The Mughal Empire The Early Mughal Emperors in chronological order: Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahajahan, Aurangzeb. Sources Ain-i-Akbari 1. It was written by Abul Fazl who was one of the nine jewels at Akbar’s court. Itis divided into 5 books. a. It deals with the imperial household, b. The servants of the emperor, the military and civil services, c. The imperial administration- the regulations for the judicial and executive departments, d. The Hindu philosophy, science, social customs and literature, e. The wise sayings of Akbar. The Taj Mahal 1. It was built by shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. 2. It is the mausoleum of both Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. 3. It is built at Agra on the banks of the River Yamuna. 4. It was designed by Ustad Isha Khan. 5. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983 and was declared as one of the Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. Its architectural features 1. Itis made of pure white marble. 2. On each of the four corners of this platform there is minaret. 3. The central dome rises to a height of 56.1 metres. 4. The interior has an octagonal chamber. 5. The marble dome in the centre looks like an inverted lotus. 6. The walls are decorated with floral designs made of semi-precious stones. The method of decoration is called pietra dura. Jama Masjid 1. It was built by Shah Jahan and is the biggest mosque in India. 2. Its courtyard has the capacity to accommodate thousands of people at a time. 3. It is built on a lofty basement with majestic flights of steps leading to the imposing gateways on three sides of the courtyard. 4. Ithas three gateways, four towers and two 40m high minarets constructed of red sandstone and white marble. 5. The northern gate has 39 steps, the eastern gate has 35 steps and the southern gate has 33 steps. 6. The face of its spacious prayer hall consists of eleven arches of which the central arch rises far above the roof level. The Red Fort, Delhi 1. It was built by Shah Jahan. 2. It is located on the banks of the Yamuna.3. The PM unfurls the national flag from its ramparts on Independence day. Its architectural features 1. The fort has massive walls and two gate ways. . 2. The western Gateway is known as the Lahori Gate. This gate was used for the emperor's ceremonial purposes. . Red sandstone and marble were used in its construction. . Important buildings in it are Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas where the Peacock Throne was placed. w + Babur 1. His full name was Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur. 2. He was a descendant of Timur, The First Battle of Panipat (1526): It was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi in the place Panipat when Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab invited Babur to oust Torahim Lodhi from the throne. Babur defeated him and occupied Delhi and Agra. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur fought against Rana Sangha of Mewar in the place Khanwa. Babur defeated him and secured his position. Battle of Ghagra (1529): Babur met the combined forces of the Afghans and Nusrat Shah of Bengal at the junction of Ghagra River with the Ganges. But Babur could not win a decisive victory. He died in 1530. Akbar 1. His full name was Jalal-ud-din Muhammed Akbar. 2. He was only 13 years old when he ascended the throne and was guided by his tutor Bairam Khan. 3. The Second Battle of Panipat (1556) It was fought between Bairam Khan, the regent of Akbar and Hemu, the Prime Minister of Adil Shah. The battle was fought at Panipat with strong competitors on both sides. But Hemu was struck with an arrow in his eye and subsequently the army got panicked seeing their unconscious leader. Thus the battle was concluded with Mughals victory. 4, The Battle of Haldighati (1576) It was fought between Maharana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar and the Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh. M. Pratap escaped from the battle field as he was heavily wounded. Thus the mughal army once again won and was able to conquer a large part of Maharana’s kingdom. 5. His Rajput Policy a. He entered into matrimonial alliances with the Rajputs. He married Rajput princess Jodha bai b. He gave complete religious freedom to his wives who followed Hinduism. c. He also gave an honoured place to their parents and relations in the nobility d. He made Rajputs equal partners in the Mughal government. ¢. Even when he conquered the Rajput kingdoms, he treated the rulers with kindness and religious tolerance.Akbar’s — measures towards integration of Hindus and the Muslims / policy of religious tolerance a. He abolished the poll tax or jizyah which the non-muslims were required to pay. b. He also abolished the pilgrim tax on bathing at holy places. ¢. He abolished the practice of forcibly converting prisoners of war to Islam. d. He enrolled a number of Hindus into the nobility. ¢. He built Ibadat Khana or the Hall of Prayer at Fatepur Sikri in 1575. He used to invite theologians of all religions to discuss religious and spiritual matters with them. £ He issued a ‘Declaration’ or ‘Mahzar’ which made Akbar the supreme in religious matters, 8. He promulgated a new religion called Din-i-ilahi. It was based on the principle of oneness of God. It stressed on virtues like courage, loyalty and justice. Its basic purpose of it was Sulh-kul or universal harmony. h, He set up a big translation department for translating works in Sanskrit, Arabic and Greek into Persian. Social Reforms of Akbar a. He stopped the forcible practice of sati. b. He ordered that no Hindu woman should be forced to commit sati against her will. c. He legalized widow remarriage, 4d. He raised the age of marriage to 14 for girls and 16 for boys. Educational Reforms of the Mughals a. Akbar revised the educational syllabus, laying more emphasis on moral education and mathematics and on secular subjects such as agriculture, geometry etc. b. Jahangir passed a law whereby if a rich man was to die without an heir, his assets would be used by the State to help in the development and maintenance of educational institutes. c. Shah Jahan took initiative to provide scholarships to assist students. d. Female education was given importance. Aurangzeb a. He ruled for nearly 50 years. b. His rule extended from Kashmir in the north to river Kaveri in the south and from Kabul in the west to Chittagong in the east. c. He reversed Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance. d. He spent the last days of his reign attempting to suppress rebellions. e. He died in 1707. Mughal Administration Monarch /Central government a. The emperor was the head of the Executive, Legislature, Judiciary and the Army. b. He was the supreme commander of the armed forces and all other commanders were appointed and removed by him. c. He made laws and issued administrative ordinances. . The royal uzuk was affixed to farmans granting appointments, titles, jagirs, etc. Ministers a. vakil -Prime Minister ~ Civil and Military affairs b. Wazir - Diwan or diwan-i-ala - Head of the Revenue department c. Mir Bakhshi — Head of Military department and intelligence and information agencies d. Qazi - Judicial department e, Sadar — responsible for all charitable and religious matters.Provincial Government a. The empire was divided into 12 Provinces or Subahs Sarkars Parganas or Mahals . Subah was headed by one governor who was called the Subahdar or Sipah Salar or Nazim. ¢. His functions included maintenance of law and order, enforcement of imperial decrees, administration of criminal justice and the collection of revenue. ; 4. Other important officials were faujdar, kotwal, bakhshi, sadr, qazi and muhtasib, ¢. All the above officials were appointed by the Centre. Mansabdari system a. It was a unique administrative system of the Mughal empire introduced by Akbar. b. Mansab means rank. ¢. All officials of the State whether military or civil were given mansabs or ranks. 4. The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000. ¢. Itwas a grading system used to fix rank, salary and military respons £. Two types of ranks were Zat and Sawar, g. Zat fixed the personal status and the salary of a person. hh. The sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen or sawar a mansabdar was required to maintain, i, For every ten cavalrymen, the mansabdar had to maintain twenty horses, 4h. The mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs (land). ies. Land Revenue System 8. A uniform system of measurement was established for calculating the land tax. b. Todar Mal drew up schemes for effective tax collection. c. The state also gave loans to poor farmers. 4. This ushered in progress in agriculture, trade and industry.Reformation Meaning Itis the 16" century movement in Europe launched by the Christians against the evil practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Causes 1. Dissatisfaction with the practices of Catholic Church Economic factors: a. The clergymen were collecting 1/10 of the income of a person. This was called the Tithe. b. They collected another sum called the ‘Peter's Pence’ from the people. Pope Leo X wanted to build St. Peter's Church. So he issued pardon certificates called ‘indulgences’ to those who gave money to build the church. Indulgences were a kind of remission granted to a repentant sinner of the punishment due for his sin. c. Finally, the church offices were given to the highest bidder. This practice came to be known as simony. 2. Corruption in the Church a. some of the clergymen lacked proper education. , Some neglected their religious duties. c. The priests promised salvation in exchange for fees. 3. Rulers’ resentment Pope’s interference in the political affairs was naturally opposed by the kings. 4. Movements against the Church ‘Anti-Church movements began in Europe in the middle ages. John Wyeliffe, an English priest and Oxford professor, criticized the practices of the church. So the church ordered his expulsion from the oxford university where he was teaching 5. Immediate Cause The early reformers met with failure. The challenge was accepted by a German priest, Martin Luther. He raised a strong voice and launched a movement. 6. The invention of printing press and printing of the Bible in vernacular languages brought a new outlook among laymen. Martin Luther’s contribution 1. He was a German clergyman and professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg, openly criticized papacy. He wrote Ninety-five theses in 1517. He nailed them on the church door at Wittenberg, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V upon request by the pope, asked Luther to defend his case before a Grand Diet held at Worms known as the Diet of Worms consisting of Council of Princes and high dignitaries in 1521. The Diet ordered that Luther's writings be burnt and Luther be outlawed. But Luther had the support of German rulers, and so no harm was done to him. 5, This movement soon came to be known as the German Protest Movement. & Lutheranism was recognized as a legal form of Christianity by a treaty known as “The Peace of Augsburg” in 1555, nine years after the death of Luther. _ This treaty was signed between the Schmalkaldie League (formed by Luther and some aGerman Princes) and the Roman Catholic Church. 8. In Germany, the southem states continued to remain loyal to the Catholic Church whereas the Norther states accepted Lutheranism. Counter Reformation a. In order to restore the credibility of the Catholic Church, a large number of dedicated Christians including some popes introduced certain reforms within the church. This movement is known as the Counter Reformation. b. A church council was convened at Trent in northern Italy in 1545 by Pope Paul III. ¢. The Council of Trent (1545 ~ 1563) The council made a number of changes in the Catholic church, i. The Pope was considered as the head of the Catholic Church ii, He is the final interpreter of the Christian doctrine. iii, Itestablished centres known as seminaries to educate and train priests. iv. It forbade the church to charge fees for conducting religious services. v. Itadvocated the use of local language for preaching in the church. d. “Society of Jesus’ one of the religious orders was founded by lent noble. Loyola, a Spanish Saint Francis Xavier was a follower of Ignatius Loyola. He travelled China, Japan and India and worked till his death. His mortal remains are found at the Church of Bom Jesus in old Goa, f£. Thus the selfless and dedicated service rendered by the Jesuits helped in restoring the credibility of the RC church.Renaissance “Renaissance” means ‘Rebirth’ of knowledge. Causes of Renaissance - Capture of Constantinople morte Chistes pany i oa centre of leaming. Although, it was under the clutches of i oo nn {ireck scholars were living there. They became famous by teachit 8 Gr ce literature to the people. In 1453 A.D., Ottoman Empire occupied C etn oro the Greek scholars left Constantinople and entered into diflerent cities of Italy ie Is Milan, Naples Sicily, and Rome etc. They taught mathemati histo geography, Philosophy. astronomy, medicine ete. to the people of Htaly. This gave birth to 2. Decline of Feudalism kes {risa system in which the king used to give estates to his Lords, who were known as Duke: and Earls, The Lords distri Sealed part oftheir land among the lesser Lords or Barons, who Cevided them with military support, The Dukes and Earls owed allegiance directly to the King. whereas the Barons owed allegiance to the Dukes and Earle However, decline of feudalism, provided peace and freedom favoured the growth of New Learning . New Trade Routes ‘The Constantinople fell into the hands ofthe Turks in 1453 West and the East was closed. As a result, the ‘or discovering new sea routes, A.D. and the trade routes b/w the European traders and navigators felt the need Name Discovery - - | asearoute to “Afiica Bartholomew Diaz [ Cape of Good Hope Columbus America - 1492 - Vasco da Gama India - 1498 Ferdinand Magellan Voyage around the world and reached Le Pacific Ocean 4. Spirit of Enquiry All human activities were cor trolled and guided The scholars discarded this i by the authority of the P idea and developed s ‘ope and the Church pirit of enquiry Factors for the development of the Sp a, Role of Origi asked the people 1s like Rog. homas Aquin: hinkers are called the f Renaissance to develop S stressed on. reasoning. These original t b. Crusades It was the religious expeditionary wars with the goal of re Places in and near Jerusalem, They brought the people of storing the Church's People of Asia, Thus it widened their outlook by Euro) “elying on reason rather than on Pe into direct contact with the blind faith,, ©. Development of Science It created the spirit of enquiry and scientific temper. Roger Bacon contemplated the use of horseless carriages and flying machines, Copernicus proved that the earth moves round the sun, Galileo invented the telescope. 5. The invention of printing machine John Gutenberg of Germany invented printing machine in the middle of the 15 C. Later on Caxton introduced it in England. Its advantages i, It was possible to produce books in large numbers. The religious and classical books like Bible were made available all over Europe. ili, It became easier to read printed books than hand-written manuscripts. ‘Thus it influenced people’s attitude to life and brought about a new awakening in Europe. Impact of Renaissance Painting Among the painters of the world, Leonardo-da-Vinci occupied a unique position. The hidden expression in his paintings made them attractive. Leonardo has become immortal for his famous painting of ‘Mona Lisa’. ‘The Last Supper’ and “The Virgin of the Rock’ are his other immortal paintings which are appreciated all over the world. Literature in England William Shakespeare is often called England’s national poet the ‘Bard of Avon’. His famous play was “Romeo and Juliet’. He wrote several comedies like A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, As you like it and Twelfth Night, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. Science Copernicus said that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun in a circle. He mentioned this Helio centric theory in his book ‘On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres’. He based his Heliocentric theory on the following: 1. There is no one centre of all celestial circles or spheres. 2. The centre of the earth is not the centre of the universe, but only of gravity and of the Junar sphere. All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint and therefore, the sun is the centre of the universe. 4, The earth has more than one motion, turing on it orbit around the sun. axis and moving in a spherical