(1) Factors that enabled Globalisation with Examples

1. Technology Advancements - Faster communication through the internet and

transportation via air cargo.
2. Trade Liberalization - Reduced tariffs and trade barriers to promote international trade.
3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Attracting investments from multinational corporations.
4. Global Markets - Expansion of markets for goods and services worldwide.
5. Economic Reforms - Policies like LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) in
India.
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(2) Bright Future of Solar Energy in India

1. Abundant Sunlight - India receives ample sunlight throughout the year.

2. Renewable and Clean Energy - Reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
3. Government Initiatives - Schemes like Solar Parks and subsidies for solar installations.
4. Job Creation - Opportunities for employment in manufacturing installation, and
maintenance.
5. Cost-Effectiveness - Decreasing costs of solar panels make it affordable.
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(3) Process of Unification of Britain

1. Early Conflicts - England dominated Wales and Scotland through wars.

2. Acts of Union (1707) - Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain by merging
England and Scotland.
3. Union with Ireland (1801) - Further expansion, forming the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland.
4. Irish Independence (1922) - Southern Ireland gained independence, leaving Northern
Ireland in the UK.
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(4) Government Initiatives for Agricultural Growth
1. Green Revolution - Introduction of high-yield variety seeds and modern farming
techniques.
2. Subsidies and MSP - Minimum Support Price and subsidies for fertilizers and equipment
---
(5) Changes in Employment Share in Three Sectors (Since 1970s)

1. Primary Sector - Declined due to mechanization and reduced dependence on agriculture.

2. Secondary Sector - Grew due to industrialization and urbanization.
3. Tertiary Sector - Expanded significantly with the rise of services like IT, banking, and
healthcare.
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(6) 'Das Volk' and 'Volksgeist'
1. 'Das Volk' - Means 'The People,' highlighting collective unity.
2. 'Volksgeist' - Means 'Spirit of the People,' focusing on cultural and national identity.
3. Used by - Thinkers like Johann Gottfried Herder to emphasize nationalism.
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(7) Features of Black Soil
1. Rich in Nutrients - High fertility due to calcium carbonate and potassium.
2. Water Retention - Good moisture-holding capacity, ideal for cotton cultivation.
3. Self-Ploughing - Cracks during summer prevent hardening.
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(8) Features of Alluvial Soil
1. Highly Fertile - Deposited by rivers, ideal for agriculture.
2. Varied Texture - Ranges from sandy to clayey.
3. Widespread Availability - Found in northern plains and river basins.
---
(9) Belgium's Steps for Regional Accommodation

1. Equal Representation - Dutch and French-speaking communities share power equally.

2. Separate Government Structures - Regional autonomy for different cultural groups
3. Community Government - Special councils to protect cultural and linguistic interests.
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(10) Role of Missionaries in Indian Press Growth

1. Education Spread - Established schools and printing presses.

2. Awareness Creation - Published newspapers in local languages.
3. Social Reforms - Spread ideas against social evils like Sati and child marriage.
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(11) Belgium's Step to Address Diversity
1. Power Sharing Model - Ensured equal rights and representation for all communities to
prevent conflicts
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(12) One-Party System
1. Definition - A political system where a single party controls governance.
2. Examples - China and North Korea.
3. Advantages - Quick decision-making and strong central authority.
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(13) Impacts of Muslim League on National Movement
1. Demand for Separate Nation - Advocated for Pakistan as a separate Muslim state.
2. Communal Divide - Promoted religious identity, leading to partition.
3. Role in Negotiations - Influenced political negotiations with the British.
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(14) Importance of Money in Everyday Life
1. Medium of Exchange - Facilitates trade and transactions.
2. Store of Value - Saves wealth for future use.
3. Standard of Living - Enables access to goods, services, and comforts.
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(15) Jallianwala Bagh Incident and Aftermath

1. Circumstances
Protest against Rowlatt Act.
Gathering at Jallianwala Bagh despite restrictions.
2. Incident
General Dyer ordered open firing on peaceful protesters.
Hundreds killed and wounded.
3. Reaction
Nationwide outrage and protests.
Strengthened the Non-Cooperation Movement.
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(1) Short Note on Cotton Textiles
1. Historical Significance - India was a leading producer of cotton textiles during ancient
times.
2. Export Importance - Indian cotton fabrics were exported to Europe and other countries.
3. British Impact - British industrialization led to the decline of Indian cotton industries.
4. Modern Growth - Today, India is one of the largest producers and exporters of cotton
textiles.
5. Employment - The cotton textile industry provides employment to millions, particularly in
states like Maharashtra and Gujarat.
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(2) Importance of Average Income for Development

1. Indicator of Living Standards - Reflects the overall well-being of people in a country.

2. Economic Comparison - Helps compare economic growth between nations.
3. Resource Allocation - Assists in planning policies for poverty alleviation and welfare.
4. Poverty Measurement - Highlights income disparities and identifies areas needing
development.
5. Growth Assessment - Tracks the economic performance of a nation over time.
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(3) Result of Sexual Division of Labour

1. Gender Inequality - Women are confined to household chores and low-paying jobs.
2. Limited Opportunities - Women face barriers to education and employment.
3. Social Stereotypes - Reinforces traditional roles, restricting gender equality.
4. Economic Dependency - Women become dependent on men for financial support.
5. Workforce Imbalance - Leads to fewer women in leadership positions and
decision-making roles.
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(4) Conservation and Protection of Forests and Wildlife

1. Afforestation Programs - Planting trees through initiatives like Van Mahotsav.

2. Protected Areas - Establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere
reserves.
3. Legislation - Implementation of Forest Conservation Act, 1980, and Wildlife Protection Act,
1972.
4. Community Participation - Involvement of tribal communities through programs like Joint
Forest Management (JFM).
5. Awareness Campaigns - Promotion of conservation practices through education and
NGOs.
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(5) Political Equality in Democracy
1. Equal Rights - All citizens have equal voting rights and opportunities.
2. Representation - Governments are formed through free and fair elections.
3. Rule of Law - Laws apply equally to all individuals, regardless of status.
4. Decision-Making Power - Citizens participate in governance through elected
representatives.
5. Inclusivity - Ensures protection of minorities and marginalized groups.
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(6) Liberalization and Globalization
1. Trade Policies - Reduced import tariffs and export restrictions boosted international trade.
2. Foreign Investment - Encouraged multinational companies to invest in India.
3. Technological Transfer - Enabled access to advanced technologies.
4. Market Expansion - Opened global markets for Indian goods and services.
5. Economic Growth - Promoted industrialization and created employment opportunities.
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(7) Reasons for Jute Mill Concentration in West Bengal
1. Raw Material Availability - Proximity to the Hooghly River for jute cultivation.
2. Water Supply - Abundant water for processing jute fibers.
3. Transport Facilities - Developed railways and ports for transportation.
4. Cheap Labor - Availability of inexpensive labor from nearby states.
5. Market Access - Close to Kolkata, which serves as a trading hub.
---
(8) Role of Political Parties in Opinion Shaping

1. Campaigns and Debates - Educate voters about policies and issues.

2. Manifestos - Provide clear agendas for public understanding.
3. Media Engagement - Spread awareness through speeches, advertisements, and social
media.
4. Public Movements - Mobilize people for protests and campaigns.
5. Representation - Act as intermediaries between citizens and the government.
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(9) Spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in Villages

1. Boycott of British Goods - Promoted the use of khadi and Indian products.
2. Mass Participation - Farmers and laborers supported the movement against oppressive
policies.
3. Religious Leaders - Mobilized local communities through speeches and prayers.
4. Social Reforms - Protested against untouchability and promoted unity.
5. Defiance of Laws - Refused to pay taxes and withdrew from schools and government
offices.
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(10) Effects of Print Culture on Poor People
1. Access to Knowledge - Books and newspapers spread literacy and awareness.
2. Empowerment - Provided a voice to marginalized communities.
3. Reforms and Movements - Inspired participation in freedom movements and social
reforms.
4. Cultural Exchange - Promoted local languages and traditions through printed literature.
5. Awareness of Rights - Educated people about their legal and democratic rights.
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(11) Reasonable Credit Availability
1. Economic Growth - Encourages entrepreneurship and investments.
2. Poverty Reduction - Helps poor people start small businesses.
3. Fair Practices - Protects borrowers from exploitation by moneylenders.
4. Agricultural Support - Provides loans to farmers for seeds and equipment.
5. Financial Inclusion - Ensures equal access to banking facilities for all.
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(12) Equal Treatment of Women in Democracy
1. Gender Equality - Essential for social justice and fairness.
2. Economic Growth - Utilizes the potential of half the population.
3. Decision Making - Enhances governance through women’s perspectives.
4. Social Development - Improves education, healthcare, and welfare systems.
5. Legal Protection - Ensures enforcement of laws against discrimination and violence.
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(13) Need for RBI Supervision of Informal Lenders
1. Prevent Exploitation - Avoids high-interest rates and unfair practices.
2. Transparency - Ensures accountability in lending processes.
3. Challenges - Informal lenders operate outside the formal banking system, making
regulation difficult.
4. Rural Dependency - Many depend on informal credit due to lack of banking facilities.
5. Awareness Programs - Promotes financial literacy among borrowers.
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(14) Geographical Conditions for Rice Production
1. Climate - Requires high temperature (25°C-35°C) and humidity.
2. Rainfall - Needs 100-200 cm of annual rainfall.
3. Soil - Grows well in alluvial and clayey soils.
4. Irrigation - Regions with assured irrigation support multiple cropping.
5. Regions - West Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh are major producers.
---
(15) Land Use Pattern in India
1. Agricultural Land - Dominates land usage due to dependency on farming.
2. Forest Area - Has not increased much due to urbanization and industrialization.
3. Wasteland - Large areas remain uncultivated due to soil degradation.
4. Urbanization - Expansion of cities has reduced agricultural and forest land.
5. Conservation Policies - Efforts like afforestation programs aim to improve forest cover.

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

Started: 1985
Leader: Medha Patkar
Purpose:

To protest against the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River in Gujarat.
Protect the rights of tribals (Adivasis), farmers, and villagers who were displaced due to the
dam project.

Key Issues Raised:

1. Displacement of People – Thousands of people lost their homes and livelihoods due to
submergence.
2. Environmental Concerns – Loss of forests, wildlife, and agricultural land.
3. Rehabilitation Issues – Lack of proper compensation and resettlement for displaced
families.

Demands:
Stop the construction of the dam.
Provide fair compensation and rehabilitation for affected people.
Focus on alternative development models like small dams and water conservation projects.

Impact:
Created awareness about the impact of large-scale development projects on people and the
environment.
The Supreme Court allowed the dam's construction but also stressed the need for proper
rehabilitation.
Highlighted the importance of sustainable development.

Significance:
The movement became a symbol of environmental protection and social justice in India.

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Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY)

Launched: 25th December 2019 (by Prime Minister Narendra Modi)

Purpose:
To improve groundwater management and ensure sustainable water resources.

Key Features:
1. Focuses on groundwater conservation in water-stressed areas.
2. Promotes community participation to manage and protect water resources.
3. Encourages rainwater harvesting and efficient water use in farming.
4. Targets 7 states with critical groundwater levels.

Objectives:
Water Security – Ensure adequate groundwater availability for agriculture and drinking.
Sustainable Development – Improve water storage and recharge systems.
Community Awareness – Teach farmers about water-saving methods and technologies.

Significance:
Reduces groundwater depletion.
Supports farmers and boosts crop productivity.
Ensures long-term water security and fights climate change impacts

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

Launched: 1st July 2015
Purpose:
To ensure water availability for farming and promote the slogan "Har Khet Ko Paani" (Water
for every field).
Improve water efficiency through the idea of "More Crop Per Drop".

Key Objectives:
1. Expand Irrigation Coverage – Provide water to fields through canals, wells, and pipelines.
2. Improve Water Use Efficiency – Promote modern techniques like drip and sprinkler
irrigation.
3. Restore Water Resources – Rejuvenate rivers, ponds, and traditional water bodies.
4. Sustainable Farming – Reduce wastage of water and ensure sustainable agriculture.

Key Features:
Combines efforts of various ministries to focus on water conservation and management.
Supports farmers with subsidies for modern irrigation tools.
Promotes rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.

Significance:
Reduces dependence on monsoons.
Boosts crop productivity and farmers' income.
Ensures long-term agricultural growth and food security.

Contribution of Public Sector in the Development of India's Economy

The public sector plays a vital role in India's economic growth. Here is a simple and
easy-to-remember explanation:

1. Infrastructure Development –
The public sector builds roads, railways, airports, and power plants to support economic
growth.
2. Industrial Growth –
It sets up large industries like steel plants, oil refineries, and defense factories that require
huge investments.
3. Employment Generation –
Public sector companies provide jobs to millions of people, reducing unemployment and
poverty.
4. Regional Balance –
Public sector industries are set up in backward areas to promote regional development and
reduce inequality.
5. Social Welfare –
The government provides education, healthcare, and food subsidies through public
programs to improve the quality of life.
6. Foreign Exchange –
Public sector industries like oil and gas, mining, and exports help earn foreign exchange,
strengthening the economy.
7. Stability in Economy –
It prevents monopoly by private companies and ensures affordable prices of essential goods
and services.

Quick Mnemonic to Remember - IIR-SEFS

I – Infrastructure Development
I – Industrial Growth
R – Regional Balance
S – Social Welfare
E – Employment Generation
F – Foreign Exchange
S – Stability in Economy

1. Textile Industry:

Importance: Largest contributor to industrial production, employment, and foreign exchange

earnings.
Self-reliant Industry: Covers entire value chain – raw material to finished products.

Cotton Textiles:
History:
Hand-spinning and handloom in ancient India.
First mill in Mumbai (1854).
Boosted during World Wars due to cloth demand in Britain.

Location Factors: Raw cotton, market, transport, labor, moist climate (Maharashtra, Gujarat).

Key Features:
Spinning centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.
Weaving decentralized (handloom, powerloom, mills).
Khadi supports cottage industries.

Jute Textiles:

India: Largest producer and 2nd largest exporter after Bangladesh.

Location: Hugli basin (West Bengal).
Factors for Location:

Proximity to jute farms, water transport, cheap labor, Kolkata port, banking and insurance
facilities.
First Mill: Rishra (1855).
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2. Sugar Industry:
India: 2nd largest producer of sugar, 1st in gur and khandsari.
Location: UP, Bihar (60%), Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Shift to Southern States:

Higher sucrose content in cane.
Longer crushing season due to cooler climate.
Better cooperative success.

Seasonal Industry: Suitable for cooperatives.

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3. Mineral-Based Industries:
Iron and Steel Industry:
Importance: Basic industry for machinery, construction, defense, consumer goods.

Location Factors:

Proximity to iron ore, coal, limestone (4:2:1 ratio).

Chhotanagpur Plateau: Cheap raw materials, labor, markets.
Heavy Industry: Requires good transport for raw materials and finished goods.

Aluminium Smelting:
2nd largest metallurgical industry.
Uses: Aircraft, utensils, wires (lightweight, corrosion-resistant).
Location Factors:
Cheap electricity and raw material (bauxite).
Plants in Odisha, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu.
---

4. Chemical Industry:
Types:
Inorganic Chemicals: Fertilizers, plastics, dyes, adhesives.
Organic Chemicals: Petrochemicals and synthetic fibers.

Growth: Fast-growing and diversified industry.

Fertilizer Industry:
Types: Nitrogenous, phosphatic, and complex fertilizers.
Producers: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, Kerala.
Potash: Fully imported due to lack of reserves.
---
5. Cement Industry:
Uses: Construction of houses, roads, dams, airports, etc.
Raw Materials: Limestone, silica, gypsum, coal, electricity.
Locations: Gujarat (exports to Gulf countries), Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan.
---
6. Automobile Industry:
Products: Trucks, buses, cars, scooters, three-wheelers.
Growth Factors: Liberalization and demand for modern vehicles.
Major Hubs: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bengaluru.
---
7. Information Technology (IT) Industry:
Products: Computers, telecom equipment, software.
Growth: Boosted employment and exports.
Major Hubs: Bengaluru (IT capital), Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Noida, Mumbai
---
8. Sustainable Development Practices (NTPC):
Eco-Friendly Steps:
Waste management, ash recycling, green belts.
Energy efficiency and pollution control.
---

1. Iron Ore:

Importance: Backbone of industrial development; used in steel production.

Types:

1. Magnetite - Finest quality (70% iron), highly magnetic, used in electrical industries.

2. Hematite - Most used, slightly lower iron content (50–60%).

Major Producing States (2018–19): Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Jharkhand (97%).

Major Iron Ore Belts:

1. Odisha-Jharkhand Belt – High-grade hematite in Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar (Odisha) and

Singbhum (Jharkhand).

2. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt – High-grade hematite in Bailadila Hills (Chhattisgarh);

exported via Visakhapatnam port.

3. Ballari-Chitradurga-Tumakuru Belt (Karnataka) – Kudremukh mines are 100%

export-oriented; transported as slurry via pipeline to Mangaluru.

4. Maharashtra-Goa Belt – Lower quality ores, exported through Marmagao port.

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2. Manganese:

Uses:

Manufacturing steel and ferro-manganese alloy (10 kg manganese per tonne of steel).
Used in bleaching powder, insecticides, and paints.

Major Producing States (2018–19):

Madhya Pradesh (33%), Maharashtra (27%), Odisha (16%).

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3. Non-Ferrous Minerals:

(i) Copper:

Uses: Electrical cables, electronics, chemical industries.

Major Producing Areas:

1. Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh).

2. Khetri (Rajasthan).

3. Singhbhum (Jharkhand).

India is deficient in copper production.

(ii) Bauxite (Aluminium Ore):

Uses:

Makes aluminium, which is lightweight, strong, good conductor, and highly malleable.

Major Producing States (2018–19):

Odisha (65%) – Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput are important.

Jharkhand (10%), Gujarat (9%), Maharashtra (6%).

---

4. Non-Metallic Minerals:

(i) Mica:

Uses:

Electrical and electronic industries due to insulating properties and resistance to high
voltage.

Major Producing Areas:

1. Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt (Jharkhand) – Leading producer.

2. Ajmer (Rajasthan).

3. Nellore belt (Andhra Pradesh).

(ii) Limestone:

Uses:

Cement industry and smelting iron ore in blast furnaces.

Found in: Sedimentary rocks containing calcium carbonates.

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5. Correlation Between Minerals and Industries:

Iron and Steel Industry: Located near iron ore, coal, and manganese deposits for cost
efficiency.

Examples:

Iron ore mines in Chhattisgarh supply steel plants in Bhilai.

Coal and iron availability determines industrial locations.

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Tip for Map-Based Questions:

Revise the location of belts and mines for minerals like iron ore, manganese, copper, and
bauxite for easy identification.

Good luck with your exam! Let me know if you need any more help!

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - Class 10 NCERT (Political Parties)

Founded: 1980, as a revival of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951) by Syama Prasad
Mukherjee.

Ideology:

Draws inspiration from Hindutva (cultural nationalism) and integral humanism proposed by
Deendayal Upadhyaya.

Focuses on nationalism, economic development, and good governance.

Key Goals:

Full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.

Implementation of a Uniform Civil Code.

Ban on religious conversions for maintaining cultural integrity.

Growth and Expansion:

Initially concentrated in north and western India, but later expanded to southern, eastern,
and rural areas.

Formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in 1998 and led the central government.

Achievements:
Dominated Indian politics in the 1990s and continues to be a major force.

In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, it secured 303 seats, becoming the largest party in the
Parliament.

Currently, it leads the NDA government at the Centre.

Focus: Economic reforms, national security, and cultural values, making it one of the most
influential parties in India today.

---

1. Agriculture Supports Industry:

1. Raw Materials Supply:

Agriculture provides raw materials like cotton, jute, sugarcane, oilseeds, and rubber to
industries such as textile, sugar, and food processing industries.

2. Market for Industrial Goods:

Farmers require industrial products like fertilizers, pesticides, machines, tools, irrigation
equipment, and tractors to improve agricultural productivity.

3. Food Supply for Workers:

Agriculture supplies food grains and processed foods for workers in industries.

4. Livelihood and Employment:

Agriculture employs a large part of the population, providing a consumer base for industrial
products.

---

2. Industry Supports Agriculture:

1. Manufactured Goods for Farming:

Industries produce tools, machinery, pumps, fertilizers, and pesticides, which enhance
agricultural production and efficiency.

2. Storage and Transportation:

Industries provide facilities like cold storage and transportation systems to preserve and
move agricultural produce.

3. Processing Agricultural Products:

Industries process raw agricultural goods into value-added products like sugar, flour, and
packaged foods.

4. Employment Opportunities:

Industries offer alternative employment to farmers during off-seasons, reducing dependency

on agriculture.

---

3. Mutual Growth and Development:

Both sectors depend on each other for growth and form a link in economic development.

Industrial progress leads to modernization in agriculture, while agricultural growth boosts

demand for industrial products.

---

This relationship highlights the need for balanced growth in both agriculture and industry to
achieve overall economic development.

:
---

1. Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)

Founded: 26 November 2012, after the 2011 anti-corruption movement.

Ideals: Accountability, transparency, clean governance, and good administration.

Achievements:

Became the second-largest party in the Delhi Assembly elections soon after its formation.

Formed governments in Delhi and Punjab.

Secured 1 seat in the 2019 Lok Sabha election.

Emerging Force: Third front in Gujarat politics after the 2022 elections.

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2. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

Founded: 1984 by Kanshi Ram.

Ideals: Represents Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs, and minorities. Focuses on their welfare and
empowerment.

Inspirations: Leaders like Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar, and B.R. Ambedkar.

Achievements:

Strong presence in Uttar Pradesh and neighboring states like MP, Chhattisgarh,
Uttarakhand, Delhi, and Punjab.

Governed Uttar Pradesh several times through alliances.

Polled 3.63% votes and secured 10 seats in 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

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3. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Founded: 1980 (revived Bharatiya Jana Sangh of 1951).

Ideals:

Inspired by Hindutva (cultural nationalism).

Focuses on integral humanism and Antyodaya (upliftment of the poor).

Advocates uniform civil code and full integration of Jammu and Kashmir.

Achievements:

Expanded from north and west India to southern, eastern, and rural areas.

Leads NDA government with 303 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

---

4. Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)

Founded: 1964.

Ideals:

Marxism-Leninism, socialism, and secularism.

Opposes imperialism and communalism.

Achievements:

Strongholds in West Bengal, Kerala, and Tripura among workers, farmers, and the poor.

Ruled West Bengal for 34 years continuously.

Polled 1.75% votes and won 3 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

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5. Indian National Congress (INC)

Founded: 1885. One of the oldest parties in the world.

Ideals:

Modern, secular, democratic republic.

Focus on weaker sections, minorities, and balanced economic reforms.

Achievements:

Dominated Indian politics post-independence until 1977, then 1980–1989.

Led the UPA government from 2004 to 2019.

Polled 19.5% votes and secured 52 seats in 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

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6. National People’s Party (NPP)

Founded: July 2013 by P.A. Sangma.

Ideals:

Promotes diversity, regional development, education, and employment.

Focuses on empowerment of all communities.

Achievements:

First national party from North-East India.

Governs Meghalaya and has a presence in other northeastern states.

Secured 1 seat in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.