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Calculus Booklet of Formulas GREEK ALPHABET Capital Small Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES The n th term of a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r is given by

a n = a1 r n 1
The sum S n of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is given by

Sn =

a1(1 r n ) (1 r)

The sum S of an infinite geometric sequence with | r |< 1 is given by

S=

a1 (1 r )

EXPONENTAILS AND LOGARITHMS y = log b ( x) if and only if b y = x

log b ( xy) = log b ( x) + log b ( y ) x log b ( ) = log b ( x) log b ( y ) y log b x r = r log b ( x)

ABSOLUTE VALUE

x for x 0 | x |= x for x < 0 | x |= x 2

log b (1) = 0 log b (b) = 1 log a ( x) , change of base log b ( x) = log a (b)
BINOMIAL THEOREM n positive integer ( x + y) n = x n + n C1 x n1 y+ n C 2 x n2 y 2 + L

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES The n th term of an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common difference d is given by

+ n Cr x nr y r + K + y n n! Where n C r = r!(n r )!

a n = a1 + (n 1)d
The sum S n of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is given by

Sn =

n ( a1 + a n ) 2 Free From

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sin x
cos x

EXPONENTS AND RADICALS

x0 = 1

cos x
tan x cot x

sin x
sec 2 x

x r

1 1 = r = ( )r x x

1 = xr r x x r x s = x r+s ( x r ) s = x rs

csc2 x
sec x tan x

sec x csc x
sin 1 x , arcsin x cos1 x , arccosx tan x , arctan x
1

x xr ( )r = r y y xr = y r s s y ( xy) r = x r y r x y ( ) r = ( ) r y x x
n
1

csc x cot x
1 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 1 1 + x2

=n x
= ( x)
n n
m n

sinh x cosh x tanh x coth x sec hx

cosh x sinh x
sec h 2 x

xy = n x n y
n m

x
n

x = y

x y

csc h 2 x
sec hx tanh x csc hx coth x
1 x2 + 1 1 x2 1 1 1 x2 1 1 x2

DERIVATIVES

k is a constant. f (x )
k

csc hx
f ( x)
cosh 1 x
'

sinh 1 x

0
k f ( x)
nx
n 1

k f (x ) x
n

'

tanh 1 x
coth 1 x

ex

ex

ln x

1 x
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1 a2 x2 1 a2 + x2 1 x a
2 2

x sin 1 ( ) a x sinh 1 ( ) a x cosh 1 ( ) a 1 x tan 1 ( ) a a

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS A constant of integration should be added in all cases.

f (x )
k

f ( x )dx
kx

1 x + a2
2

k f (x )

k f ( x) dx

1 x ex

ln | x | ex
x ln x x

1 x a2
2

1 xa ln( ) 2a x + a

ln x sin x cos x
tan x cot x

1 a x2
2

1 a+ x ln( ) 2a a x

cos x sin x
ln(cos x) ln(sin x)
x ln(tan( + )) 2 4

TAYLOR SERIES (about x = a )

f ( x) = f ( a) + ( x a) f ' (a) + ( x a) n ( n) +L+ f (a) + L n!

( x a ) 2 '' f (a) 2!

sec x csc x sinh x cosh x tanh x coth x sec hx csc hx

x ln(tan( )) 2 cosh x

MACLAURIN SERIES

f ( x) = f (0) + xf ' (0) + +L+ xn f n!

x 2 '' f ( 0) 2!

sinh x
ln(coshx)) ln(| sinh x |))

( 0) + L

2 tan 1 (e x )

x ln(| tanh( ) |) Free From 2

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POWER SERIES FOR SOME FUNCTIONS

1 2m 2m f (t ) = a0 + am cos( t ) + bm sin( t) 2 T T m=1 m=1

ex = 1+ x +

x2 xn +L+ +L 2! n!

for all x

Where

am =
bm =

2 2m f (t ) cos( T t )dt T 0
2 2m f (t ) sin( T t )dt T 0
T

n x2 x3 n +1 x ln(1 + x) = x + L + (1) +L 2 3 n! 1 < x 1 e jx e jx x3 x5 x7 sin x = = x + +L 2 3! 5! 7!

COMPLEX FOURIER SERIES (Period T)

f (t ) =
where

c
m =

1 x 3 1 3 x 5 sin x = arcsin x = x + + + 2 3 24 5 1 3 5 x 7 +L 246 7

exp(i

2m t) T

cos x =

e jx + e jx x2 x4 x6 = x + +L 2 2! 4! 6!

cm =

1 T

f (t ) exp(i
0

2m t ) dt T

1 2 17 7 tan x = x + x 3 + x 5 + x +L 3 15 315

tan 1 x = arctan x = x
Relationship between the above coefficients of the real and complex forms.

x3 x5 x7 + +L 3 5 7

1 (a m ibm )) m > 0 2 1 c0 = a0 2 1 c m = (a m + ib m ) m < 0 2 cm =

sinh x =

e x ex x3 x5 x7 = x+ + + +L 2 3! 5! 7! 1 x3 1 3 x5 + 2 3 24 5

sinh 1 x = arcsin h x = x 1 3 5 x7 +L 246 7

cosh x =

~ F ( ) = f (t ) =

e x + ex x2 x4 x6 = x+ + + +L 2 2! 4! 6!

f (t ) exp(it )dt

1 2

F ( ) exp(it )dt

1 2 17 7 tanh x = x x 3 + x 5 x +L 3 15 315

tanh 1 x = arctan hx = x +
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x3 x5 x7 + + +L 3 5 7
4

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i = 1 + 2 + 3 + L + N = 2 N ( N + 1)
i =1
N

NEWTON METHOD

i
i =1 N

= 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + L + N 2 = 1 N ( N + 1)(2 N + 1) 6

i
i =1

1 = 13 + 2 3 + 33 + L + N 3 = [ N ( N + 1)]2 2

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF f(x) = 0 BISECTION METHOD Start with a single estimate x1 of the root; then successive estimates are given in terms of the previous one by

x n +1 = x n

f ( xn ) f ' ( xn )

x1 and x 2 are estimates of the root that are

x1 + x 2 . Discard 2

whichever of x1 or x 2 is on the same side of the root as x3 ( x 2 in the diagram) and repeat the process. The root of f ( x ) = 0 always lies between the last two estimates. The bisection method is slow but always converges for a 'well behaved' function.

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sin t
2

s +
2

comment s

cos t
t sin t

s s +2
2

2s (s + 2 ) 2
2

t cos t
sinh t cosh

s2 2 (s 2 + 2 ) 2

s 2 s s 2
2 2

ba Let h = N
Trapezoidal rule

h f ( x)dx [ f 0 + 2 f 1 + 2 f 2 + 2 f 3 + 2 2 f 4 + L + 2 f N 2 + 2 f N 1 + f N ]

e at sin t e at cos t

(s + a) 2 + 2 s+a (s + a) 2 + 2

Simpson rule The number of intervals N must be even

(t )
H (t )

e s

dirac delta function

h f ( x)dx [ f 0 + 4 f 1 + 2 f 2 + 4 f 3 + 2 f 4 + L 3 + 2 f N 2 + 4 f N 1 + f N ]

1 s e s
F (s + a)

step function, damping in t becomes

e at f (t )
f (kt ) tf (t )

>0

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

L( f (t )) = F ( s ) =
f (t )

f (t ) exp( st )dt
0

f ' (t ) f (t )
"'
2

1 s F( ) k k dF ds sF ( s ) f (0)
s F ( s) sf (0) f (0)
'

scale change first Derivative first derivative second derivative

F (s )

comment

1
t
n

1 s n!
s n +1 1 s+a

s
t

f ( x)dx
0

1 F ( s) s
F1 ( s ) F2 ( s )

Integral of f(t) w.r.t t convolution integral

f
0

( x ) f 2 (t

e at

af (t ) + bg (t

aF ( s ) + bG ( s )

Linearity

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