1) C++ program to find the largest of three numbers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
double num1, num2, num3;

cout << "Enter three numbers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2 >> num3;

if (num1 >= num2 && num1 >= num3) {

cout << "The largest number is " << num1 << endl;
} else if (num2 >= num1 && num2 >= num3) {
cout << "The largest number is " << num2 << endl;
} else {
cout << "The largest number is " << num3 << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output:
Enter three numbers: 0 -1 4
The largest number is 4
2) C++ program to sort the elements in ascending or descending order

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";
cin >> n;

int arr[n];
cout << "Enter the elements: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> arr[i];
}

int choice;
cout << "Enter 1 to sort in ascending order or 2 to sort in descending
order: ";
cin >> choice;

if (choice == 1) {
sort(arr, arr + n);
cout << "Sorted array in ascending order: ";
 } else if (choice == 2) {
sort(arr, arr + n, greater<int>());
cout << "Sorted array in descending order: ";
} else {
cout << "Invalid choice! Please run the program again.";
return 0;
}

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;

return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the number of elements: 5
Enter the elements: 0 -1 -0 4 6
Enter 1 to sort in ascending order or 2 to sort in descending order: 1
Sorted array in ascending order: -1 0 0 4 6
(OR)
Enter 1 to sort in ascending order or 2 to sort in descending order: 2
Sorted array in descending order: 6 4 0 0 -1
3) C++ program using classes to display student name, roll number, marks
obtained in two subjects and total score of students.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Student {
private:
string name;
int rollNumber;
int marksSubject1;
int marksSubject2;

public:
void setDetails(string studentName, int roll, int marks1, int marks2) {
name = studentName;
rollNumber = roll;
marksSubject1 = marks1;
marksSubject2 = marks2;
}

void displayDetails() {
cout << "Student Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << endl;
 cout << "Marks in Subject 1: " << marksSubject1 << endl;
cout << "Marks in Subject 2: " << marksSubject2 << endl;
cout << "Total Score: " << (marksSubject1 + marksSubject2) << endl;
}
};

int main()
{
Student student;
string name;
int roll, marks1, marks2;

cout << "Enter student name: ";

getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter roll number: ";

cin >> roll;

cout << "Enter marks obtained in subject 1: ";

cin >> marks1;

cout << "Enter marks obtained in subject 2: ";

cin >> marks2;
student.setDetails(name, roll, marks1, marks2);
cout << endl;
 cout << "Student Details:" << endl;
student.displayDetails();

return 0;
}

Output:
Enter student name: Abubakkar
Enter roll number: 4556
Enter marks obtained in subject 1: 25
Enter marks obtained in subject 2: 30

Student Details:
Student Name: Abubakkar
Roll Number: 4556
Marks in Subject 1: 25
Marks in Subject 2: 30
Total Score: 55
4) C++ program for a bank employee to print name of the employee,
account number and balance. Print invalid balance if amount<500.
Display the same, also display the balance after withdraw and deposit.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class BankEmployee {
private:
string name;
long accountNumber;
float balance;

public:
BankEmployee(string employeeName, long accNumber, float
initialBalance) {
name = employeeName;
accountNumber = accNumber;
if (initialBalance < 500) {
cout << "Invalid balance" << endl;
balance = 0;
} else {
balance = initialBalance;
}
}
 void displayDetails() {
cout << "Employee Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Account Number: " << accountNumber << endl;
cout << "Balance: " << balance << endl;
}

void withdraw(float amount) {

if (balance >= amount) {
balance -= amount;
cout << "Balance after withdrawal: " << balance << endl;
} else {
cout << "Insufficient balance" << endl;
}
}

void deposit(float amount) {

balance += amount;
cout << "Balance after deposit: " << balance << endl;
}
};

int main() {
string name;
long accountNumber;
float initialBalance, withdrawAmount, depositAmount;
 cout << "Enter employee name: ";
getline(cin, name);

cout << "Enter account number: ";

cin >> accountNumber;

cout << "Enter initial balance: ";

cin >> initialBalance;

BankEmployee employee(name, accountNumber, initialBalance);

cout << endl;
cout << "Employee Details:" << endl;
employee.displayDetails();

cout << "Enter the amount to withdraw: ";

cin >> withdrawAmount;
employee.withdraw(withdrawAmount);

cout << "Enter the amount to deposit: ";

cin >> depositAmount;
employee.deposit(depositAmount);
return 0;
}
Output 1:
Enter employee name: Abubakkar
Enter account number: 47786
Enter initial balance: 300
Invalid balance
Employee Details:
Employee Name: Abubakkar
Account Number: 47786
Balance: 0
Enter the amount to withdraw: 200
Insufficient balance
Enter the amount to deposit: 600
Balance after deposit: 600

Output 2:
Enter employee name: Abubakkar
Enter account number: 59667
Enter initial balance: 600
Employee Details:
Employee Name: Abubakkar
Account Number: 59667
Balance: 600
Enter the amount to withdraw: 200
Balance after withdrawal: 400
Enter the amount to deposit: 50
Balance after deposit: 450
5) C++ program to demonstrate function overloading for the following
prototypes.
add(int a, int b)
add(double a, double b)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

double add(double a, double b) {

return a + b;
}

int main() {
int intResult = add(5, 3);
double doubleResult = add(2.5, 3.7);

cout << "Result of adding two integers: " << intResult << endl;
cout << "Result of adding two doubles: " << doubleResult << endl;

return 0;
}
Output:
Result of adding two integers: 8
Result of adding two doubles: 6.2
6) C++ program using operator overloading for overloading unary minus
operator.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Number {
private:
int value;

public:
Number() : value(0) {}
Number(int val) : value(val) {}

Number operator-() {
Number result;
result.value = -value;
return result;
}

void display() {
cout << "Value: " << value << endl;
}
};

int main() {
 Number num1(10);
Number num2 = -num1; // using the overloaded unary minus operator

cout << "Original Number: ";

num1.display();

cout << "After Unary Minus: ";

num2.display();

return 0;
}

Output:
Original Number: Value: 10
After Unary Minus: Value: -10

In this program, the Number class overloads the unary minus

operator - using the operator- method. When the unary minus
operator is applied to an object of the Number class, it returns a
new Number object with the negated value.
7) C++ program to implement Multiple inheritance for performing
arithmetic operation of two numbers.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// First base class

class Addition {
public:
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
};

// Second base class

class Subtraction {
public:
int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
};
// Derived class inheriting from two base classes
class Arithmetic : public Addition, public Subtraction {
public:
void display(int a, int b) {
cout << "Sum: " << add(a, b) << endl;
cout << "Difference: " << subtract(a, b) << endl;
}
};

int main() {
int num1, num2;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
Arithmetic obj;
obj.display(num1, num2);
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter two numbers: 8 3
Sum: 11
Difference: 5
8) C++ program using constructor in derived classes r initialize
alpha, beta and gamma and display corresponding values.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Base class
class Alpha {
protected:
int alpha;

public:
Alpha(int a) : alpha(a) {}
};

// First derived class

class Beta : public Alpha {
protected:
int beta;

public:
Beta(int a, int b) : Alpha(a), beta(b) {}
};
// Second derived class
class Gamma : public Beta {
private:
int gamma;

public:
Gamma(int a, int b, int c) : Beta(a, b), gamma(c) {
// You can perform additional initialization if needed
}

void displayValues() {
cout << "Alpha: " << alpha << endl;
cout << "Beta: " << beta << endl;
cout << "Gamma: " << gamma << endl;
}
};

int main() {
// Create an object of the Gamma class and initialize values
Gamma obj(10, 20, 30);
 // Display the initialized values
obj.displayValues();
return 0;
}

Output:
Alpha: 10
Beta: 20
Gamma: 30
9) C++ program to create a text file, check file created or not, if
created it will write some text into the file and then read the
text from the file.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// Create a text file
ofstream outFile("sample.txt");
// Check if the file is created successfully
if (!outFile.is_open()) {
cout << "Error creating the file!" << endl;
return 1;
}
// Write text into the file
outFile << "Hello, this is some text written to the file.\n";
outFile << "This is another line in the file.";
// Close the file
outFile.close();
 // Read text from the file
ifstream inFile("sample.txt");
// Check if the file is opened successfully
if (!inFile.is_open()) {
cout << "Error opening the file!" << endl;
return 1;
}
// Display the content of the file
cout << "Contents of the file:" << endl;
string line;
while (getline(inFile, line)) {
cout << line << endl;
}
// Close the file
inFile.close();
return 0;
}

Output:
Contents of the file:
Hello, this is some text written to the file.
This is another line in the file.
10) C++ program to write and read time in / from binary file using
fstream
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// Get the current time
time_t currentTime = time(0);

// Open a binary file for writing

ofstream outFile("time_data.bin", ios::binary);

// Check if the file is opened successfully

if (!outFile.is_open()) {
cout << "Error creating the file!" << endl;
return 1;
}

// Write the current time to the file

outFile.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&currentTime),
sizeof(currentTime));
 // Close the file
outFile.close();

cout << "Time has been written to the file." << endl;

// Open the binary file for reading

ifstream inFile("time_data.bin", ios::binary);

// Check if the file is opened successfully

if (!inFile.is_open()) {
cout << "Error opening the file!" << endl;
return 1;
}

// Read the time from the file

time_t readTime;
inFile.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&readTime),
sizeof(readTime));

// Close the file

inFile.close();
 // Display the read time
cout << "Time read from the file: " << ctime(&readTime);

return 0;
}

Output:
Time has been written to the file.
Time read from the file: Mon Nov 13 10:17:40 2023.
11) Develop a function which throws a division by zero exception
and catch it in catch block. write a C++ program to demonstrate
the usage of try, catch and throw to handle exception.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Function that throws a division by zero exception

double divide(int numerator, int denominator) {
if (denominator == 0) {
throw "Division by zero is not allowed.";
}
return static_cast<double>(numerator) / denominator;
}

int main() {
int numerator, denominator;

cout << "Enter numerator: ";

cin >> numerator;

cout << "Enter denominator: ";

cin >> denominator;
 try {
// Attempt to perform division
double result = divide(numerator, denominator);
cout << "Result of division: " << result << endl;
} catch (const char* error) {
// Catch and handle the exception
cout << "Exception caught: " << error << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output-1:
Enter numerator: 8
Enter denominator: 0
Exception caught: Division by zero is not allowed.

Output-2:
Enter numerator: 8
Enter denominator: 2
Result of division: 4
12) C++ program that handles array out of bounds exception
using C++.

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

// Function that throws an array out-of-bounds exception

int accessArrayElement(int arr[], int size, int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
throw out_of_range("Array index out of bounds");
}
return arr[index];
}

int main() {
const int arraySize = 5;
int myArray[arraySize] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int index;

cout << "Enter the index to access in the array: ";

cin >> index;
 try {
// Attempt to access the array element
int value = accessArrayElement(myArray, arraySize, index);
cout << "Value at index " << index << ": " << value << endl;
} catch (const out_of_range& e) {
// Catch and handle the array out-of-bounds exception
cout << "Exception caught: " << e.what() << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output 1:
Enter the index to access in the array: 0
Value at index 0: 1

Output 2:
Enter the index to access in the array: 7
Exception caught: Array index out of bounds