Mu<Mu,lim]
If Xu/d is greater than 0.48, than it is over reinforced section
[Mu >Mu,lim]

Analysis Problems
Q1. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam of width 200 mm & it is reinforced with 2
steel bars of 20 mm diameter and effective depth of 400 mm. If M20 grade concrete and
Fe 415 steel as used. Estimate the ultimate moment of resistant.
Given Data:
b=200mm,
d=400mm,
fck = 20 N/mm²
Ast = = 2 * [(π*20²)/4] = 628.32 mm²
Ast = 628.32 mm²
Solution:
Depth of Neutral axis:
𝑋𝑢 0.87 .𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
= (0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝑑)
𝑑
0.87∗415∗628.32
=(0.36∗20∗200∗400)

=0.39
𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢
= 0.394 ( 𝑑 ) max =0.48
𝑑
𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢
( 𝑑 ) < ( 𝑑 )max = 0.394 < 0.48

Therefore section is under reinforced section

Moment of resistance
Ast.fy
Mu = 0.87 . fy. Ast . d [1 – (b.d.fck)]
628.32∗415
= 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 628.32 ∗ 400 [1 − 200∗400∗20]

= 75.95*106 N.mm

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 = 75.95 KN.m
Q2. A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section 200mm wide and 550mm deep. It is
reinforced with the 4 bars of 25mm diameter at effective depth of 500mm. Using M20 grade
concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars. Calculate the safe moment of resistance of section.
Given Data:
b =200mm, d = 500mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
𝜋𝑑2
Ast = n[ ]
4

Ast = 4[π*25²/4] = 1963.49 mm²

Solution:
Depth of neutral axis
𝑋𝑢 0.87 .𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
= (0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝑑)
𝑑
0.87∗415∗1963.49
= 0.36∗20∗200∗500

= 0.98
𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢
( 𝑑 ) > ( 𝑑 )max (i.e) 0.98 > 0.48

(i.e) It is over reinforced concrete

Moment of Resistance, Mu:
Mu = 0.138*fck*b*d² (or) Mu = 0.36(Xumax/d) [1-0.42(Xumax/d)] b*d² *fck
Mu = 0.138*20*200*500² (or) Mu = 0.36*0.48[1-(0.42*0.48)] 20*200*500²
Mu = 138*106 N mm (or) Mu = 138*106 N mm
Mu =138 KN.m
Q3. A reinforced concrete beam of 300mm wide is reinforced with 1436mm² of Fe415
HYSD bars at an effective depth of 500mm, if M20 grade concrete is used estimate the
moment of resistance of the section.
Given Data:
b =300mm, d = 500mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm² Ast=1436mm²
Solution:
Depth of Neutral axis
𝑋𝑢 0.87 .𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
= (0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝑑)
𝑑

(0.87∗415∗1436)
=[ ]
(0.36∗20∗300∗500

=0.48
𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢
( 𝑑 ) = ( 𝑑 )max => it is a balanced section

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Moment of resistance, Mu:
Mu = 0.138*fck*b*d² (or) Mu = 0.36(Xumax/d)[1-0.42(Xumax/d)] b*d² *fck
Mu= 0.138*20*300*500² (or) Mu = 0.36*0.48[1-(0.42*0.48)] 20*300*500²
Mu = 207*10^6 N mm (or) Mu = 206.9 *10^6 N mm
Mu=207 KN.m

Q4. Determine area of reinforced steel required for singly reinforced concrete section having
a breadth of 300mm, effective depth of 600mm to resist a factor moment of 200KN.m. Adopt
fck=20N/mm² and fy = 415 N/mm².
Given Data:
b =300mm, d = 600mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm², Mu (factor moment)=
200KN.m
Solution:
Limiting Moment of resistance, Mu,lim:
Mu,lim = 0.138*fck*b*d²
=0.138*20*300*600² =298KNm
Here Mu<Mu,lim = 200< 298KNm
i. If Mu<Mu,lim = under reinforced section
ii. If Mu=Mu,lim = Balanced reinforced section
iii. If Mu>Mu,lim = Over reinforced section
Therefore here it is under reinforced section.
[IS 456-2000 pg.no 96, For Mu]
Ast.fy
* Mu = 0.87 . fy. Ast . d [1 – ( )]
b.d.fck
𝐴𝑠𝑡∗415
200*10^6 = 0.87*415*Ast*600[1 − 300∗600∗20]

200*10^6 = 216630 Ast – 24.91 Ast²

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = −𝑏 ± (√𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐)/2𝑎
√216630²−4∗24.9∗200∗10^6)
= -216630 ± ( Ast = 7649.4 mm² (+ve) (or) 1050.5 mm² (-ve)
(2∗24.9)

DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION:

Problem:
Q1. A doubly reinforced section/beam having a rectangular section 250mm wide and 540mm
over all depth is reinforced with 2 bars of 12mm φ in the compression side and 4bars of

13
20mm φ in the tension side. The effective cover to bar 40mm using M20 grade concrete and
Fe415 steel. Estimate the flexural strength of the section using IS 456-2000
Given Data:
b =250mm, D = 540mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
Step 1:-
Asc – area of steel in compression side
𝜋𝑑2
Asc = [ ]2 = 2*π*12² / 4 = 226.08 mm²
4

Ast – area of steel in tension side

𝜋𝑑2
Ast = [ ]2 = 2*π*20² / 4 = 1256 mm²
4

Effective cover, d’ = 40mm

Step 2:- Effective depth d = D-d’ = 540 – 40 = 500mm
Xumax/d = 0.48 (constant)
Xumax/d = 0.48*500 = 240mm
[𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑑’]
Step 3:- 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 { } ∗ 𝐸𝑠
𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

=0.0035{[240 – 40]/240 } *2*10^5

= 583.33 N/mm²
fsc value should not be greater than 0.87fy
fsc= 583.33 > 0.87 fy
fsc= 0.87*415 = 361.05 N/mm²
𝐴𝑠𝑐.𝑓𝑠𝑐
Step 4:- 𝐴𝑠𝑡 2 = 0.87.𝑓𝑦 = 226.08 mm²

Ast = Ast₁ + Ast₂

Ast₁ = Ast - Ast₂ = 1256 – 226.08 = 1029.92
Ast₁ = 1030 mm²
Step 5:- Check for Xu,
𝑋𝑢 0.87 .𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
= (0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝑑)
𝑑

(0.87∗415∗1030)
Xu =[ ]
(0.36∗20∗250)

= 206.6 < 240mm

Here Ast₁, we have to substitute minimum area of steel section.
Xu< Xumax, Therefore section is under reinforced.
Step:-6 for doubly reinforced section Mu will be
Mu= 0.87 .fy. Ast₁ (d-0.42.Xu) + fsc. Asc(d-d’) [refer Pg No. 96 ]

14
 = 191 KNm
Q2. A doubly reinforced concrete section has width of 300mm & it is reinforced with tension
steel area of 2455mm² at an effective depth of 600mm. Compression steel area 982mm² is
provided at an effective cover of 60mm using M20 grade concrete & Fe415 steel. Estimate
the ultimate moment capacity of the section.
Given Data:
b =300mm, d = 600mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
Ast = 2455 mm² (tension), Asc = 982 mm²(compression), d’ = 600mm
Solution:
Step 1:- Xumax/ d = 0.48
Xumax = 0.48 *600 = 288mm
Step 2:-
[𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑑’]
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 { } ∗ 𝐸𝑠
𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

=0.0035{[288 – 60]/288 } *2*10^5

= 554.16 N/mm²
fsc should not be greater than 0.87fy
0.87 * fy = 361.05 N/mm²
fsc=554 is greater than 0.87 fy, so take 361 N/mm² as fsc
fsc = 361 N/mm²
𝐴𝑠𝑐.𝑓𝑠𝑐
Step 3:- 𝐴𝑠𝑡₂ = 0.87.𝑓𝑦 = 982 mm²

Ast = Ast₁ + Ast₂

Ast₁ = Ast - Ast₂ = 2455 – 982 = 1473 mm²
Step 4:- Check Xu
𝑋𝑢 0.87 .𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑑
= (0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏.𝑑)
0.87∗415∗1473
Xu =[ ] = 246.21 mm
0.36∗20∗300

Xu< Xumax = 246.21 < 288

It is under reinforced.
Step 6:-
Mu = 0.87 .fy. Ast1 (d-0.42.Xu) + Fsc. Asc (d-d’)
= 455 KN.m

15
ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF RC SECTION
[Pg No: 48, 72, 73 for problems]
RC members are generally subjected to max shear forces normally near the support
section of simply supported flexural members. In continuous beams the support section are
subjected to shear couple with moments. The types of shear failure absorbed in RC members
are:
i. Shear tension (or) Diagonal tension failure
ii. Flexure shear failure
iii. Shear compression failure
iv. Shear bond failure

Nominal shear stress

τᵥ = Vᵤ/bd
where,
Vᵤ - ultimate shear force at section
τᵥ - Nominal shear stress
b - Breadth
d - Effective depth

PROBLEMS
Q1. A RCB has a support section with a width of 250mm and effective depth of 500m. The
support section is reinforced with 3 bars of 20mm on tension side 8mmφ. 2 legged stirrups
are provided at a spacing of 200mm centre using M20 grade concrete of Fe415 steel bars.
Calculate the shear strength of the support section.
Given Data:
b =250 mm, d = 500 mm, fck = 20 N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
𝜋𝑑2
Ast = [ ] n, Ast =3*π*20²/4 = 942.48mm²
4

ASV = 2*π*8²/4 = 100.53mm²,

Sv = 200mm
To find: Vu
Step 1:- Percentage of tension [refer Pg No. 73]
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100∗942.48
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑
= 250∗500
= 0.75 [refer table 19 IS 456-2000 & read out the design shear
strength of concrete Ʈc corresponding to M20 grade concrete]

16
Ʈc = 0.56 N/mm²
Step2:- Shear resisted by concrete
Vuc = Ʈc*b*d [refer Pg No. 72]
= 0.56*250*250 = 70*10^3 N or 70KN
Step 3:- Shear resisted by Vertical links/ stirrups
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87 𝑓𝑦) 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = [Refer Pg No. 73]
𝑆𝑣

= 100.53(0.87*415)500]/200
= 90.74 KN
Step 4:- Total shear resistance
Vu = Vus + Vus = 70 + 90 = 160 KN

Common width of beams are 150, 200, 230, 250 & 300mm [Pg No. 37]
Space range Loading Span(depth ratio L/d)
3 to 4m Light 15 to 20
5 to 10m Medium/heavy 12 to 15
5 to 10m Heavy 10 to 12

LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF BEAMS

PROBLEMS
Q1. Design a singly reinforcement concrete beam with suitable following data.
Clear span = 4m, width of support = 300mm, service load = 5 KN/m, fck = 20 N/mm²,
fy=415 N/mm².
Given Data:
L= 4m, width =300mm = 0.3 m, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
Partial safety factor = 1.5
Solution:
Step1:- Cross-sectional dimension
Assuming the span depth ratio L/d = 20 [Pg No. 37]
L/d = 20 => d= L/20
Effective depth, d = 4000/20 = 200mm
Cover = 50mm, overall depth, D = 200+50 =250mm = 0.25m
b = 200mm = 0.2m
Step2:- Effective span (Adopt least value)

17
 i. Clear span + effective depth = effective span => 4+0.2 = 4.2m
ii. Centre to centre of support = effective span => 4+ 0.3/2 +0.3/2 = 4.3m
Effective span, L = 4.2m (least value)
Step 3:- Load calculation (for singly reinforced beam design)
Self wt. of beam = b * D* unit wt. of concrete
= 0.2*0.25*25 = 1.25KN/m
Live load = 5 KN/m (given)
Total Load = 1.25 + 5 = 6.25 KN/m
Ultimate Load = Total load * partial safety factor
= 6.25 * 1.5 = 9.38 KN/m
Wu = 9.38 KN/m
Step4:- Shear force & bending moment
𝑊𝑢∗𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 = [Ultimate moment]
8

= 9.38 * 4.2² /8 = 20.67 KN.m

𝑊𝑢∗𝑙
𝑉𝑢 = [Shear forces]
2

= 9.38 * 4.2 /2 = 19.7KN

Step 5:- Check for Mu, lim
Mu, lim = 0.138*fck*b*d²
= 0.138*20*200*200² = 22.08 KN.m
Mu < Mu, lim = (20.67< 22.08) => Under reinforced section

Step 6:- Area of steel

Ast.fy
Mu = 0.87 . fy. Ast . d [1 – (b.d.fck)] [pg no – 92]
𝐴𝑠𝑡∗415
20.67*10^6 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 200 [1 − 200∗200∗20]

Ast (req) = 349.65 mm².

i. Using 16mm φ
n = Ast (req)/ast => 349.65/π*16²/4 = 1.74 say 2 Nos
ii. Spacing = 1000 ast / Ast => 1000* 201.06/349.65 = 575 mm [Sv should not be
less than 50mm & should not be greater than 300mm]
Max spacing 300mm. So using change of dia of rod 16mm 2 bars. To hanger bar 10mm
dia

18
Step 7:- Check for shear stress
V = Vu/bd = (19.68 * 10^3) / (200*200) [Pg No 72]
= 0.492 N/mm²
Ast (provided) = 2*π*16² / 4 = 402mm²
Percentage of tension reinforced = 100Ast (provided)/bd = 1
[Refer table 19, take Ʈc value]
Ʈc = 0.62 N/mm²
Ʈv = 0.492 N/mm²
Ʈv < Ʈc
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥ 0.87 𝑓𝑦 [Pg. No 48]
𝑏 𝑆𝑣

Provide the nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm 2 leg stirrups.

Asv = 2*π*6² /4 = 56.54 mm²
Sv = Asv * 0.87*fy / b*0.4 = 56.54 * 0.87*415 / 200* 0.4 = 255mm
Sv > 0.75d (i.e.) 255> 0.75*200 => 255>150
Adopt spacing of stirrups as 150mm centres.
Step 8:- Check for deflection method
[pg no. 38 Refer fig 5.1, check Kt value]
Kt = 1.05
(L/d) max = (L/d) basic. Kt. Kc. Kf
= 20* 1.05*1*1
= 21
(L/d) actual = 4200/200 = 21
(L/d) max = (L/d) actual => therefore deflection control is satisfactory.

19
Step 9:- Design using SP – 16 design tables
Mu /(d*d²) = 20.67*10^6 / 200*200 = 2.58
[ref table 2 of SP -16 and read out Pt = 1.005 (or) say 1
Ast = (Pt . b.d)/100 = 1.005*200*200 /100 = 350mm²
Hence Ast is the same as that computed using theoretical equations.

DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

Q1. Design a RCB of rectangular section using the following data. Effective span = 5m,
width of beam = 250mm, overall depth = 500mm, working load = 40 KN/m, effective cover
= 50mm. M20grade concrete & Fe 415 grade steel is used.
Given Data:
L =5m, b =250mm, D = 500mm, d’ = 50mm, d = D-d’ = 500-50 = 450mm
fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm²
W = 40 KN/m
Solution:
Step 1:- Cross-section dimension
b =250mm, D = 500mm, d’ = 50mm, d = 450mm, L=5000mm
Step 2:- Load Calculation
Working load, W = 40 KN/m
Ultimate Load = Total load * partial safety factor
= 40 * 1.5 = 60 KN/m
Wu = 60 KN/m
Step 3:- Shear force & bending moment
𝑊𝑢∗𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 = [Ultimate moment]
8

= 60 * 5² /8 = 187.5 KN.m
𝑊𝑢∗𝑙
𝑉𝑢 = [Shear forces]
2

= 60 * 5 /2 = 150KN
Step 5:- Check for Mu, lim
Mu, lim = 0.138*fck*b*d²
= 0.138*20*250*450² = 139.73KNm say 140 KN.m
Mu >Mu, lim => Over reinforced section (i.e.) it is doubly reinforced section
Mu-Mulim = 187.5 – 140 [Pg No. 96]
= 47.5 KN.m

20
 [𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑑’]
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 { } ∗ 𝐸𝑠
𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

Xumax/d = 0.48 => Xumax = 0.48*d = 0.48*450

[(0.48∗450)– 50]
fsc =0.0035 { } ∗ 2 ∗ 105
0.48∗50

= 538 N/mm²
Check: fsc > 0.87 fy
538 > 361 (so adopt fsc as 361 N/mm²)
Mu, Mulim = fsc. Asc (d-d’) [Pg No – 96]
187*10^6 – 140*10^6 = 361* Asc(450-50)
Asc = 328mm²
i. Use 16mm φ
n = Ast/ast = 328/(π*16²/4) = 1.63 ≈ 2 nos
therefore provide 2 nos of 16mm φ

𝐴𝑠𝑐.𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡₂ = [Pg No- 96]
0.87.𝑓𝑦

=328*361 / (0.87*415)
= 328 mm²
0.36.𝑓𝑐𝑘.𝑏 .𝑋𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑡₁ = [ ]
0.87𝑓𝑦

{from Xumax/d = [0.87fy. Ast/(0.36. fck. b .d)] }

= 0.36*20*250*(0.48*450)/0.87*415
= 1077 mm²
Ast = Ast₁ + Ast₂
= 1077 + 328 = 1405 mm²
ii. Use 25mm φ
n = Ast/ast = 1405/(π*25²/4) = 3 nos
therefore provide 3 nos of 25mm φ
Step 5:- Check for shear stress
Ʈc = Vu/bd = (150 * 10^3) / (250*450) [Pg No 72]
= 1.33 N/mm²
Percentage of tension reinforced, pt = 100Ast/bd = 100*1405/250*450 = 1.25
Ʈc = 0.67 [refer table 19 Pg N0. 73]
Ʈv > Ʈc => therefore shear reinforcement shall be provided.
Vus = Vu – Ʈc bd [Pg No – 73]

21
Vus = 74625 N
Use 8mm φ 2 legged stirrups
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋∗82
Asv = [ ] *2 = [ ] *2 = 100.53 mm²
4 4
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87 𝑓𝑦) 𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.87 𝑓𝑦) 𝑑
Therefore 𝑆𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢𝑠

= 100.53(0.87*415)450/74625
Sv = 218.87 mm, say 200mm
Provide 2 legged 8mm φ stirrups @ 200mm c/c.
Step 6:- Check for deflection
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic. Kt. Kc. Kf [pg No. 37, clause 23.2.1]
= 20 * Kt. Kc. Kf
[Pg No 38, below fig 4]
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
* 𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ]

= 0.58. fy [1405/1472.62] Ast(provided) = 3*π*25² / 4 = 1472.62 mm²

= 230 N/mm².
Kt = 0.9 [ from graph]
% of tension = 1.25
fs= 230 N/mm²
% of compression reinforcement = 100Ast/bd => 100*328 / 250*450 = 0.29
Kc = 1 [for doubly RCB]
 (L/d)max = 20*0.9*1.09*1 = 19.62
 (L/d) actual = 5000/450 = 11.1
(L/d) max > (L/d)actual
Therefore deflection is in control

FLANGE BEAM [T-Beam and L- Beam]

22
Design parameters of T- beam [refer Pg No 36, of IS 456-2000]
 Effective width of flange (bf)
bf > bw+1/2 of clear distance to the adjacent beam
 For T-beam
𝐿𝑜
bf = + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷6
6

 For L –beam
𝐿𝑜
 bf = 12 + 𝑏𝑤 + 3𝐷₆

b- actual width of flange

L (or) Lo – effective span
bf – effective width of flange
bw – width of web(or) rib
Df – flange thickness
Effective depth – Span/depth(L/d) ratio is assumed in the range of 12 to 20 depending on the
span range and degree of loading.
Width of web – the nominal range varies from 150 to 400mm. It is influenced by the width of
the supporting column or the width of the support.
Flange thickness – It is generally same as the thickness of the slab between the ribs (or) web.
The thickness of the slab varies from 100 to a max. of 250mm.
PROBLEM
Q1. A T-beam slab floor of an office comprises of its slab 150mm thick spanning b/w ribs
spaced at 3m centres. The effective span of beam is 8m. Live load on the floor is 4 KN/m.
Using M20 grade concrete & Fe415 HYSD bars design one of the intermediate T-beams.
Given Data:
L(or) Lo = 8m, b =3m, Df = 150mm, fck = 20N/mm² fy = 415 N/mm² Live
load = 4KN/m
Solution:
Step 1:- Assume basic L/d as 20 for simply supported beam. For T beam, assume width of
rib as 300mm (bw)

23
(i.e) bw = 300mm.
Flange width = 3m
The ratio of web to flange width (web/flange width) = 300/3000 = 0.1
Reduction factor, Kf = 0.8 [for 0.1, Kf = 0.8] [refer Pg. No – 39, fig 6]
Span/depth = 20* Kf = 20*0.8 = 16
L/d = 16 => d = L/16 = 8000/16= 500mm
Assuming, d’ = 50mm, D = d+d’ = 50+500 =550mm
D = 550mm, d=500mm, d’ =50mm, bw = 300mm & Df = 150mm
Step 2:- Load calculation
Self wt of slab = b* Df * unit wt of concrete
= 3*0.15*25 = 11.25 KN/m
Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m [assumed] (i.e) 0.6*3
Self wt of rib = bw * Dw * unit wt of concrete
= 0.3 * 0.4*25 = 3 KN/m
Plaster finish = 0.3 to 0.5 KN/m [assume]
Total dead load = 11.25 + 3+ 1.8 [if needed add plaster finish too, here it didn’t added]
= 16.5 KN/m
Live load = 4 KN/m
Total load = 16.5 + 4 = 20.5 KN/m
Ultimate load = Total load * partial safety factor
= 20.5 * 1.5 = 30.75 KN/m
Step 3:- Bending moment and shear force
𝑊𝑢∗𝑙2
𝑀𝑢 = [ultimate moment]
8

= 30.75 * 8² /8 = 246 KN.m

𝑊𝑢∗𝑙
𝑉𝑢 = [shear forces]
2

= 30.75 * 8 /2 = 123KN
Step 4:- Effective width of flange [adopt least value]
𝐿𝑜 8000
i. bf = + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷6= + 300 + 6 ∗ 150 = 2.53m
6 6

24
 ii. bf = C/C of ribs
= 0.15 + 3+0.15 = 3.3m
bf = 2530 mm[least value]
Step 5:- Moment capacity of flange
Muf = 0.36. fck. bf . Df. (d-0.42 Df) [not in code book]
= 0.36*20*2530*150*(500 – (0.42*150))
= 1.19 * 10^9 = 1190 KNm
Mu < Muf (i.e) Xu < Df
It is under reinforced section
Step 6:- Reinforcement
Mu= 0.87 .fy. Ast .d [1 – (Ast .fy/ b. d. fck)]
This section is considered as rectangular section, so b = bf
246*10^6 = 0.87*415*Ast*500[1- (Ast*415/2530*500*20)
246*10^6 = 180.525* 10^3 * Ast – (74,92 * 10^6 * Ast²)/25.3* 10^6
74.92*10^6 * Ast² - 4.56*10^12 Ast + 6.22*10^15 = 0
[use 991 caluculator & solve equation]
Ast = 1396mm² [required]
 No of bars = Ast/ast
Use 25mmφ steel rod
n = 1396 / (π*25²/4) = 3 Nos
provide 3 bars of 25mm φ and 2 hanger bars of 12mm φ on compression zone.
Step 7:- Check for shear stress
% of tension, Pt = 100 Ast/bd = (100*1396 )/ (300*500) = 0.93
From table 19, Pg No.73, Ʈc = 0.62 N/mm²
Ʈv = Vu /bw. d = 123*10^3 /(300*500) = 0.82 N/mm²
Ʈv > Ʈc => shear reinforcement shall be provided.
Vus = Vu – Ʈc . b.d [pg No 73]
=123*10^3 –(0.62*300*500)
=30*10^3 N = 30KN
 Use 8mm φ 2 legged stirrups
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋∗82
Asv = [ ] *2 = 2* = 100.53 mm²
4 4

Vus = Asv (0.87 fy) d/Sv [pg no 73(a)]

Sv = 100.53(0.87*415)500/(30*10^3)

25
 Sv = 600mm
Provide 2 legged stirrups of 8mm φ at 600mm c/c
Step 8:- check for deflection
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic * Kf *Kc *Kt
= 20* Kt * Kf*Kc
fs = 0.58 fy [area of cross-section of steel required / area of cross-section of steel provided]
= 0.58* 415*[1396/1472.62]
= 228 N/mm².
Kt = 1.1 [pg No 38 chart]
Kf = 0.8 [refer step 1]
Kc = 1 [constant]
(L/d)max = 20*1.1*0.8*1 = 17.6
(L/d)actual = 8000/500 = 16
(L/d)actual < (L/d)max
The deflection is satisfactory & in control.

CONTINUOUS BEAMS
These are commonly used in multi storey building of secural base in perpendicular
direction. The upper limit of span/depth ratio is 26, which can be modified by factors Kc, Kf
and Kt.
IS 456-2000 code delection limits:
Excessive deflections of flexural members like beam & slabs may cause distress to users and
result in cracking of partitions. Hence IS 456-2000 code clause 23.2 prescribes the limiting
deflection as :
1. The final deflection including the effects of all loads, temperature, creep and
shrinkage of horizontal structural members should not exceed the value of span/250.

26
 2. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep & shrinkage occurring after
erection of partitions and the applications of finishes should not exceed span/350 (or)
20mm whichever is less.
In case of beams supporting heavy loads, the span/depth ratio of 10-12 is recommended from
practical considerations.
Q1. Design a continuous reinforcement concrete beam of rectangular section to support a
dead load 10KN/m and a service live load of 15 KN/m over 3 simply supported span of 8m
each. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars.
Given Data:
L = 8m, fck = 20 N/mm², fy = 415 N/mm², dead load = 10KN/m
liveload = 15 KN/m
Solution :
Step 1:- Cross-section dimension :
Assuming L/d = 12 [refer previous para]
d = L/12 = 8000/12 = 666.67 say650mm
d’ = 50mm [assume]
D = d + d’ = 650 + 50 = 700mm
b = 300mm [assume]
Step 2:- Load calculation
Self wt of beam = b * D * unit wt of concrete
= 0.3 * 0.7* 25 = 5.25 KN/m
Dead load = 10 KN/m
Total dead load = 5.25 + 10 = 15.25 KN/m
Live load = 15 KN/m
(i.e) g = 15.25 KN/m , q = 15 KN/m
Step 3:- Bending moment and Shear force
Negative bending moment @ Interior support
[refer table 12, bending moment co-efficent – clause 22.5.1]
𝑔𝐿2 𝑞𝐿2
i. Mu(-ve) = 1.5[ 10 + ] KN.m
9

Positive bending moment @ centre of span

𝑔𝐿2 𝑞𝐿2
ii. Mu(+ve) = 1.5[ 12 + ] KN.m
10

Max. shear force @ support section

iii. Vu = [1.5*0.6*(g+q)]*L KN

27
 15.25∗82 15∗82
1. Mu(-ve) = 1.5[ + ] KN.m = 306 KN.m
10 9
15.25∗82 15∗82
2. Mu(+ve) = 1.5[ + ] KN.m = 266KN.m
12 10

3. Vu = [1.5*0.6*(15.25+15)] KN = 272.25 KN
Step 4:- Check for Mu, lim:
Mu,lim = 0.138*20*300*650²
= 349.83 KN.
Mu = 306 KN.m & Mu,lim = 349.8 KN.m
Mu < Mu,lim => it is under reinforced section.
Step 5:- Area of Steel
Mu= 0.87 .fy. Ast .d [1 – (Ast .fy/ b. d. fck)]
For Mu(-ve)
306*10^6 = 0.87*415*Ast*650[1- (Ast*415/300*650*20)
Ast = 1566 mm²
 Assume 25mm φ
n = Ast/ast = 1566/(π* 25² /4) = 3.19 nos say 4.
Provide 4 Nos of 25 mm φ of rod.
Ast(prov) = 4*(π* 25² /4) = 1962.5 mm²
For Mu(+ve)
266*10^6 = 0.87*415*Ast*650[1- (Ast*415/300*650*20)
Ast = 1317.3 mm² say 1318mm²
 Assume 25mm φ
n = Ast/ast = 1318/(π* 25² /4) = 2.68 nos say 2.[even no. is better]
Provide 2 Nos of 25 mm φ of rod.
Step 6:- Check for Shear stress
Ʈv = Vu /bw. d = 272*10^3 /(300*650) = 1.39 N/mm²
% of tension, Pt = 100 Ast(prov)/bd = (100*1962.5 )/ (300*650) = 1.006
Ʈc = 0.62 N/mm² [ from table 19]
Ʈv > Ʈc => shear reinforcement shall be provided.
Vus = Vu – Ʈc . b.d [pg No 73]
=272.3*10^3 –(0.6*300*650)
=155300KN
 Use 8mm φ 2 legged stirrups

28
 𝜋𝑑2 𝜋∗82
Asv = [ ] *2 = 2* = 100.53 mm²
4 4

Vus = Asv (0.87 fy) d/Sv [pg no 73(a)]

Sv = 100.53(0.87*415)650/(155300)
Sv = 150mm
Provide 2 legged stirrups of 8mm φ at 150mm c/c
Step 8:- check for deflection
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic * Kf *Kc *Kt
= 20* Kt * Kf*Kc
fs = 0.58* Ast(r)/Ast(b) = 192.06
Kt = 1.2 [pg No 38 chart]
Kf = 1
Kc = 1 [constant]
(L/d)max = 20*1.2*1*1 = 31.2 (or) 12*1.2*1*1 = 14.4
(L/d)actual = 8000/650 = 12.3
(L/d)actual < (L/d)max
The deflection is satisfactory & in control.

29
SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT – III – SLABS – SCIA1502

1
 UNIT – III – SLABS
Analysis and Design of one way and Analysis - Design of two way slab for uniformly
distributed load, various Boundary conditions and corner effects - Design of continuous slabs
- Using code Coefficient.

INRODUCTION
The reinforced concrete slabs are the most common type of structural element used to cover
floors and roofs of buildings. Varying conditions and stipulations ask for the selection of
appropriate and cost-effective concrete slab, keeping in view, the type of building,
architectural layout, aesthetic features, and the span length.
The slab may be supported by walls or by reinforced concrete beams usually cast
monolithically (hugely) with the slab or by structural steel beams or by columns, or by the
ground.
There are 16 different types of Slabs in Construction. Some of them are outdated and many of
them are frequently used everywhere.
1. Flat Slab
2. Conventional Slab
i. One Way Slab
ii. Two Way Slab
3. Hollow core ribbed Slab or Hollow core slab
4. Hardy Slab
i. Waffle Slab
ii. Dome Slab
5. Pitch roof slab
6. Post tension slab
7. Cable suspension slab
8. Pre Tension Slab
9. Low roof slab
10. Projected slab
11. Grads Slab/ Slab on grade
12. Sunken Slab
Miscellaneous Slabs
i. Room Chajja or Loft
ii. Kitchen Slab
iii. Lintels
iv. Sun Shade slab

WHAT IS A SLAB?
 A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal
surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceilings.

2
  A slab is generally several inches thick and supported by beams, columns, walls, or
the ground.
 Concrete slabs can be prefabricated off-site and lowered into place or may be
poured in-situ using formwork.
 If reinforcement is required, slabs can be pre-stressed or the concrete can be poured
over rebar positioned within the formwork.

On the basis of reinforcement provided, beam support, and the ratio of the spans, slabs are
generally classified into one-way slab and two-way slab.

ONE WAY SLAB

 The one way slab is supported on two sides and the ratio of long to short span is
greater than two.
 Generally all the Cantilever slabs are one Way slab.
 Chajjas and verandahs are a practical example of one way slab.

Fig 1 One way slab

TWO WAY SLAB
 The two way slab is supported on four sides and the ratio of long to short span is
smaller than two.
 These types of slabs are used in constructing floors of a multi-storeyed building.

3
Fig 2 Two way slab

4
DESCRIPTION ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB

Ratio of longer span to Greater than or equal to 2. Less than 2.

shorter span

Main reinforcement Main reinforcement is required Main reinforcement is required

and provided in only one and provided in both directions
direction for one way slab. for two way slab.

Bending Bending occurs in one direction. Bending occurs in both directions.

Support One-way slab is supported by Two-Way Slab is supported by

beams in simply two sides. beams in all four sides.

Depth Depth required is more. Depth required is less.

Load distribution Load distribution pattern in one-

Load distribution pattern in two-
way slab is in one direction for
way slab is in four sides.
shorter span.

Deflection or
Whereas the deflected shape of
Deformation The deflected shape of the one-
the two-way slab is a dish or
way slab is cylindrical.
saucer-like shape.

Example
Whereas two-way slabs are used
Chajja and Varandha are practical
in constructive floors of the
examples of one-way slab
Multistorey building.

Economy
Whereas the two-way slab is
The one-way slab is economical
economical for the panel sizes up
up to a span of 3.6 meters.
to 6m × 6m.

Quantity of steel
In two-way slab quantity of steel
In one-way slab quantity of steel
is more as compared to the one-
is less.
way slab.

5
DESIGN PROBLEMS
Problem : 1) Design a ss Rcc slab for an office floor having clear dimensions are 4×10 m of
width, walls 230mm all around . Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars . Assume
L.L as 4KN/m .
Given data :
fy=415 N/mm2
fck =20 N/mm2
width of the wall =230 mm
Size of slab = 4 × 10 m
L.L = 4 KN /m ( Assumed)
B = 1m ( Assumed)
𝐿𝑌 10
= = 2.5 > 2
𝐿𝑋 4
Then it is one way slab.
Step :1) Thickness of slab :
𝑙 4000
= 25 ⇒ 𝑑 = = 160mm
𝑑 25
Assuming ø as 10 mm and d1= 20mm4
Effective cover = clear cover + ( dia. of rod )/2
= 20 + (10 /2)
= 25 mm
Overall depth, D = d +d1= 160+25 =185mm.
Step :2)Effective span :

i) Effective span = clear span + effective depth

= 4 + 0.16

6
 = 4.16
ii) Effective span = c/c of supports
0.23 0.23
= +4+
2 2

= 4.23 m

L = 4.16 ( least value is to be adopted)

Step :3) Load calculation:

Self weight of slab = b × D × unit wt of concrete

D . L = 1 × 0.185 × 25 = 4.626 KN/m

L . L = 4 KN/m , Floor finish =1.5 KN/m

Total load = 4.625 + 4 + 1.5 =10.125 KN/m

Ultimate load , Wu = total load × p.s.f

= 10.125 × 1.5 = 15.1875 KN/m

Step :4) shear force and bending moments :

WuL2 15.1875 ×4.16 × 4.16

B.M = =
8 8

µ = 32.837

S.F = Wu L / 2 = (15.1875 ×4.16 ) / 2 = 31.57 KN

Step :5) Check for µ u lim :

µu lim =0.138 ×fck × b × d2

= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1602= 70.65 KNm

µu <µu lim,⇒It is under reinforced section.

7
Step :6) Reinforcement( area of steel) :

µu lim=0.87 ×fy× Ast × d ×(1 − Ast by/bdfck)

32.837 × 106= 0.87 × 415 ×Ast × 160 ×(1 − Ast× 415/1000×160×20)

Ast = 617.4 mm2

Use 10mm ø rod as assumed in step 1)

ast=π(10)2 / 4=78.5mm2

Sv=1000x ast /Ast

= 1000x78.5/617.4

= 127 ( say 130mm)

Step 7): Check for reinforcement:

Pt = 100Ast/bd

= 100x617.4/1000x160

= 0.386

Ast=0.12% of c/s area

0.12
= 100 × 𝑏 × 𝑑

=220mm2

τc= 0.4N/mm2 ( from P.No: 73)

τv = Vu/bd = 31.6x103/1000x160

= 0.197N/mm2

τc > τv( page No: 72)

8
Using 8 mm ø,

(8)2
𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝜋
4
Sv = 100 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 100 × =230mm
220

τcx k = 0.4x1.24 = 0.496 ( Page No. 72 – 40.2.1.1)

τc(k) > τv( 40.3) (Min. shear shall be provided)

Step 8) Check for deflection :

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kc)x (Kt)x (Kf)

Kc = Kf = 1 & Kt = 1 (from figure)

(L/d)max = (4160/160)x 1x 1x 1 ( fs= 207.176mm)

= 26

fs = 0.58 x fy ( Ast. req/ Ast prov) = 0.58 x 415x 617/Ast prov

Ast prov = Ast req + (100) or (50) for slab

= 717.4mm2

(L/d)actual = 400/160 = 25 { ((L/d)actual < (L/d)max} [ Deflection is satisfactory and in

control]

(Or)

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kt)x (Kc)x (Kf)

= 20x1.4x1x1 = 29

(L/d)actual = 4160/160 = 26<29 ( Therefore it is in control )

9
Problem 2) Design a two way slab for a room size 4×5 m with discontinuous and ss edges on

all the sizes with corners prevented from lifting to support a live load of 4 KN/m.Adopt

M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel.

Given data :
LX= 4m , LY =5m,
fy =415 N/mm2
fck =20 N/mm2
𝐿𝑌 5
= = 1.25 < 2
𝐿𝑋 4
It is one way slab.

Step :1) Thickness of slab :

𝑙 4000
= 25 ⇒ 𝑑 = = 160mm
𝑑 25
( Assume 10mmø rod and clear cover as 25mm)
D= 160+25+(10/2)
=190 mm
effective span = clear span + effective depth
= 4 + 0.16 = 4.16
Step : 2) Load calculation:

10
Self weight of slab = b × D × unit wt of concrete

D.L = 1 × 0.19 × 25 = 4.75 KN/m

L . L = 4 KN/m , Floor finish =0.6 KN/m

Total load = 4.75 + 4 + 0.6 =9.35 KN/m

Ultimate load , Wu = total load × p.s.f

= 9.35 × 1.5 = 14.02 KN/m

Step :3) shear force and bending moments :

𝐿𝑌
= 1.25( from Page No. 91 , table -26)
𝐿𝑋

𝛼x = 0.075, 𝛼𝑦 = 0.056

µx = 𝛼x × wu (Lx)2 = 0.075 × 14.02 × 42 = 16.82 KNm

>-Lx⇒ -ve moment of continuous edge =0.025

>+Lx⇒ -ve moment at mid span =0.056

µy = 𝛼y × wu (Ly)2 = 0.056 × 14.02 × 52 = 19.64 KNm

>-Ly⇒ -ve moment =0.047

>+Ly⇒ -ve moment =0.035

Vux =( wu Lx)/2 =(14.02 × 04)/2 =28.04

Step :4) Check for µ u lim :

µu lim =0.138 ×fck × b × d2

11
 = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1602= 70.65 KNm

µu <µu lim, ⇒It is under reinforced section.

Step : 5) Reinforcement :

µu x =0.87 ×fy× Ast × d ×(1 − Ast by/bdfck)

16.82× 106= 0.87 × 415 ×Ast × 160 ×(1 − Ast× 415/1000×160×20)

Ast =303 mm2

µu y =0.87 ×fy× Ast × d ×(1 − Ast by/bdfck)

19 .64 × 106= 0.87 × 415 ×Ast × 160 ×(1 − Ast× 415/1000×160×20)

Ast =344 mm2

Using 10mm ø of rod

ast=π(10)2 / 4=78.54mm2

Sv=1000x ast /Ast

= 1000x(78.54/344)⇒ adopt max Ast from above

= 259 ( say 260mm)

Provide 10 mm ø rod for 260 mm c/c spacing.

Step 6) Check for shear stress :

% of tension , Pt = 100Ast/bd

= (100x 344)/(1000x160)

= 0.193

ZV = Vu/bd

12
 = (28.06 x 103)/1000x160

=0.175

Zc = 0.34 ( from pg -73)

K= 1.26 ( from pg -72)

K× τc =0.43

K× τc > τk

Step 7) Check for deflection :

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kc)x (Kt)x (Kf)

Kc = p-37

Kf = p-38

Kt = ….

fs = 0.58 x fy ( Ast. req/ Ast prov)

Ast prov = Ast req + (100) or (50) for slab

= 344 + 50 = 395 mm2

fs = 0.58 x fy ( Ast. req/ Ast prov) = 0.58 x 415x 344/395

= 210 mm (pg 38)

Kt= 1.78 , K c = 1, K f= 1

(L/d)basic = 25 ( ⇒4000/160 =25)

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kt)x (Kc)x (Kf)

13
 = 25 x 1 x 1 x 1.78

=44.5

(L/d)actual = 4160/160 = 26

((L/d)actual < (L/d)max [ Deflection is satisfactory and in control]

Step 9 CHECK FOR CRACKING

i) Steel provided
0.12
It is more than mini (0.12%) = × b ×D =228 mm2
100

ii) Spacing of main steel < 3d

= 3 × 160

= 480 (260< 480 mm)

iii) Ø of reinforcement < D/8 0.12% ⇒ 0.12 × b ×D (Overall depth)

10mm < 190/8
Sv< 3d ⇒ Effective depth
10 < 23.75

Dia<D/8 ⇒ Overall depth

Step 10 TORSION REINFORCEMENT AT CORNERS

Area of reinforcement in each four layers = 0.75 × highest Ast

= 0.75 ×344

= 258 mm2

Distance over torsion reinforcement is provided = (1 × short span)/5

=1 × 4000/5

= 800

14
 Provide 6mmø

Sv =1000 x [ast /Ast]

= 1000 x ((π x 62)/4)/258

Sv =110mm

Provide 6mmø @ 110mm c/c @ for all corners.

REINFORCEMENT IN EDGE STRIP

Ast = 0.12 % of c/s area

=0.12% × b × d

= 228mm2

Provide 10 mm ø

Sv =1000x ast /Ast

= 1000 x ((π x 102)/4)/228

=344mm (say 350 mm)

Problem 3) Design a two way slab for an office floor of size 4×6 m with discontinuous

two adjacent edges. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel. Live load = 4 KN/m.

15
Given data :

Floor slab =4×6 m LX= 4m , LY =6m,

fy =415 N/mm2
fck =20 N/mm2

6/4 = 1.5 < 2

𝐿𝑌/𝐿𝑋=
It is one way slab.
Step 1) c/s Dimensions :

Assume l/d= 25 ⇒ 𝑑 =4000/25 = 160mm

D = d + d1 = 160 + 25 = 185 mm
Assume d1 = 25 mm
effective span = clear span + effective depth
= 4 + 0.16 = 4.16
Step : 2) Load calculation:

Self weight of slab = b × D × unit wt of concrete

D . L = 1 × 0.185 × 25 = 4.625 KN/m

L . L = 4 KN/m ,

Floor finish =1.5 KN/m

Total load = 4.75 + 4 + 1.5

=10.15 KN/m

Ultimate load , Wu = total load × p.s.f

= 10.5 × 1.5 = 15.19 KN/m

Step :3) shear force and bending moments :

16
Condition – Two adjacent edges

discontinuous Refer P.No: 91, Table -

26

>-Lx⇒ -ve moment of continuous edge =0.075

>+Lx⇒ -ve moment at mid span =0.056

>-Ly⇒ -ve moment =0.047

>+Ly⇒ -ve moment =0.035

-ve moment:

M ux = 𝛼x × wu (Lx)2 = 0.075 × 15.19 × 4.162 = 19.72 KNm

Muy = 𝛼y × wu (Ly)2 = 0.047 × 15.19 × 4.162 = 12.35 KNm

+ve moment:

M ux = 𝛼x × wu (Lx)2 = 0.056 × 15.19 × 4.162 = 14.72 KNm

Muy = 𝛼y × wu (Ly)2 = 0.035 × 15.19 × 4.162 = 9.2 KNm

Step : 5) Reinforcement :

M u =0.87 × fy × Ast × d ×(1 −[ Ast *fy/b*d*fck])

-M ux = 19.72 × 106 N.mm ⇒ ASt =357.95mm2

-Muy = 12.35 × 106 N.mm ⇒ ASt =220.157mm2

+M ux = 14.72 × 106 N.mm ⇒ ASt =263.86mm2

+Muy = 9.2 × 106 N.mm ⇒ ASt =162.6mm2

17
Step 6): Spacing

Assume 10mm ø rod

- Muy & Ast

Sv = 1000 ast/ Ast

= 219.446mm

+M ux & Ast
⇒ Sv = 297.683mm

- M uy & Ast
⇒ Sv =356.745mm

+M uy & Ast
⇒ Sv =482.760mm

Location Ast Spacing

Short span

-ve ⇒ 357mm2 (219) 200mm

+ve ⇒ 263mm2 (297) 280mm

Long span

-ve ⇒ 220mm2 (357) 300mm (Maximum)

+ve ⇒ 163mm2 (483) 300mm (Maximum)

Torsion reinforcement at corner :

Area of torsional steel in each of four layer

= 0.75 x Max. Ast = 0.75 x 357

18
 = 267.75 = 268mm2

Provide 4 layers of reinforcement at A

provide 8 mm ø

No. of bars = Ast/ast = 268/(π*8^2 /4) = 5.3 say 6 bars

provide 4 layers of 8mm dia bars of 6 numbers at A.

At B 50 % of total torsional steel should be provided.

i.e; provide 3 numbers of 8mm ø steel rod at B.

At C& D torsional steel is not required.

CONTINUOUS SLAB

Problem 4) Design a continuous slab for an office floor . Slab is continuous over T- beams

spaced at 4m intervals. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel. Assume Live load = 4

KN/m.

Given data :

L= 4m ,
fy =415 N/mm2
fck =20 N/mm2
L.L = 4 KN/m.

Step 1) c/s Dimensions :

Assume l/d = 26 ⇒ 𝑑 =4000/26 = 153.8mm , say 150mm

19
Assume d' = 25 mm
D = d + d' = 150 + 25 = 175 mm
d= 150 mm, D=175mm

Step : 2) Load calculation:

Self weight of slab = b × D × unit wt of concrete

D . L = 1 × 0.175 × 25 = 4.375 KN/m

Floor finish =1KN/m( assumed)
Total dead load (g) = 5.375 KN/m
L . L (q) = 4 KN/m

Step :3) shear force and bending moments :

-Mu = 1.5 {[gL2/10]+[qL2/9]}

=1.5((5.375×42)/10 + (4×42)/9)

= 23.56 KN.m

+ Mu = 1.5 {[gL2/12]+[qL2/10]} = 20.35 KN.m

VL =( 1.5 × 0.6) (g+q) × L
=( 1.5 × 0.6)(5.375+ 4)×4
= 33.75KN
Step :4) Check for depth:
Mu +, Mu- Which one is greater

M u lim =0.138 × fck × b × d2

+ve- ⇒ 20.35×106 = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × d2

d= 867<depth provided (150)

-ve ⇒23.567 = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × d2

d= 92.407 <depth provided (150) ⇒satisfied

20
 Step : 5) Reinforcement :

M u =0.87 × fy × Ast × d ×(1 − [Ast *fy/b*d*fck)

23.56× 10 6 = 0.87 × 415 ×Ast × 150 ×(1 − Ast × 415/1000×150×20)

Ast =465.07 mm2

Spacing , Sv=1000x ast /Ast

= (1000×(π × 10^2 ))/465.07

= 168mm

Provide 10mm ø with 160 mm c/c spacing.

Step 6) Check for shear stress :

% of tension , Pt = 100Ast/bd

= (100x 344)/(1000x160)

= 0.193

ZV = Vu/bd

= (28.06 x 103)/1000x160

=0.175

Zc = 0.34 ( from pg -73)

K= 1.26 ( from pg -72)

K× τc =0.43

K× τc > τk

21
Step 7) Check for deflection :

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kc)x (Kt)x (Kf)

Kc = p-37

Kf = p-38

Kt = ….

fs = 0.58 x fy ( Ast. req/ Ast prov)

Ast prov = Ast req + (100) or (50) for slab

= 344 + 50 = 395 mm2

fs = 0.58 x fy ( Ast. req/ Ast prov) = 0.58 x 415x 344/395

= 210 mm (pg 38)

Kt= 1.78 , K c = 1, K f= 1

(L/d)basic = 25 ( ⇒4000/160 =25)

(L/d)max = (L/d)basic x (Kt)x (Kc)x (Kf)

= 25 x 1 x 1 x 1.78

=44.5

(L/d)actual = 4160/160 = 26

((L/d)actual < (L/d)max [ Deflection is satisfactory and in control]

22
23
SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT – IV – COLUMNS – SCIA1502

1
 UNIT – VI – COLUMNS
Behaviour of Columns - Types of columns - Design of Axially loaded and Eccentrically
loaded columns - Using IS: 456 & SP -16

INTRODUCTION
A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as a column. Columns transfer the loads from the beams
or slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as In
the case of frames and trusses is called as struts. The pedestal is a vertical compression
member whose effective length is less than 3 times Its least lateral dimension.
WHAT IS A COLUMN?
 The columns in a structure carry the loads from the beams and slabs down to the
foundations, and therefore they are primarily compression members, although they
may also have to resist bending forces due to the continuity of the structure.
 IS 456:2000 defines the column as a compression member.
 It is also said that the column may fail in any of the following as given below:
 Pure compression failure
 Combined compression and bending failure
 Failure by elastic in stability

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMN
 Based on type of reinforcement
 Tied column
 Spiral column
 Composite column
 Based on type of loading
 Axially loaded column
 Columns with uni-axial eccentric loading
 Columns with bi-axial eccentric loading
 Based on slenderness ratio
 Long column
 Short column
 Based on shape

2
  Square/Rectangular
 Circular
 T- Type
 L- Type
 V- Type
 Hexagon
 Arch type
 Y – Type
 Y type with Arch
BASED ON TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT
 Tied Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined within closely spaced lateral
ties, it is called as tied column.
 Spiral Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed with in closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column.
 Composite Column:
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or
without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

Fig 1 Based on type of reinforcement

3
BASED ON TYPE OF LOADING
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
 When the line of action of the compressive force coincides with the center of
gravity of the cross-section of the column, it is called axially loaded column.
 The total load from top is acted on the centroid of the column.
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN (UNI-AXIAL OR BIAXIAL)
 When the line of action of compressive force doesn’t coincide with the center
of gravity of the cross-section of the column, it is called as the eccentrically
loaded column.
Columns with uni-axial eccentric loading
If load is acted eccentrically either on X or Y axis (anyone) then it is called as eccentrically
loaded column (uni-axial)
Columns with beam connected at one side are an example of Uni-axial eccentrically loaded
column.
Columns with bi-axial eccentric loading
If load is not acting eccentrically on both the axis, which mean load won’t act on either X or
Y axis is called eccentrically loaded column (Biaxial)
Corner columns with beam connected at two side is an example of Biaxial eccentrically
loaded column.

4
 Axial Uniaxial Biaxial

Fig 2 Based on type of loading

BASED ON SLENDERNESS RATIO
Depending upon the Slenderness ratio the columns are classified as
 short
 Intermediate
 long.
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of effective length (L) to least lateral dimension (D) of the
column.
According to IS 456:2000 code clause 25.1.2, when both the slenderness ratio’s L / D are less
than 12 it is termed as short column. If the ratio is equal to or more than 12 then it is termed
as Long column.

Short Column
 If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less
than 12, the column is called as the short column.
 A short column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).
Long Column
 If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension
exceeds 12, it is called as long column.

5
  A long column fails by bending or buckling.
Note:
In case of Non-rectangular & non circular sections where the slenderness ratio is better
defined in terms of radius of gyration rather than the lateral dimensions these definition of
Short or long column is not applicable.

Fig 3 Based on slenderness ratio

COLUMN FAILURES
 The column may fail in any of the following as given below:
 Pure compression failure
 Combined compression and bending failure
 Failure by elastic in stability
Column Failure due to Pure Compression
 When reinforced concrete columns are axially loaded, the reinforcement steel
and concrete experiences stresses.
 When the loads are high compared to cross-sectional area of the column, the
steel and concrete reach the yield stress and column fails without undergoing
any lateral deformation.
 The concrete column is crushed and collapse of the column is due to the
material failure.

6
  To overcome this, the concrete column should have sufficient cross-sectional
area, so that the stress is under the specified limit.
 This type of failure is generally seen in case of pedestals whose height to least
lateral dimension is less than 3 and does not experience bending due to axial
loads.
Column Failure due to Combined Compression and Failure
 Short columns are commonly subjected to axial loads, lateral loads and moments.
Short columns under the action of lateral loads and moments undergo lateral
deflection and bending.
 Long columns undergo lateral deflection and bending even when they are only axially
loaded.
 Under such circumstances when the stresses in steel and concrete reach their yield
stress, material failure happens and RCC column fails.
 This type of failure is called combined compression and bending failure.
Column Failure due to Elastic Instability
 Long columns are very slender, i.e. its effective length to least lateral
dimension is more than 12.
 Under such condition, the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete
columns reduces drastically for given cross-sectional area and percentage of
reinforcement steel.
 When such type of concrete columns is subjected to even small loads, they
tend to become unstable and buckle to any side.
 So, the reinforcement steel and concrete in such cases reach their yield stress
even for small loads and fail due to lateral elastic buckling.
 This type of failure is unacceptable in practical concrete constructions. Code
prevents usage of such long columns for slenderness ratio greater than 30 (for
unbraced columns) for the use in concrete structures.

7
 Fig 4 Column Failure

PROBLEMS
Design reinforcement in the column of size 400 x 600 mm subjected to an axial working load
of 2000 KN. The column has an unsupported length of 3m and it is fixed against sideway in
both directions. Adopt M20 and Fe 415.
STEP 1 : Given data
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy =415 N/mm2
Working load = 2000 KN
Unsupported Length = 3m
Column size(b x d) = 400 x 600mm

8
STEP 2 : SLENDERNESS RATIO
L/D =3000/400 (D is the Least Lateral Dimension)
=7.5 < 12
STEP 3 : MIN. ECCENTRICITY
emin = 3000/500 + 400/30
= 19.3 < 20mm (Pg. No. 42 clause 25.4)
emax = 3000/500 + 600/30
= 26 < 20mm
Check:
0.05 x D = 30 > eymin
0.05 x b = 20 > ex min (Pg. No. 71)
STEP 4 : ULTIMATE LOAD, Pu
Pu = Working Load x PSF
= 1.5 x 2000
Pu = 3000 kN
STEP 5 : LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy - 0.4 fck) Asc
Ag = 400 x 600 (Column area given)
= 24000 mm2
3000 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 24000 + ( 0.6 x 415 – 0.4 x20) Asc
Asc = 3999.25 mm2 say 4000 mm2
Use 25 mm dia rod
n = Asc / asc
= 4000 / (π x 252/ 4 )
= 8.15 say 10 rods
In order to provide for column 10 nos. Can be split as 6 and 4 nos with 25mm and
20 mm respectively
6 x (π x 252/ 4) + 4 x (π x 202/4) = 4201 mm2
STEP 6 : LATERAL TIES
Tie Diameter < dia of bar / 4
= 25 / 4
= 6.25 < 8 mm
Tie spacing < 300 mm
16 x dia = 16 x 25

9
 = 400 mm
But take 300 mm as spacing which is always nominal
Provide 8 mm dia bars with spacing of 300 mm c/c

Design the reinforcement in the circular column of diameter 30mm with helical
reinforcement to support a factored load of 1500 KN , the columns has an unsupported
length of 3m & it is braced against side way. Adopt M20 & Fe 415 steel.
STEP 1 : GIVEN DATA
Diameter = 300 mm
Unsupported Length , L = 3m
= 3000 mm
Pu = 1500 KN
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
STEP 2 : SLENDERNESS RATIO
e min = [ L/500 + D/300]
= [3000/500 +300/30]
= 16 < 20mm
Also 0.05 x D = 15 < 20 mm

10
STEP 3 : LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy - 0.4 fck) Asc
Ag = π x 3002/4
= 70650 mm2
Asc = 3460 mm2
Ascmin = 0.8 % of C/Sn area
= 0.8/100 x π x 3002/4
= 560 mm2
Use 28 mm diameter
n = Asc/ asc
= 3460 / (π x 282 /4)
= 5.6 say 6 Nos.
Provide 6 Nos. of bars of 28 mm diameter
STEP 4 : HELICAL REINFORCEMENT
Core diameter = [ 300 – (2x40)]
= 220 mm
Assuming clear cover of 40 mm

Area of core, Ac = (π x 2202 /4) – (6 x π x 282 /4)

Ac = 34319 mm2
Volume of core = 34319 x 103 mm3
Gross area , Ag = (π x 3002 /4)
= 70650 mm2
Use 8 mm diameter helical spirals at a pitch ‘P’ mm

11
The volume of helical /m length is given by
Vns = π ( 300 –(2x40)-8) x (πx82/4) x 1000/p
= 33.3 x 106/p mm3
According to clause 39.4.1 (IS: 456 )
Vns/ Vc < 0.36 { (Ag / Ac ) – 1} fck/ fy (Pg. No 71 )
33.3 x 106/[p (34319 x 103)] = 0.36 [(70650/34319) – 1] (20/415)
P = 52.7 mm < 75 mm
Codal restriction on pitch according to clause 26.5.3.2
P < 75 mm (or) Core diameter /6 = 220/6 = 36.66 mm
(or) p > 25
(or) 3 x diameter of helical rod
3x8 = 24
Therefore provide 8 mm diameter of spiral at pitch of 36.6 mm

UNIAXIAL LOADING PROBLMES

Design the longitudinal & lateral reinforcement in rectangular reinforced concrete
column of size 300 x 400 mm subjected to design ultimate load of 1200 KN and an
ultimate moment of 200 KN-m with respect to major axis. Adopt M20 grade and Fe 415
steel.
Given Data :
Pu = 1200 KN
Mu = 200 KNm
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Column dim = 300 x 400 mm

12
STEP 1 : NON DIMENSIONAL PARAMETER

A Pu/fck b D = 1200 x 103/20 x 300 x400 = 0.5

B Mu/fck b D2 = 200 x 106/20 x 300 x4002 = 0.208

STEP 2 : LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Adopting an effective cover of 50 mm
d’ = 50 mm
d’/D = 50/400 = 0.125 = 0.15
Refer chart 33 sp 16 Page No. 118
From chart 33 P/fck = 0.2 (Based on A and B )
P = 0.2 x fck = 0.2 x 20 = 4
Asc = P*b*D / 100 = 4800 mm2
Use 28mm dia bars and find out no. of bars
n = Ast /ast
= 4800/(π x 282/4) = 7.7 = 8 nos
Provide 8 nos of 28 mm dia bars
STEP 3 : LATERAL TIES
Tie dia = diameter of rod / 4
= 28/4
= 7mm < 8 mm
Tie spacing > 300 mm
= 16 x d
= 16 x 28
= 448 > 300 mm
Adopt 300mm as spacing
Provide 8 mm dia bars with spacing 300 mm c/c

13
Design a short circular column of dia 400 mm to support a factored axial load of 900
KN together with a factored moment of 100 KN-m. Adopt M20 Grade and Fe 415 Steel
Given Data
Pu = 900 KN
= 900 x 103 N
Mu = 100 KNm
= 100 x 106 N-mm
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Dia, D = 400 mm
STEP 1 : NON DIMENSIONAL PARAMETER

A Pu/fck D2 = 900 x 103/20 x4002 = 0.28

B Mu/fck D3 = 100 x 106/20 x 4003 = 0.78

STEP 2 : LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Adopting an effective cover of 50 mm
d’ = 50 mm
d’/D = 50/400 = 0.125 = 0.15
Use chart 57,
P/fck = 0.12 (Based on A and B )
P = 0.12 x fck = 0.12 x 20 = 2.4
Asc = (PπD2 / 4) x (1/100) (from same chart)
= 2.4 x π x 4002/400
= 3014.4 mm2
Use 25 mm dia bars
n = Ast /ast
= 3014.4/(π x 252/4)
= 6.14 say 6 nos
Provide 6 nos of 25 mm dia bars
STEP 3 : LATERAL TIES
Tie dia = diameter of rod / 4
= 25/4

14
 = 6.25 mm < 8 mm
Tie spacing > 300 mm
= 16 x d
= 16 x 25
= 400 > 300 mm
Adopt 300mm as spacing. Provide 8 mm dia bars with spacing 300 mm c/c

BIAXIAL LOADING PROBLMES

A short column located at the corners of multi storey building is subjected to an axial
factored load of 2000 KN together with factored moments of 75 KNm and 60 KNm
acting in perpendicular planes. The size of the column is fixed as 450 x 450 mm.
Adopting M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars. Design the reinforcement in the
column section.
STEP 1: Given Data :
Pu = 2000 KN
Mux `= 75 KNm
Muy `= 60 KNm
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
b = 450 mm
D = 450 mm
STEP 2: EQUIVALENT MOMENT
Mu = √Mux2 + Muy2
= √ [752 + 652]

15
 = 110.45 Kn.m
STEP 3 : NON DIMENSIONAL PARAMETER
A Pu/fck b D = 2000 x 103/20 x 450 x450 = 0.49
B Mu/fck b D2 = 110 x 106/20 x 450 x4502 = 0.06
STEP 4 : LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Adopting an effective cover of 50 mm
d’ = 50 mm
d’/D = 50/450 = 0.1
Refer chart 44 of SP:16 and read out P/fck value [for four sides]
P/fck = 0.06
P = 0.06 x fck = 0.06 x 20 = 1.2
Asc = P*b*D / 100 = 2430 mm2
Use 20mmᶲ bars and find out no. of bars
n = Asc /asc
= 2430/(π x 202/4) = 8 nos
Provide 8 nos of 20 mm dia bars
Asc (provided) = 8*(π*202 / 4)
= 2512 mm2
Find P value by using Asc (provided)
P = [Asc (provided) * 100] / (b*D)
[The formula arrived from Asc = (P*b*D) /100]
= 1.24
P/ fck = 1.24 / 20
= 0.062
Refer Chart 44 and read out Mux / fckbD2
Corresponding to the value of P/ fck *b*D and P/ fck value read out Mux / fckbD2
That is P/ fck *b*D =0.49 and P/ fck =0.062
From chart 44, Mux / fckbD2 = 0.06
Mux= 0.06 * 20 * 450 * 4502
= 109.3*106
= 110 Kn.m
Therefore, we take Mux1=Muy1=110 Kn.m

16
 SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT – V – FOOTINGS – SCIA1502

1
 UNIT – V – FOOTINGS

Types of footing - SBC of soil - Design loads - Design of axially and eccentric loaded

rectangular footing - Combined rectangular footing.

INTRODUCTION

Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil

below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without

exceeding its safe bearing capacity, to prevent excessive settlement of the structure to a

tolerable limit, to minimize differential settlement, and to prevent sliding and overturning.

The settlement depends upon the intensity of the load, type of soil, and foundation level.

Where possibility of differential settlement occurs, the different footings should be designed

in such away to settle independently of each other.

Foundation design involves a soil study to establish the most appropriate type of

foundation and a structural design to determine footing dimensions and required amount of

reinforcement. Because compressive strength of the soil is generally much weaker than

that of the concrete, the contact area between the soil and the footing is much larger than

that of the columns and walls.

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Design of Isolated R.C. Footings
General

Most of the structures built by us are made of reinforced concrete. Here, the part of

the structure above ground level is called as the superstructure, where the part of the

structure below the ground level is called as the substructure. Footings are located

below the ground level and are also referred as foundations. Foundation is that part

of the structure which is in direct contact with soil. The R.C. structures consist of

2
various structural components which act together to resist the applied loads and

transfer them safely to soil. In general the loads applied on slabs in buildings are

transferred to soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are that part of

the structure which is generally located below ground Level. They are also referred

as foundations. Footings transfer the vertical loads, Horizontal loads, Moments, and

other forces to the soil.

The important purposes of foundation are as follows;

1. To transfer forces from superstructure to firm soil below.

2. To distribute stresses evenly on foundation soil such that foundation soil

neither fails nor experiences excessive settlement.

3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.

4. To provide an even surface for smooth construction of superstructure.

Due to the loads and soil pressure, footings develop Bending moments and Shear

forces. Calculations are made as per the guidelines suggested in IS 456 2000 to

resist the internal forces.

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

Based on the position with respect to ground level, Footings are classified into two

types;

1. Shallow Foundations

2. Deep Foundations

Shallow Foundations are provided when adequate SBC is available at relatively

short depth below ground level. Here, the ratio of Df / B < 1, where Df is the depth

3
of footing and B is the width of footing . Deep Foundations are provided when

adequate SBC is available at large depth below ground level. Here the ratio of Df / B

>= 1.

Types of Shallow Foundations

The different types of shallow foundations are as follows:

 Isolated Footing

 Combined footing

 Strap Footing

 Strip Footing

 Mat/Raft Foundation

 Wall footing

Some of the popular types of shallow foundations are briefly discussed below.

Isolated Column Footing

These are independent footings which are provided for each column. This type of

footing is chosen when

 SBC is generally high

 Columns are far apart

 Loads on footings are less

4
 Fig 1 Isolated Column Footing

The isolated footings can have different shapes in plan. Generally it depends on the

shape of column cross section Some of the popular shapes of footings are;

a) Square

b) Rectangular

c) Circular

5
The isolated footings essentially consist of bottom slab. These bottom Slabs can be

flat, stepped or sloping in nature. The bottom of the slab is reinforced with steel mesh

to resist the two internal forces namely bending moment and shear force.

Combined Column Footing

These are common footings which support the loads from 2 or more columns.

Combined footings are provided when

 SBC is generally less

 Columns are closely spaced

 Footings are heavily loaded

Fig 2 Combined Column Footing

In the above situations, the area required to provide isolated footings for the

6
columns generally overlap. Hence, it is advantageous to provide single combined

footing. In some cases the columns are located on or close to property line. In such

cases footings cannot be extended on one side. Here, the footings of exterior and

interior columns are connected by the combined footing.

Combined footings essentially consist of a common slab for the columns it is

supporting. These slabs are generally rectangular in plan. Sometimes they can also

be trapezoidal in plan (refer Fig. 2). Combined footings can also have a connecting

beam and a slab arrangement, which is similar to an inverted T – beam slab.

Strap Footing

An alternate way of providing combined footing located close to property line is the

strap footing. In strap footing, independent slabs below columns are provided which are

then connected by a strap beam. The strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil

and does not transfer any pressure to the soil. Generally it is used to combine the footing

of the outer column to the adjacent one so that the footing does not extend in the

adjoining property.

Strip Footing

Strip footing is a continuous footing provided under columns or walls

Mat Foundation

Mat foundation covers the whole plan area of structure. The detailing is similar to

two way reinforced solid floor slabs or flat slabs. It is a combined footing that

covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all the walls and columns. It

is normally provided when

 Soil pressure is low

 Loads are very heavy

7
 Spread footings cover > 50% area

Types of Deep Foundations

Deep foundations are provided when adequate SBC is available at large depth

below GL. There are different types of deep foundations. Some of the common

types of deep foundations are listed below.

 Pile Foundation

 Pier Foundation

 Well Foundation

BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

The safe bearing capacity of soil is the safe extra load soil can withstand without

experiencing shear failure. The Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) is considered unique

at a particular site. But it also depends on the following factors:

 Size of footing

 Shape of footing

 Inclination of footing

 Inclination of ground

 Type of load

 Depth of footing etc.

SBC alone is not sufficient for design. The allowable bearing capacity is taken as the

smaller of the following two criteria

 Limit states of shear failure criteria (SBC)

8
 Limit states of settlement criteria

Based on ultimate capacity, i.e., shear failure criteria, the SBC is calculated as

SBC = Total load / Area of footing

Usually the Allowable Bearing Pressure (ABP) varies in the range of 100 kN/m 2 to

400 kN/m2. The area of the footing should be so arrived that the pressure

distribution below the footing should be less than the allowable bearing pressure of

the soil. Even for symmetrical Loading, the pressure distribution below the footing

may not be uniform. It depends on the Rigidity of footing, Soil type and Conditions

of soil. In case of Cohesive Soil and Cohesion less Soil the pressure distribution

varies in a nonlinear way. However, while designing the footings a linear variation

of pressure distribution from one edge of the footing to the other edge is assumed.

Once the pressure distribution is known, the bending moment and shear force can

be determined and the footing can be designed to safely resist these forces.

DEPTH OF FOOTING

As per Rankine’s theory

Minimum depth of foundation = P/w (1-sin Φ /1+sin Φ) 2 where

P = gross bearing capacity

w = density of soil

Φ = angle of response of soil

Design of Isolated Column Footing

The objective of design is to determine

9
 Area of footing

 Thickness of footing

 Reinforcement details of footing (satisfying moment and shear considerations)

 Check for bearing stresses and development length

This is carried out considering the loads of footing, SBC of soil, Grade of concrete

and Grade of steel. The method of design is similar to the design of beams and

slabs. Since footings are buried, deflection control is not important. However, crack

widths should be less than 0.3 mm.

The steps followed in the design of footings are generally iterative. The important

steps in the design of footings are;

 Find the area of footing (due to service loads)

 Assume a suitable thickness of footing

 Identify critical sections for flexure and shear

 Find the bending moment and shear forces at these critical sections (due to

factored loads)

 Check the adequacy of the assumed thickness

 Find the reinforcement details

 Check for development length

 Check for bearing stresses

Limit state of collapse is adopted in the design pf isolated column footings. The various

design steps considered are;

 Design for flexure

 Design for shear (one way shear and two way shear)

 Design for bearing

10
 Design for development length

The materials used in RC footings are concrete and steel. The minimum grade of

concrete to be used for footings is M20, which can be increased when the footings

are placed in aggressive environment, or to resist higher stresses.

Cover: The minimum thickness of cover to main reinforcement shall not be less

than 50 mm for surfaces in contact with earth face and not less than 40 mm for

external exposed face. However, where the concrete is in direct contact with the

soil the cover should be 75 mm. In case of raft foundation the cover for

reinforcement shall not be less than 75 mm.

Minimum reinforcement and bar diameter: The minimum reinforcement according

to slab and beam elements as appropriate should be followed, unless otherwise

specified. The diameter of main reinforcing bars shall not be less 10 mm. The grade

of steel used is either Fe 415 or Fe 500.

ONE-WAY SHEAR

One-way shear in footing is considered similar to that of slabs. Considering the footing

as a wide beam, the critical section is taken along a vertical plane extending the full

width of the footing, located at a distance equal to the effective depth of footing (i.e.,

considering a dispersion angle of 45°) from the face of the column, pedestal, or wall.

TWO-WAY SHEAR

The behaviour of footing in two-way (punching) shear is identical to that of two-way

flat slabs supported on columns.

The critical section for the two-way shear is taken at a distance d/2 from the periphery

of the column

11
 Fig 3 Critical sections of (a) One-way shear and (b) Two-way punching shear

DESIGN PROBLEMS

Design a reinforced concrete footing for rectangular column section 300 X 500 mm

supporting an axial factored load of 1500 KN, the safe bearing capacity of soil at site is 185

KN/m2. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel bars.

Step 1: Given data

b= 300 mm

d= 500 mm

Pu = 1500 KN

p= 185 KN/m2 [Safe bearing capacity of the soil]

fck = 20 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Step 2: Size of Footing

Load on the column, Pu = 1500 KN

12
 Self weight of footing = 10 % of the total load on column

[Assumed as 10%] = 1500*[10/100]

= 150 KN

Total factored load, W = 1500+150

= 1650 KN

Footing area = ?

[Note: Stress = Load /Area which is then

Area = Load /Stress]

Therefore, Footing area = 1650 / [1.5*185]

= 5.95 m2 say 6 m2

Proportioning the following area in the same proportion as the sides of the column

Hence (3x) X (5x) = 6 m2

x = 0.63 m

Short side of the footing is = 3*0.63

= 1.89 m says 2 m

Long side of the footing is = 5*0.63

= 3.15 m says 3 m

Adopt a rectangular footing of size 2 m by 3 m [ 2 x 3 m]

Factored soil pressure at base, qu = 1650 / [2*3] < 1.5*185

= 275 < 277.5

Hence the footing area is adequate since the soil pressure developed at the base is less

than the factor bearing capacity of soil [<1.5*185]

Step 3: Factored Bending moment

Cantilever projection from the short side of the column = 1/2*[2-0.3]

= 0.85 m

13
This the footing dimension [0.85 m]

Cantilever projection from the long side of the column = 1/2*[3-0.5]

= 1.25 m

This the column dimension [1.25 m]

Bending Moment at long side of the column = [qu * L2]/ 2

= [275*1.252] / 2

= 214.8 Kn. m

Bending Moment at short side of the column = [qu * L2]/ 2

= [275*0.852] / 2

= 99.3 Kn. M

Step 4: Depth of footing

Depth based on moment consideration

Mu, lim = 0.138 * fck * b * d²

214.8*106 = 0.138 * 230 * 1000 * d²

d = 279 mm

Depth based on shear stress consideration

Shear force per m in longer direction

Vu * L = qu [L-d] N

= 275 [(300/2)-(500/2)-d] N

= 275 [1250-d] N

Assuming the shear strength of Ʈc = 0.36 N/mm2

M20 grade concrete with Pt = 0.25 %

Ʈc = Vu * L / b * d

Ʈc = Vu * L / b * d

14
 0.36 = 275 [1250-d] / [1000* d]

d = 541 mm says 550 mm

Therefore ,

Adopt effective depth , d = 550 mm

Overall depth , D = 600 mm

Step 5: Reinforcement in footing

Longer direction, Mu = 214.8 Kn. m

Shorter direction, Mu = 99.3 Kn. M

For Longer Direction

Mu, = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d × (1−Ast fy / b d fck)

214.8 * 106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 550 × (1−Ast * 415 / 20*100*550)

Ast = 1125.5 mm²

For Shorter Direction

M = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d × (1−Ast fy / b d fck)

99.3 * 106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 550 × (1−Ast * 415 / 20*100*550)

Ast = 510 mm²

For Longer direction:

Provide 16 mm diameter steel rod with 160 mm C/C spacing

For Shorter direction:

Provide 12 mm diameter steel rod with 200 mm C/C spacing

For reinforcement in the short direction a central band equal to the width of footing shall be

marked along the length of the footing and the portion of reinforcement is determined in

accordance with the equation given below:

Reinforcement in central band width = [2 / (β+1)] * Ast

Where,

15
 β = Ratio of long and short side [Clause 34.2.4.3 (c)]

= Ly/Lx

= 3/2

β = 1.5

Band width of 2 m = [2 / (β+1)]

= [2 / (1.5+1)] * 2 * 565

Min Ast = 0.12*1000*6000 / 100

= 720 mm

Sv = 1000*ast / Ast

= 1000*(π*122) / 720

= 157 mm says 150 mm

Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c

16