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doc 1

db 1

Uploaded by

renu.dandge
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

DDL Commands: Data Definition Language


DDL commands are used to define and manage the structure of a database, such as creating
tables, altering schemas, and dropping objects.

1.1 CREATE Command

The CREATE statement is used to create a new table, database, index, or view.

Syntax for Creating a Table:

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CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype CONSTRAINTS,
column2 datatype CONSTRAINTS,
...
);

Example:

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CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
HireDate DATE,
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

1.2 ALTER Command

The ALTER statement is used to modify the structure of an existing table, like adding, deleting,
or modifying columns.

Syntax for Adding a Column:

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ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

Example:

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ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD Email VARCHAR(100);

Syntax for Dropping a Column:

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ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

Example:

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ALTER TABLE Employees
DROP COLUMN Email;

1.3 DROP Command

The DROP statement is used to remove a table or database from the system permanently.

Syntax:

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DROP TABLE table_name;

Example:

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DROP TABLE Employees;

1.4 TRUNCATE Command

The TRUNCATE statement removes all rows from a table without logging individual row
deletions, making it faster than DELETE but irreversible.

Syntax:

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TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

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TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;

2. DML Commands: Data Manipulation Language


DML commands are used to manipulate data within existing tables, such as inserting,
updating, and deleting records.

2.1 SELECT Command

The SELECT statement retrieves data from one or more tables.


Basic Syntax:

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SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Example:

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SELECT FirstName, LastName, HireDate
FROM Employees;

SELECT with WHERE Clause:

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SELECT *
FROM Employees
WHERE Salary > 50000;

2.2 INSERT Command

The INSERT statement is used to insert new rows of data into a table.

Syntax:

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INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

Example:

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INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, HireDate, Salary)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', '2023-01-15', 60000);

Syntax for Inserting Multiple Rows:

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INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...),
(value3, value4, ...);

Example:

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INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, HireDate, Salary)
VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', '2023-05-10', 75000),
(3, 'Tom', 'Brown', '2023-07-01', 52000);

2.3 UPDATE Command

The UPDATE statement is used to modify existing records in a table.

Syntax:

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UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

Example:

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UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = 70000
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

2.4 DELETE Command

The DELETE statement is used to remove rows from a table based on a condition.

Syntax:

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DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:

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DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 2;

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