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LOGIC III New

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CABALLERO, ALTHEA D.
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGIC

Lesson III

Terms as Verbal Concept

TERM- is the sensible external representation of realities and the ultimate structure of a proposition. We
take term to mean both the oral and the written word.

Co-significant or syncategorematic words/terms- do not express a concept

Sygnificant or categorematic terms- These are terms which expresses a meaning

TYPES OF TERM

A. TERMS ACCORDING TO COMPREHENSION


1. Univocal term- is a term having one fixed meaning. That is, it signifies only one concept. Ex.
Entomology- it signifies the study of insect. Zoology- study of animals. Botany- study of
plants
2. Equivocal term- is a term having two or several unrelated meaning. Ex. The word pitcher
may mean either a baseball player, a jar or container for holding a liquid.
3. Analogous term- is a term whose meaning is applied to several objects in a partly similar
and partly different sense. Ex. Father- as the head of the family or father of the church.

B. TERM ACCORDING TO EXTENSION


1. Singular term- term applies to only one specific individual such as, Mr. Banatao is our
professor in logic. BBM is the president of our country. This cell phone.
2. Particular term- applies to a part or portion of a totality, such as, some/few/several
students
3. Universal term- applies to all the individuals comprising as a whole, such as all/every
senators.

THE SUPPOSITION OF TERMS

Supposition of terms- refers to the exact meaning it has in relation to the other words in a given
sentence. While a dictionary may give a several meaning for a word, in a sentence, a word can only have
one meaning.

Accordingly, supposition may be based on the following:

A) On the Basis of the Thing Signified

1. Real supposition- is present when the term stands for a thing which exist as a physical object in
the realm of realities. Ex. Man is rational.
2. Logical supposition- is present when the term expresses an aspect of a concept itself as it exist
only in the mind. Ex. Man is the subject matter in Ethics.
3. Imaginary supposition- is present when the term signifies something which exist only in the
imagination. Ex. Darna save the people from the monsters.
4. Metaphorical supposition- is present when the term signifies something which can be true only
by analogy to another. Ex. Money is the root of all evils.
5. Symbolical supposition- is present when the term signifies something which is true only from
agreement of a group of men. Ex. BBM defeated Leny Robredo in the presidential election.
6. Material supposition- is present when the term stands for itself insofar as it is a verbal symbol.
Ex. Man is a three letter word.

B) On the Basis of the extension


1. Individual supposition- is present when the term stands for an individual person or thing.
Ex. BBM is the president of our country.
2. Universal supposition- is present when the term stands for all the individuals of a given
whole. Ex. All of my students in Logic.
3. Particular supposition- is present when a term stands for a portion of a given whole or
totality. Ex. Some of our professors are policemen.
4. Indefinite supposition- is present when a term stands for unspecified numbers of
individuals. Ex. Filipinos are hospitable.

PROPOSITION
Proposition- is a sentence or statement which expresses truth or falsity.

KINDS OF PROPOSITION
1. Categorical proposition- is a statement/sentence which expresses a positive, or a
negative judgment, in an absolute manner. Ex. All snakes are reptiles.
2. Hypothetical proposition- is a sentence which qualified by a certain conditionality. Ex. If
it rains, the road will be wet.

TYPES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

A) According to the Extension of the Subject


1. Singular proposition- a proposition whose subject is s singular concept, that is, it refers
to one specific individual. Ex. BBM is the president of our country.
2. Particular proposition- a proposition whose subject stands for a particular concept. Ex.
Some of my students were absent last meeting.
3. Universal proposition- a proposition whose subject stands for a universal concept. That
is, to all the inferiors or individuals of the extension of such concept. Ex. All professors
are degree holders.
4. Indefinite proposition-a proposition whose subject stands for an indefinite number of
individuals. Ex. Filipinos are deeply religious.

B) According to quality of the copula


1. Affirmative- a categorical proposition which affirm the existing relationship between the
subject and the predicate. Ex. Mr. Banatao is a man
2. Negative- a proposition which denies the relationship between the subject and the
predicate. Ex. Some flowers are not red.

C. According to the Matter affirmed or Denied


1. Simple- a categorical proposition which unites or separates only two concepts or terms. Ex. Drug
addiction is a menace to society.
2. Compound- a categorical proposition which expresses as a single enunciation of two or more
proposition. Ex. President Marcos is intelligent, dashing fellow.

C) According to its thought-content


1. True- a categorical proposition whose thought-content agrees with objective reality is said
to be true. Ex. All dogs are animals
2. False- a categorical proposition whose thought-content does not agree with objective reality
is false. Ex. A building is a living thing.

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