CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CARIG CAMPUS

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
2ND SEMESTER AY 2020-2021

UNIT III
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
 MODULE 3
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
In this section we are going to concentrate on how we actually evaluate definite integrals in practice.
To do this we will need the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to evaluate definite integrals in practice.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

Suppose f (x) is a continuous function on [a, b] and also suppose that F (x) is any antiderivative for f (x).
Then,

𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 )| = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

Recall that when we talk about an anti-derivative for a function we are really talking about the indefinite
integral for the function. So, to evaluate a definite integral the first thing that we’re going to do is evaluate
the indefinite integral for the function. This should explain the similarity in the notations for the indefinite
and definite integrals.

Note that the definite integral has been defined only in the case when the function f is continuous on the
closed interval [a, b]. Thus, if a function is continuous on [a, b], then the function f is said to be integrable over
[a, b]. If the function is not continuous (or is undefined) at some point on [a, b], then we call an improper
integral.

The fact that we can use any anti-derivative of f (x) in the evaluation. Let’s take a final look at the following
integral.

∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

Both of the following are anti-derivatives of the integrand.

F(x) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 F(x) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −

Using the Theorem to evaluate this integral with the first anti-derivatives gives,

𝟏𝟒
∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝑥 | = (2) + 2 − (0) + 0 =
𝟑

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Using the second anti-derivative of the function,

𝟏𝟒
∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝑥− | = (2) + 2 − − (0) + 0 − =
𝟑

The constant that we tacked onto the second anti-derivative canceled in the evaluation step. So, when
choosing the anti-derivative to use in the evaluation process make your life easier and don’t bother with the
constant as it will only end up canceling in the long run.
Also, note that we’re going to have to be very careful with minus signs and parenthesis with these problems.
It’s very easy to get in a hurry and mess them up.

EXAMPLE 3.1 Evaluate of each of the following.

𝟏𝟕
a) ∫ (𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 −𝑦 | = (2) − (2) − (1) − 1 =
𝟔

b) ∫ (6𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 |

= 2(1) − (1) + 2(1) − 2(−3) − (−3) + 2(−3)

= 𝟖𝟒
/ / / /
c) ∫ √𝑡(𝑡 − 2)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑡 − 2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 |

/ / / /
= (0) − (0) − (4) − (4)
𝟑𝟐
=−
𝟏𝟓
/ /
d) ∫ (2 sin 𝑥 − 5 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (−2 cos 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥)|

= −2 cos − 5 sin − [−2 cos(0) − 5 sin(0)]

𝟓√𝟑
=𝟏−
𝟐

e) ∫ (5 − 2 sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 )𝑑𝑣 = (5𝑣 − 2 sec 𝑣)|

= 5( ) − 2 sec − 5( ) − 2 sec
𝟓𝝅 𝟒
= − 𝟐√𝟐 +
𝟏𝟐 √𝟑

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TRY THESE!
1. Evaluate ∫ [cos(𝑒 + 𝑥 )](𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 answer: 0

2. Evaluate ∫ 6𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 answer: -1

3. Evaluate ∫ √4 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 answer: 56/3

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SUBSTITUTION RULE FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS
We now need to go back and revisit the substitution rule as it applies to definite integrals. At some level there
really isn’t a lot to do in this section. Recall that the first step in doing a definite integral is to compute the
indefinite integral and that hasn’t changed. We will still compute the indefinite integral first. This means that
we already know how to do these. We use the substitution rule to find the indefinite integral and then do the
evaluation.
There are however, two ways to deal with the evaluation step. One of the ways of doing the evaluation is the
probably the most obvious at this point, but also has a point in the process where we can get in trouble if we
aren’t paying attention.
Let’s work an example illustrating both ways of doing the evaluation step.

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So, we’ve seen two solution techniques for computing definite integrals that require the substitution rule.
Both are valid solution methods and each have their uses. We will be using the second exclusively however
since it makes the evaluation step a little easier.
Let’s work some more examples.

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In this last set of examples, we saw some tricky substitutions and messy limits, but these are a fact of life with
some substitution problems and so we need to be prepared for dealing with them when the happen.

EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

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WALLIS’ FORMULA
/ (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3). . . (2 𝑜𝑟 1) • (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3). . . (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = •𝛼
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) . . . (2 𝑜𝑟 1)

Where: m and n are both nonnegative integers

𝛼 = 𝜋/2 if both m and n are even

𝛼=1 if either one or both are odd

EXAMPLES:

3.

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TRY ME!

Answers:

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Romans 15:13

May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may
overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit.

THANK YOU!!!

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