PHYSICAL QUANTITES

Distance is a scalar and displacement is a

vector. Similarly, speed is a scalar and
velocity is a vector.

Speed is the rate of change of distance in

the direction of travel. Speedometers in cars
measure speed.

Velocity is a rate of change of displacement

and has both magnitude anddirection.

Adding vectors
Displacement is a quantity that is
Celsius to Kelvin independent of the route taken between
oC+273.15=K start and end points.
Kelvin to Celicius
273.15-oC=oC Two or more displacement vectors can be
added “nose to tail” to calculate a resultant
VECTOR AND SCALAR QUANTITES vector

SCALAR VECTOR APPLICATION

A SCALAR quantity is any quantity in ADDITION: When two (2) vectors point in
physics that has MAGNITUDE ONLY the SAME direction, simply add them
together.
VECTOR
A VECTOR quantity is any quantity in
physics that has BOTH MAGNITUDE and
DIRECTION
NON-COLLINEAR VECTORS
When two (2) vectors are
PERPENDICULAR to each other, you must
use the PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Tip-to-tail Method Also known as Polygon

Method

ONE DIMENTIONAL KINEMATICS

One Dimensional Position x

Motion can be defined as the change of
position over time.

Quantities in Motion
Any motion involves three concepts
● Displacement
● Velocity
● Acceleration
Kinematics equal the average velocity Begin
- The study of motion and how to with then
describe it Velocity
- Does not consider what causes the ● Velocity is the rate of change of
motion position.
- One Dimensional (1D) Kinematics ● Velocity is a vector quantity.
- Motion in a straight line ● Velocity has both magnitude and
- Left/right, up/down, east/west, etc direction
● Velocity has a unit of [length/time]:
Distance meter/second.
- Total length of travel ● We will be concerned with three
- Units: m, cm, mm, km quantities, defined as:
- Average velocity
Displacement - Average speed
- Change in position = final - initial - Instantaneous velocity
- ∆x = xf - xi

Instantaneous Speed & Velocity

● Instantaneous Velocity- Velocity at
one instant in time
● Instantaneous Speed- Magnitude of
the instantaneous velocity

Uniform Velocity
● Uniform velocity is the special case
of constant velocity
● In this case, instantaneous velocities
are always the same, all the
instantaneous velocities will also
Derivation Formula(s)

Motion with Constant Acceleration

- Object is either speeding up or
slowing down
- Object is just speeding up / slowing
down at a constant rate (same
acceleration at all times)

Freely Falling Objects

 - Free Fall -- the motion of an object Instantaneous Acceleration- The
falling only under the influence of acceleration of an object at any point in
gravity. time.
- An object is in free fall the moment it
is released, whether it’s thrown Acceleration due to Gravity- The
upward, downward, or just dropped. acceleration of an object in free fall due to
Remember the earth’s gravity is 9.8m/s2.
- Acceleration due to gravity = g =
9.81 m/s2 Circular Motion
That value will be: Forces and acceleration
- Positive if our coordinate system has An object will remain stationary or will move
set down as positive in the same direction at a constant speed,
- Negative if our coordinate system unless the forces acting on it are not
has set up as positive balanced.
Gravity ALWAYS acts in the downward
direction. This will cause an acceleration in the
direction of the stronger force. This can
ACCELERATION make an object slow down or speed up, or it
- Acceleration – change in velocity can cause it to change direction.
over time.
Acceleration in a circle
A motorcycle drives around a corner at a
constant speed. Its direction changes as it
goes around the corner, so even though its
● When an object is increasing in speed is constant, it must be accelerating.
velocity over time it is said to be
accelerating.(positive acceleration) This acceleration must be at right angles
● When an object is decreasing in (perpendicular) to the direction of movement
velocity over time it is said to be as it turns the corner, otherwise its speed
decelerating.(negative could not be constant.
acceleration)
● If an object is moving at constant Forces causing circular motion
velocity it is said to be moving with Any object that moves in a circle must be
zero acceleration accelerating towards the center of that
circle. What causes this? What equation do
Three Ways to “Accelerate” you know that links force and acceleration?
● Speed Up F=m×a
● Slow Down
● Change Direction Force and acceleration are both vector
quantities, unlike mass, so according to this
Constant Acceleration- Acceleration that equation, their directions must be equal.
does not change over time.
All circular motion must therefore be caused
by a force acting towards the center of the
circle.

This type of force is known as a centripetal

force

Centrifugal force or centripetal force?

Swing a mass around in a circle on the end
of a string. Do you feel a force pulling your
hand outwards? This is often called a
“centrifugal force.” You might have heard
that centrifugal forces cause circular motion,
but this is not good physics!

Consider what is happening in this case.

The mass on the end of the string is the Examples of centripetal forces
object that is performing circular motion, so
it is the forces on this object that are
important:

The force on your hand is a reaction force,

which can be ignored when studying the
motion of the mass.
Factors affecting centripetal forces
Thinking about circular motion How does the centripetal force depend on
It is important to think of circular motion as mass?
an object being continuously prevented from F = ma, so force is proportional to mass.
moving in a straight line, rather than as if
the object is being flung outwards from The greater the mass, the larger the
the center centripetal force needed to maintain
circular motion.
A washing machine dries clothes by
spinning them around very fast: How does the centripetal force depend on
speed and radius?
The sides of the drum provide the F = ma, so force is proportional to
centripetal force that keeps the clothes acceleration. If the truck is going faster, or
moving in a circle, but water is free to if its radius is smaller, then it is changing
escape in straight trajectories through the direction more quickly, so its acceleration is
holes in the sides. greater.

The greater the speed, and the smaller

the radius, the larger the centripetal
force needed to maintain circular motion.
 Calculating Centripetal Acceleration
Uniform Circular Motion (The Motion of The centripetal acceleration (ac) of an
an Object in a Circle With a Constant or object in uniform circular motion is
Uniform Speed) calculated by means of the following
equation:
● Since the direction of the object's 𝑣
2

velocity is changing, the object must ac = 𝑟

(reference tables)
be subjected to an UNBALANCED ● v is the linear speed of the object
FORCE! ● r is the radius of the circular path
● Therefore, it is ACCELERATING
Calculating Centripetal Force
The unbalanced force associated with
centripetal acceleration is called the
centripetal force (Fc). From Newton’s 2nd
Law we get:

Fc = mac (reference tables)

Calculating the Speed

● Can measure speed indirectly using
a quantity known as the period (T).
● The period (T) of revolution is the
time an object takes to complete one
● The direction of the velocity vector is revolution
the same as the direction of the ● In one revolution, the distance the
object's motion. object travels equals the
● The direction of the acceleration is circumference of the circle (2r)
inwards, always pointing towards the ● Using the equation v = d / t, we
center of the circle substitute and get…
● Called “Centripetal Acceleration” 2π𝑟
V= 𝑇
● Centripetal means “center-seeking”
Projectile Motion - An object in free fall is only acted on
● Any object that continues in motion by gravity
by its own inertia and is influenced - Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8
only by the downward force of m/s2
gravity (and air resistance) - distance covered increases with
- an object dropped from rest each second
is a projectile
- an object thrown straight Vertical “Velocity” Component
upward is a projectile ● Changes (due to gravity), does NOT
- an object thrown upward at cover equal displacements in equal
an angle to the horizontal time periods.
- Both the MAGNITUDE and
● An object moves along a curved DIRECTION change. As the
path under the influence of gravity projectile moves up the
● The path that the projectile follows is MAGNITUDE DECREASES
a parabola… the path is called its and its direction is UPWARD.
trajectory As it moves down the
MAGNITUDE INCREASES
Projectiles move in TWO dimensions - and the direction is
Since a projectile moves in 2- dimensions, it DOWNWARD.
therefore has 2 components just like a
resultant vector Combining the Components Together,
these components produce what is
Horizontal “Velocity” Component called a trajectory or path. This path is
● NEVER changes, covers equal parabolic in nature
displacements in equal time periods.
This means the initial horizontal Projectile Motion Combines Vertical
velocity equals the final horizontal Motion and Horizontal Motion
velocity.
In other words, the horizontal velocity is ● The vertical motion of a projectile is
Gravity DOES NOT work horizontally to not affected by its horizontal motion
increase or decrease the velocity. - meaning: The vertical motion of a
CONSTANT. BUT WHY? projectile is identical to an object in
● If there is no force acting on an free fall
object, then it will continue moving at
a constant speed in the same ● The horizontal motion of a projectile
direction. is not affected by its vertical motion
- there will be no change in its - meaning the projectile will travel the
velocity same horizontal distance as it would
- distance will increase the if it were simply rolling on a flat
same amount with each surface in the absence of friction
second
Projectile Motion and Complementary
Free Fall Revisited - Angles
● Different launch angles result in
different horizontal distances
traveled by the projectile
● Same range is obtained from two
different launching angles when the
angles add up to 90°
● Object launched at an angle of 60
has the same range as if it were
thrown at an angle of 30.
- What launch angle would have the
same range as a projectile launched
at 20o?
Free Fall
- Galileo (1564 –1642) and the
leaning tower of Pisa.
Galileo’s Finding
“We compared the time for the whole length
with that for the half, or with that for
two-thirds, or three-fourths, or indeed for
any fraction; in such experiments, repeated
a full hundred times, we always found that
the spaces traversed were to each other as
the squares of the times, and this was true
for all inclinations of the plane, i.e., of the
channel, along which we rolled the ball.
Galileo “Two New Sciences”

Air Resistance
- The force of friction or drag acting on
an object in a direction opposing its
motion as it moves through air.

To Find the distance from Time and

gravity

Acceleration due to Gravity

𝑣 −𝑣
𝑓 𝑖
𝑔= 𝑇
When vi=0: vf=gt

Center of Mass, Momentum, and Impulse

The Center of Mass - The objects involved remain
● There is a special point in a system separate.
or object, called the center of mass, ● Actual collisions
that moves as if all of the mass of - Most collisions fall between
the system is concentrated at that elastic and perfectly inelastic
point collisions
● The CM of an object or a system is ● Perfectly inelastic Collision-
the point, where the object or the - The object became one
system can be balanced in the mass
uniform gravitational field - Total momentum is
Impulse conserved
● When a single, constant force acts - P1+P2=Ptotal
on the object, there is an impulse - m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)vf
delivered to the object - Object may alter their
Impulse-Momentum Theorem condition
● The theorem states that the impulse - Kenetic energy is lost
acting on a system is equal to the
change in momentum of the system Summary of Types of Collisions
Conservation of Momentum ● In an elastic collision, both
● In an isolated and closed system, momentum and kinetic energy are
the total momentum of the system conserved
remains constant in time. ● In an inelastic collision, momentum
● Isolated system: no external forces is conserved but kinetic energy is
● Closed system: no mass enters or not
leaves ● In a perfectly inelastic collision,
● The linear momentum of each momentum is conserved, kinetic
colliding body may change energy is not, and the two objects
● The total momentum P of the system stick together after the collision, so
cannot change. their final velocities are the same

Types of Collisions Two-Dimensional Collisions

● Momentum is conserved in any ● For a general collision of two objects
collision in two-dimensional space, the
● Inelastic collisions: rubber ball and conservation of momentum principle
hard ball implies that the total momentum of
- Kinetic energy is not the system in each direction is
conserved conserved
- Perfectly inelastic collisions ● The momentum is conserved in all
occur when the objects stick directions
together
● Elastic collisions: billiard ball
- both momentum and kinetic
energy are conserved
NEWTON’S LAW Dynamics
Vector Nature of Force ● Describes the relationship between
● Vector force: has magnitude and the motion of objects in our everyday
direction world and the forces acting on them
● Net Force: a resultant force acting ● Language of Dynamics
on object - Force: The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or push). It
is a vector quantity – it has a
magnitude and direction
- Mass: The measure of how difficult it
is to change object’s velocity
(sluggishness or inertia of the object)
1 st Law Law of Inertia
2 nd Law Law of Acceleration
3 rd Law Law of Interaction

Gravitational Force- A force that attracts

two objects with mass.

Electromagnetic Force- Force that holds

atoms and molecules together

Strong Nuclear Force- Force that binds

quarks together in clusters to make
more-familiar subatomic particles, such as Net Force
protons and neutrons Now let’s take a look at what
happens when unbalanced forces do not
Weak Nuclear Force- Force that allows become completely balanced (or cancelled)
protons to turn into neutrons and vice versa by other individual forces.
through beta decay
 An unbalanced forces exists when
the vertical and horizontal forces do not
cancel each other out.

3 Types of Friction
1. Sliding when solid objects grind over
each other
● puck and ice
2. Rolling wheels spinning on an axle
● skateboards eventually roll to a stop
3. Fluid liquids or gases slow the
motion of a solid
● wind resistance
● oil a squeaky hinge
● pushes a surfer

WORK- measure of energy transfer that

occurs when an object is moved over a
distance by an external force at least part of
which is applied in the direction of the
displacement.
- W=fg

Energy- ability to do work, which is the

ability to exert a force causing displacement
of an object
● Kenetic Energy: Energy in Motion
- KE=mv^2/2
● Potential Energy: Energy at Rest
- PE= mgh

Law of Conservation Energy

- states that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed - only
converted from one form of energy
to another.