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Lecture 20

Electric
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19 views39 pages

Lecture 20

Electric
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

L20

5.2.3. Voltage Transfer Characteristics


5.2.4 Commonly Used Bipolar Circuits: DC
Analysis
Chapter 5
The Bipolar Junction Transistor
Donald A. Neamen (2009). Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design,
4th Edition, Mc-Graw-Hill
Prepared by: Dr. Hani Jamleh, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan

2018-11-25 Electronics I - Dr. Hani Jamleh - JU 1


5.2.3 Voltage Transfer Characteristics
• A plot of the voltage transfer characteristics (output voltage versus
input voltage) can also be used to visualize:
1. The operation of a circuit or
2. The state of a transistor.
• The following example considers both an npn and a pnp transistor
circuit.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 2


EXAMPLE 5.6
• Objective: Develop the voltage transfer curves for
the circuits shown in Figures 5.27(a) and 5.27(b).
• Assume npn transistor parameters of:
𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 120, 𝑉𝐶𝐸 (𝑠𝑎𝑡) = 0.2𝑉, and 𝑉𝐴 = ∞.
• Assume pnp transistor parameters of:
𝑉𝐸𝐵 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 80, 𝑉𝐸𝐶 (𝑠𝑎𝑡) = 0.2𝑉, and 𝑉𝐴 = ∞.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh Figures 5.27 3


EXAMPLE 5.6
• Solution (npn Transistor Circuit):
1. For 𝑉𝐼 ≤ 0.7𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑛 is cut off, so
that 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 = 0𝐴.
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉 + − 𝐼𝐶 ∙ 𝑅𝐶 = 5𝑉.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 4


Plot direction
EXAMPLE 5.6
2. For 𝑉𝐼 > 0.7𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑛 turns on and
is initially biased in the forward active mode.
𝑉𝐼 −0.7 𝛽 𝑉𝐼 −0.7
𝐼𝐵 = and 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐵
𝛽 𝑉𝐼 − 0.7 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑂 = 5 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 5 −
𝑅𝐵
−𝛽𝑅𝐶 𝛽𝑅𝐶
= 𝑉𝐼 + 5 + ∗ 0.7
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐵
−120 ∗ 5𝑘 120 ∗ 5𝑘
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝐼 + 5 + ∗ 0.7
150𝑘 150𝑘
= −4𝑉𝐼 + 7.8
NOTE: This equation is valid for 0.2 ≤ 𝑉𝑂 ≤ 5𝑉.
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 5
Plot direction
EXAMPLE 5.6
3. When 𝑉𝑂 = 0.2𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑛 goes into
saturation. The input voltage is found from:
𝛽 𝑉𝐼 − 0.7 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑂 = 5 −
𝑅𝐵
120 𝑉𝐼 − 0.7 5𝑘
0.2 = 5 −
150𝑘
• which yields 𝑉𝐼 = 1.9𝑉.
• For 5 ≥ 𝑉𝐼 ≥ 1.9𝑉 , the transistor 𝑄𝑛 remains
biased in the saturation region.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 6


Plot direction
EXAMPLE 5.6
• Solution (pnp Transistor Circuit):
1. For 4.3 ≤ 𝑉𝐼 ≤ 5𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑝 is cut off, so
that 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 = 0𝐴.
𝑉𝑂 = 𝐼𝐶 ∙ 𝑅𝐶 = 0𝑉

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh Plot direction 7


EXAMPLE 5.6
2. For 𝑉𝐼 < 4.3𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑝 turns on and is
biased in the forward-active mode.
(5−0.7)−𝑉𝐼 5−0.7 −𝑉𝐼
• 𝐼𝐵 = and 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 = 𝛽
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐵
5 − 0.7 − 𝑉𝐼
𝑉𝑂 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 𝛽𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐵
𝛽𝑅𝐶 𝛽𝑅𝐶
=− 𝑉𝐼 + 4.3
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐵
80 ∗ 8𝑘 80 ∗ 8𝑘
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝐼 + ∗ 4.3 = −3.2𝑉𝐼 + 13.76
200𝑘 200𝑘
• NOTE: This equation is valid for 0 ≤ 𝑉𝑂 ≤ 4.8𝑉.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh Plot direction 8


EXAMPLE 5.6
3. When 𝑉𝑂 = 4.8𝑉, the transistor 𝑄𝑝 goes into
saturation, the input voltage is found from:
5 − 0.7 − 𝑉𝐼
4.8 = 80 8𝑘
200𝑘
• which yields 𝑉𝐼 = 2.8𝑉.
• For 0 ≤ 𝑉𝐼 ≤ 2.8𝑉 , the transistor 𝑄𝑝 remains
biased in the saturation mode.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 9


EXAMPLE 5.6 npn
• Comment: As shown in this example, the
voltage transfer characteristics are
determined by:
• Finding the range of input voltage values → that
biases the transistor in:
1. The cutoff mode,
2. The forward-active mode, or
3. The saturation mode. pnp

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 10


5.2.4 Commonly Used Bipolar Circuits: DC Analysis
• There are a number of other BJT circuit configurations, in addition to
the common-emitter circuits that are commonly used.
• Several examples of such circuits are presented in this section. BJT
circuits tend to be very similar in terms of DC analysis procedures.
• The same basic analysis approach will work regardless of the appearance of
the circuit.
• We continue our DC analysis and design of bipolar circuits to increase
our proficiency and to become more comfortable with these types of
circuits.

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 11


EXAMPLE 5.7: Common Emitter Containing an
Emitter Resistor 𝑅𝐸
• Objective: Calculate the characteristics of a circuit
containing an emitter resistor.
• For the circuit shown in Figure 5.30(a), let
𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉 and 𝛽 = 75.
• Note that the circuit has both positive 𝑉 + and negative
𝑉 − power supply voltages.

Figure 5.30

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 12


EXAMPLE 5.7: Common Emitter Containing an
Emitter Resistor 𝑅𝐸
• Solution 1 (𝑄-point values):
• Writing KVL equation around the B–E loop, we
have:
𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐵𝐵
• Assuming the transistor is biased in the forward-
active mode, we can write: 𝐼𝐸 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝐵
• We can then solve the Equation above for the base
current:
𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) − 𝑉 − 1 − 0.7 − (−1.8)
𝐼𝐵 = = ⇒ 2.665 𝜇𝐴
𝑅𝐵 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 560𝑘 + (76)(3𝑘) Figure 5.30

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 13


EXAMPLE 5.7: Common Emitter Containing an
Emitter Resistor
• The collector and emitter currents are:
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 = (75)(2.665𝜇𝐴) ⇒ 0.20 𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐸 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 = (76)(2.665𝜇𝐴) ⇒ 0.203 𝑚𝐴
• From Figure 5.30(b), by applying KVL, the
collector–emitter voltage is:
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉 + − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 − 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 − 𝑉 −
= 1.8 − (0.20𝑚)(7𝑘) − (0.203𝑚)(3𝑘)
− (−1.8)=1.59V
• Since 𝑉𝐶𝐸 > 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 > 𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝑠𝑎𝑡 → the transistor is
biased in the forward-active mode, as initially assumed.
Figure 5.30

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 14


EXAMPLE 5.7: Common Emitter Containing an
Emitter Resistor
• Solution 2 (load line): We again use Kirchhoff’s
voltage law around the C–E loop.
• From the relationship between the collector and
emitter currents, we find:
+ −
1+𝛽
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐸
𝛽
Voltage Sources Voltage Drops
76
= 1.8 − −1.8 − 𝐼𝐶 7𝑘 + 3𝑘
75
= 3.6 − 𝐼𝐶 (10.04𝑘) Figure 5.30

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 15


EXAMPLE 5.7: Common Emitter Containing an
Emitter Resistor
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 3.6 − 𝐼𝐶 (10.04𝑘)

Figure 5.30

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 16


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.8: common-base circuit
• Objective: Design the common-base circuit shown
in Figure 5.32 such that:
1. 𝐼𝐸𝑄 = 0.50 𝑚𝐴 and
2. 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑄 = 4.0𝑉.
• Assume transistor parameters of:
Figure 5.32
• 𝛽 = 120 and 𝑉𝐸𝐵 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉.

• Find 𝑅𝐸 , and 𝑅𝐶 .

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 17


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.8: common-base circuit
• Solution: Writing Kirchhoff’s voltage law equation
around the E-B loop (assuming the transistor is
biased in the forward-active mode), we have:
+
𝐼𝐸𝑄
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐸𝑄 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐵 (𝑜𝑛) + 𝑅𝐵
1+𝛽
0.5𝑚 Figure 5.32
5 = 0.5𝑚 𝑅𝐸 + 0.7 + (10𝑘)
121
• which yields:
𝑅𝐸 = 8.52 𝑘Ω

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 18


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.8: common-base circuit
• We can find:
𝛽 120
𝐼𝐶𝑄 = ∙ 𝐼𝐸𝑄 = (0.5) = 0.496 𝑚𝐴
1+𝛽 121
• Now, writing Kirchhoff’s voltage law equation around
the E-C loop, we have:
𝑉 + = 𝐼𝐸𝑄 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑄 + 𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉 −
Figure 5.32
5 = (0.5𝑚)(8.52𝑘) + 4 + 0.496𝑚 𝑅𝐶 + (−5)
• which yields:
𝑅𝐶 = 3.51 𝑘Ω
• Comment: The circuit analysis of the common-base
circuit proceeds in the same way as all previous
circuits.
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 19
Transistor Configurations ... Common Base ,
Collector , Emitter ……
• There are three basic circuit configurations that can be used with
transistors.
• Known as:
1. Common Emitter,
2. Common Base, and
3. Common Collector,
• These three circuit configurations have different attributes.
• When designing a transistor circuit it is necessary to adopt the
transistor circuit configuration that will provide the required
attributes.
Source : http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/circuits/transistor/circuit-configurations.php
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 20
Origin of the Terminology
• The terminology used for denoting the three basic transistor
configurations indicates:
• The transistor terminal that is common to both input and output circuits.
• The term grounded, i.e. grounded base, grounded collector and
grounded emitter may also be used on occasions because the
common element signal is normally grounded.

Source : http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/circuits/transistor/circuit-configurations.php
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 21
Different Configuration Attributes
[for your reference only]

Source : http://onebyzeroelectronics.blogspot.com/2015/08/transistor-configurations-common-
base.html
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 22
5.2.4 Commonly Used Bipolar Circuits: DC
Analysis

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 23


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
• Objective: Design a pnp bipolar transistor circuit
to meet a set of specifications.
• Specifications:
1. The circuit configuration to be designed is shown in
Figure 5.36(a).
2. The quiescent emitter-collector voltage is to be:
𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑄 = 2.5 𝑉
• Choices:
1. Discrete resistors with tolerances of ±10 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 are
to be used,
2. An emitter resistor with a nominal value of 𝑅𝐸
= 2𝑘Ω is to be used, and
3. A transistor with 𝛽 = 60 and 𝑉𝐸𝐵 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉 is
available. Figure 5.36

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 24


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
• Solution (ideal 𝑸-point value):
• We have 𝑅𝐸 → Writing the KVL equation around the C–
E loop:
𝑉 + = 𝐼𝐸𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐶𝑄 → 5 = 𝐼𝐸𝑄 (2𝑘) + 2.5
• Which yields 𝐼𝐸𝑄 from:
𝐼𝐸𝑄 = 1.25𝑚𝐴.
• The collector current is:
𝛽 60
𝐼𝐶𝑄 = · 𝐼𝐸𝑄 = (1.25𝑚) = 1.23𝑚𝐴
1+𝛽 61
• The base current is:
𝐼𝐸𝑄 1.25𝑚
𝐼𝐵𝑄 = = = 0.0205 𝑚𝐴 = 20.5𝜇𝐴
1+𝛽 61 Figure 5.36

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 25


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
• To find 𝑅𝐵 → Writing the KVL equation around
the E–B loop:
𝑉 + = 𝐼𝐸𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐵 𝑜𝑛 + 𝐼𝐵𝑄 ∙ 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐵
5 = (1.25𝑚)(2𝑘) + 0.7 + 0.0205𝑚 𝑅𝐵 + (−2)
• Which yields:
𝑅𝐵 = 185𝑘Ω

Figure 5.36

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 26


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
• Solution (ideal load line): The load line
equation is:
+ +
1+𝛽
𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐸 ∙ 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐸
𝛽
61
𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 5 − 𝐼𝐶 (2𝑘) = 5 − 𝐼𝐶 (2.03𝑘)
60
• The load line, using the nominal value of 𝑅𝐸 ,
and the calculated 𝑄-point are shown in Figure
5.37(a).
Figure 5.37

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 27


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
• Trade-offs: As shown in Appendix C in the textbook, a standard
resistor value of 185 𝑘Ω is not available.
• We will pick a value of 180 𝑘Ω.
• We will consider 𝑅𝐵 and 𝑅𝐸 resistor tolerances of ±10 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡.
• The quiescent collector current is given by:
𝑉 + − 𝑉𝐸𝐵 (𝑜𝑛) − 𝑉𝐵𝐵 6.3
𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 𝛽 = (60)
𝑅𝐵 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝐵 + 61 𝑅𝐸
• Then, the load line equation is given by:
+
1 +𝛽 61
𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐸 = 5 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐸
𝛽 60

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 28


DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
61
• The extreme values (worst cases) of 𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 5− 𝐼 𝑅
𝑅𝐵 are: 60 𝐶 𝐸

180𝑘Ω − 10% = 162𝑘Ω


180𝑘Ω + 10% = 198𝑘Ω
• The Q-point values for the extreme
values of 𝑅𝐵 and 𝑅𝐸 are given in the
following table:

Figure 5.37
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 29
DESIGN EXAMPLE 5.9
61
• Figure 5.37(b) shows the 𝑄-points for 𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 5− 𝐼 𝑅
60 𝐶 𝐸
the various possible extreme values of
𝑅𝐸 and 𝑅𝐵 .
• The shaded area shows the region in
which the 𝑄 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 will occur over
the range of resistor values.
• Comment: This example shows that
an ideal 𝑄-point can be determined
based on a set of specifications, but,
because of resistor tolerance:
• The actual 𝑄-point will vary over a range
of values.
Figure 5.37
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 30
Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Objective: Calculate the characteristics of an
npn bipolar transistor circuit with a load
resistance 𝑅𝐿 .
• The load resistance can represent a second
transistor stage connected to the output of a
transistor circuit.
• For the circuit shown in Figure 5.38(a), the
transistor parameters are:
• 𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉, and 𝛽 = 100.

Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 31


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Explanation: The load resistance can represent a
second transistor stage connected to the output of
a transistor circuit.

𝑅𝐿
Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 32


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Solution (𝑸-Point Values): Kirchhoff’s voltage
law equation around the B–E loop yields
𝐼𝐵 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 (𝑜𝑛) + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑉 − = 0
• Again assuming 𝐼𝐸 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 , we find
− 𝑉 − + 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 − −5 + 0.7
𝐼𝐵 = =
𝑅𝐵 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 10𝑘 + (101)(5𝑘)
⇒ 8.35 𝜇𝐴

Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 33


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• The collector and emitter currents are:
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 = (100)(8.35𝜇𝐴) ⇒ 0.835𝑚𝐴
• and
𝐼𝐸 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 = (101)(8.35𝜇𝐴) ⇒ 0.843𝑚𝐴
• At the collector node, we can write:
𝑉 + − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐿 = −
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐿
12 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
0.835𝑚 = −
5𝑘 5𝑘
• Solving for 𝑉𝑂 , we find:
𝑉𝑂 = 3.91𝑉
• The currents are then:
• 𝐼1 = 1.620 𝑚𝐴 and
• 𝐼𝐿 = 0.782 𝑚𝐴.
Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 34


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Referring to Figure 5.38(b), the collector–
emitter voltage is:
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝑂 − 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 − −5
= 3.91 − (0.843𝑚)(5𝑘) − (−5) = 4.70𝑉

Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 35


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Solution (Load Line): The load line equation for
this circuit is not as straightforward as for previous
circuits.
• The easiest approach to finding the load line is to
make a “Thevenin equivalent circuit” of
𝑅𝐿 , 𝑅𝐶 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 + , as indicated in Figure 5.38(a).
• The Thevenin equivalent resistance is:
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝐿 ∥ 𝑅𝐶 = 5𝑘 ∥ 5𝑘 = 2.5𝑘
• and the Thevenin equivalent voltage is
𝑅𝐿 +
5𝑘
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = ·𝑉 = · (12) = 6𝑉
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐶 5𝑘 + 5𝑘
Figure 5.38

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 36


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure
5.38(c).
• The KVL equation around the C–E loop is
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 6 − −5 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝑇𝐻 − 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸
101
= 11 − 𝐼𝐶 2.5𝑘 − 𝐼𝐶 ∙ (5𝑘)
100
• or
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 11 − 𝐼𝐶 (7.55𝑘)

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh Figure 5.38 37


Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 11 − 𝐼𝐶 (7.55𝑘)
• 𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 11𝑉,
11
• 𝐼𝐶 𝑆𝑎𝑡 = = 1.46𝑚𝐴
7.55

• The load line and the calculated


𝑄 -point values are shown in
Figure 5.39.

• Question: What is the effect of


Figure 5.39
attaching a load 𝑅𝐿 directly to the
output of a BJT circuit on the
load line?
2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 38
Example 5.10 Transistor Circuit With a Load
Resistance 𝑅𝐿
• Comment: Remember that the
collector current, determined from
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 , is the current into the
collector terminal of the transistor.
• It is not necessarily the current in the
collector resistor 𝑅𝐶 .

2018-11-25 JUEE – Electronics I – Dr. Hani Jamleh 39

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